Kibble Size (Diameter) and Its Effect on Canine Palatability...Large Kibble Small Kibble 0.68 2.0A...
Transcript of Kibble Size (Diameter) and Its Effect on Canine Palatability...Large Kibble Small Kibble 0.68 2.0A...
![Page 1: Kibble Size (Diameter) and Its Effect on Canine Palatability...Large Kibble Small Kibble 0.68 2.0A 0.79 24A : 6B 0.000 Large Kibble Medium Kibble 0.76 3.1A 0.75 27A : 1B 0.000 Medium](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042512/5fa215dd36af152e9335cf45/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Kibble Size (Diameter) and Its Effect on Canine Palatability
Ella(<20#)
Kristopher Figge
AFB International
Technical Sales & Service
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Why Kibble Size (diameter)?
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Research Highlights
• Data could help prove / disprove the notion that small dogs prefer smaller kibbles.
• Manufacturers may be able to reduce the number of SKUs they have to produce.
• Retailers may be able to carry more brands on their shelves, attracting a larger customer base.
• Data could help manufacturers make that next big PAL performance improvement.
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Introduction• General discussion about canines
• Factors affecting canine palatability (PAL)
• Kibble size discussion– Hypothesis
– Experimental design, measurements
– Definitions & results
• Summary / conclusions
• Other literature
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General Items About Canines• Dogs are omnivores. They tend to respond to a wider
variety of flavors, including sugar. They prefer stronger, roasted aromas.
• Like humans, they have molars and can move their jaw laterally.
• They tend to choose diets based on aroma. PAL testing shows a strong link between first choice and total consumption (r2 = 88).
• In PAL testing, more likely to go to one bowl and stay there.
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Factors Affecting Canine PAL (The PAL Triangle)
Raw Materials(Fats, oils, meals, palatants, etc.)
Texture, Size, Shape Processing (sME, etc.)
Age, Dental Health, Physical Environment, Overall Health
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Hypothesis
Kibble size (diameter) will affect the PAL of a dry dog diet.
➢ Smaller kibble size will be preferred by all (3) dog sizes.
➢ Specific Surface Area (sSA) will be the driver for this preference.
➢ The sSA will affect flavor / aroma release.
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Experimental Design
• Standard / fixed reference points:
➢A finely ground (#3) 25/10 diet - corn & chicken meal-based diet
➢ Same lot of meal used for all (3) diets
➢All variables coated with the same components:Fat: 5.0% poultry fat
Palatant: 1.5% liquid dog palatant
➢Moisture: 8.3% (S), 7.8% (M), 7.9% (L)
➢ Bulk density: 22 lbs./ft3 (all variables)
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Experimental Design - Variables
1. Kibble Diameter 2. Dog size
SMALL (7mm – 8mm)
MEDIUM (11mm – 12mm)
LARGE (15mm – 16mm)
Fergie (<30.0#) Casino (30.1 – 54.0#)
TJ & DeDe (>54.1#)
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Equipment & Processing Parameters
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Equipment
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Open Area / Ton
Open Area / Ton =
Area =
Small Kibble Medium Kibble Large Kibble
Die Size (inches) 0.20 0.28 0.38
# of dies 6 6 3
Area (inches2) 0.1884 0.3693 0.3401
Feed Rate (lbs / hr) 696 1354 1247
Open Area / Ton 0.5414 0.5454 0.5454
# of diesπD2
4
Area(Feed Rate / 2000)
SMALL
MEDIUM
LARGE
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Specific Mechanical Energy (sME)
sME =
% Load =
Small Kibble Medium Kibble Large Kibble
Extruder Amps (Watts) 52 58 55
Feed Rate (lbs/hr) 696 1354 1247
Extruder Frequency (Hz) 50 60 60
sME (kW hrs / ton) 99.62 68.54 70.57
Actual Amp LoadsFull Load Amps
(Motor size – kW)(% load)(Actual Speed / Base Speed
Rate – tons / hr
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Open Area/Ton & sME• The open area / ton was controlled to maintain consistency
between kibble sizes (diameters).
• sME was indirectly varied so as to control bulk density and obtain the required size (diameter).
• This, most likely, led to the differences in starch gelatinization
sME (kW hrs. / ton) Starch Gelatinization
Small Kibble 99.62 87.5%
Medium Kibble 68.54 81.7%
Large Kibble 70.57 79.2%
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Specific Surface Area (sSA)
• When we weighed up 50g of each kibble size, we saw,– Small kibble = 523 pieces
– Medium kibble = 243 pieces
– Large kibble = 128 pieces
• sSA = [2 * (πr2 / 4) + πDL] * (# of pieces)– Small kibble = 107,771mm2
– Medium kibble = 94, 328mm2
– Large kibble = 79, 429mm2
• The small kibble had more than 10% more surface area than the medium kibble and ~25% more surface area than the large kibble.
