khmer layout page:Layout 1 - WordPress.com · RbCaCnkm

5> karbgçM[eFVIkarCaTm¶n;

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dak;[eFVIkargarRsal² cMENkmnusScas;²mannaTIemIlEfTaMkumartUc²nigstVBahn³nigt,ajkE®Ba©gl¥I.

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BIr-bIBan;nak; EdlbkSTukcitþRtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[eTAeFVIkarenAeragcRkÉTIRkúgPñMeBj.

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ebIsinCaExPøW. éf¶NaEdlminmanelakEx eKGucePøIgbMPøWvalERsedIm,IeFVIkarbnþ. RbsinebIRbCaCntv:anwg

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karR)arB§BiFIGbGrsaTcMeBaHkarbBa©b;edayeCaKC½ynUvKeRmagRbB½n§RbLayTwk

¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

46

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TaMgGs;.

� kmµkrRKb;rUbCam©as;eragcRk.

� ksikrRKb;rUbCam©as;ERscmáar.

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� PaBKµankargareFVIminmandac;xatkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

6> visuT§kmµnigkarsmøab;rgÁal

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CnsgS½yCaeRcInRtÚv)anecaTRbkan;TaMgRcLMfaCaPñak;garsm¶at;rbs;shrdæGaemrik¬es-GuI-Ga¦ Pñak;gar

sm¶at;rbs;sUevot¬ka-ehS-eb¦ b¤k¾Pñak;garsm¶at;rbs;evotNam.

karb:HTgÁicCamYyevotNamkñúgqñaM1977 nigqñaM1978 )annaMeTAdl;kareFVIvisuT§kmµd¾FMeFgmYy.

enAcugqñaM1977 bnÞab;BI b:ul Bt vilRtLb;mkBIRbeTscinvij kgT½BevotNam)anvaycUlPaKbUBa’én

RbeTskm<úCa. bI-bYnExeRkaymk T½BevotNam)andkfyeTAvij edayekorykRbCaCnsuIvilExµrrab;ry

nak;eTACamYypg. enAeBlenaH ExµrRkhm)anecaTRbCaCn nigkmµaPi)alPUmiPaKbUBa’fa )ancUlédcUleCIg

KeRmagelIkTMnb; ¬ftenAeBlEdlkmµaPi)alCan;x<s;ExµrRkhmeFVIdMeNIrTsSnkic©eTAkan;tMbn;enH¦


47

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esµaHRtg;nwgExµrRkhm nigédKUneya)ayeCIgcas;rbs;xøÜnd¾yUrlg; dUcCa esa Pwm eTotpg.

visuT§kmµd¾sahavyg;XñgbMputenAkñúgPUmiPaKenHekIteLIgenAqñaM1978 bnÞab;BIkgBlmYycMnYnén

PUmiPaKenH)aneFVIkarbHe)arRbqaMgnwgrdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. cab;taMgBIExmifunadl;ExkBaØa enAeBl

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rbs;rdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyünigkgT½BbHe)ar. mnusSRbEhlmYyEsnnak;kñúgPUmiPaKbUBa’)ansøab;kñúg

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dl;énkgT½BTaMgenH.

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manCab;Bak;B½n§nwg kuy FYn EdleFVICaelxaPUmiPaK]tþrrhUtdl;edImqñaM1976. GMLúgeBleFVIvisuT§kmµenH

GgÁkar)ancab;xøÜnrdæm®nþIRksYgB½t’man h‘U nwm/ TIv Gul ¬RKÚrbs; kuy FYn¦ nigmitþPkþiCaeRcInnak;eTotEdlrYmman

ePaK qay nig eDOn CaedIm