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Texture Analysis
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Texture Overview
• TA.XT Plus Texture Analyzer – 20 samples– TA-94 probe – flat disc – 45mm
– TA-52 probe – 2mm rod
– TA-43 probe – 3mm thick “chisel”
• Mean Force (g) = average force needed to crush the kibble during the test.
• Peak Force (g) = maximum amount of force needed to continue crushing the kibble.
• Area (Work)(gsec) = indicates how much effort was required to crush the kibble.
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Probe Selection• The TA-94 was selected to evaluate how
the kibble would react if the kibble was “crushed” by the entire molar.
• The TA-52 was selected to evaluate how the kibble would react if split by the canine(s).
• The TA-43 was selected to evaluate how the kibble would react if split by the edge of the molar(s).
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Texture Results
TA-94 “Disc / Plate” Probe Mean Force (g) Peak Force (g) Area (Work)(g•sec)
Small Kibble 4560.87 6122.56 4992.76
Medium Kibble 8694.69 11778.02 12735.24
Large Kibble 17491.45 21095.09 34040.15
TA-52 Probe Mean Force (g) Peak Force (g) Area (Work)(g•sec)
Small Kibble 2628.48 3799.43 1001.35
Medium Kibble 4388.86 12808.43 2444.09
Large Kibble 5095.26 15950.21 2752.56
TA-43 “Chisel” Probe Mean Force (g) Peak Force (g) Area (Work)(g•sec)
Small Kibble 3366.26 5303.54 1785.63
Medium Kibble 5818.46 9427.94 2974.76
Large Kibble 7875.89 12066.61 4588.99
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Texture Discussion• The LARGE kibble had the highest texture scores on all (3) TA.XT
probes used.
• Texture affects PAL (Peachey and Harper, 2002) and is one of the ways most pet dogs select the food given to them (Bradshaw, 2006).
• According to Watson (1994), hard diets are more preferable for dogs than soft diets.
• Miller et al. (1975) found that hard and brittle dry dog foods are less appealing to dogs compared to meat-like textured foods.
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E-Nose & E-Tongue (ENET) Analysis
Kronos E-NOSE Astree E-TONGUE
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ENET Overview
• The E-Nose (EN) provides information about the headspace (aroma) composition of a sample(s).
• The E-Tongue (ET) uses 12 proprietary sensors to determine the taste of a sample(s).
• Samples are tested in triplicate. The raw data is combined, and undergoes multi-variate statistical analysis. Lines are drawn on the graph connecting the same sample data points, forming a triangle.
• This tool is used to determine similarities and degree of difference between samples, not good & bad.
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ENET – Uncoated Kibbles
Large Kibble
Medium Kibble
Small Kibble
PC1 = 69%
PC2 = 27%
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ENET – Coated Kibbles
Large Kibble
Medium Kibble
Small Kibble
PC1 = 71%
PC
2 =
27
%
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ENET Summary
• For the uncoated kibbles, the PCA plot shows that the large kibble is different from the medium and small kibbles.
• Similarly, the plot also shows that there is little difference between the medium & small kibbles.
• For the coated kibbles, the PCA plot shows that the large kibble is different from the medium and small kibbles.
• The plot also shows that there is little difference between the medium & small kibbles.
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PAL Data / Results
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PAL Testing Protocol
• Test diets were the sole source of food.
• Each [size] panel consisted of 40 dogs, over a two-day period.
• Two bowls are presented, each containing 2x daily food requirement.
• Bowls are switched from day 1 to day 2, to avoid handedness.
• Both bowls are removed when one is emptied.
• Data is reviewed for appropriate consumption, intake & choice.
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PAL Data Interpretation
• Consumption Ratio (CR): Consumed A / Consumed B
• Intake Ratio (IR-A): Consumed A
(Consumed A + Consumed B)
• First Choice (FC-A): % eating out of Bowl A first
• Preference: Outside the range of 0.45 - 0.55 IR
• p-Value (p): Probability that A is significantly different from B (want < 0.05 = 95% confidence level)
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PAL Data – Small Dogs(<30.0 lbs.)
Ration A Ration B IR-A CR FC-A PREF p-Value
Large Kibble Small Kibble 0.62 1.5A 0.63 22A : 7B 0.003
Large Kibble Medium Kibble 0.70 2.3A 0.65 29A : 4B 0.000
Medium Kibble Small Kibble 0.44 1.4B 0.45 6A : 18B 0.073
➢ Large > Medium & Small
➢ Small = Medium
*** Tests were conducted using 40 dogs less than 30 pounds, over 2 days.
I loved the large kibble!
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PAL Data – Medium Dogs(<30.1 lbs. – 54.0 lbs.)
Ration A Ration B IR-A CR FC-A PREF p-Value
Large Kibble Small Kibble 0.68 2.0A 0.79 24A : 6B 0.000
Large Kibble Medium Kibble 0.76 3.1A 0.75 27A : 1B 0.000
Medium Kibble Small Kibble 0.46 1.3B 0.56 11A : 16B 0.178
➢ Large > Medium & Small
➢ Small = Medium
***Tests were conducted using 40 dogs between 30.1–54.0 pounds, over 2 days.
I loved the large kibble!
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PAL Data – Large Dogs(>54.1 lbs.)
Ration A Ration B IR-A CR FC-A PREF p-Value
Large Kibble Small Kibble 0.75 2.7A 0.77 27A : 5B 0.000
Large Kibble Medium Kibble 0.68 1.9A 0.70 24A : 7B 0.000
Medium Kibble Small Kibble 0.51 1.1A 0.64 13A : 12B 0.374
➢ Large > Medium & Small
➢ Small = Medium
***Tests were conducted using 40 dogs weighing more than 54.1 pounds, over 2 days.
Me too!!!
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PAL Summary
• Each panel (size) of dogs preferred the larger kibble size over the medium and small kibble sizes.
• This difference in consumption (CR) and intake (IR-A) was significant (p<0.05).
• The most intriguing part of the PAL data that stood out was the First Choice (FC).
• Based on this data, further analytical tests were conducted the determine what may have driven the FC.
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GC-MS Results
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Uncoated Kibbles
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Summary – Uncoated Kibbles• Total ppb:
– The Large kibbles have about 23% more total ppb* than the Small kibbles and about 13% more total ppb* than the Medium kibbles.
• The Large kibbles have the highest total ppb* of all classes except Hydrocarbons and Sulfurs.
• The Large kibbles have at least 2X less trans-2-Nonenal, 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and 2-Piperidinone.
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GC-MS – Coated Kibbles
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Summary – Coated Kibbles
• The Large kibble showed more flavor compounds generated from initial and latter stages of flavor reaction(s):
– Early phase products of the Maillard reaction and Strecker degradation (e.g. Furfural, 2-Methylpropanal and 2-Methylbutanal) were detected at comparable levels in the products.
– Other volatile compounds generated in the latter stages of the Maillardreaction (e.g. alkylbenzaldehydes, benzaldehydes & pyrazines) were higher in the large kibble.
– The large kibble has more higher molecular weight acids, aldehydes, hydrocarbons and ketones (especially di-carbonyl ketones which are important intermediates for generating other reaction products).
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Hypothesis Review
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Hypothesis
Kibble size (diameter) will affect the PAL of a dry dog diet.
➢ Smaller kibble sizes will be preferred by all (3) dog sizes.[Disproved. All 3 dog sizes actually preferred the large kibble over the small & medium kibbles]
➢ Specific Surface Area (sSA) will be the driver for this preference. [More sSA did not equate to greater PAL]
➢ The sSA will affect flavor / aroma release. [The large kibble had
a more robust flavor /aroma profile]
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Benefits
• Stores / Distributors – fewer individual brand SKUs = more products/choices for pet owners
• Manufacturers – fewer SKUs = increased production efficiency
• Possible PAL increases with little to no costs
• Data provides a scientific look into dogs and their preference for the size of kibble they eat
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Summary / Conclusions
• In this study, kibble size (diameter) did affect PAL.
• The sSA was not the driver of preference.
• However, the concentration of certain flavor components on the larger kibbles appear to have driven the preference.
• Texture may have also contributed to the overall PAL, as the larger kibble was most preferred and had the highest scores for texture profile.
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Future Research
• Would we see the same results in a high-meat formula? No-grain diet? Semi-moist products?
• Further understanding around sME / cook and its impact on canine PAL.
• Investigate how sSA can further optimize how the fat / palatant(s) adhere to the kibble and drive preference.
• Texture and sSA - how unique coating systems may optimize the interaction.
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Questions?
Kristopher FiggeTech. Sales & Service
AFB International
Tel: (636) 634-4142
Email: [email protected]
Other Contributors:Gordon Stirling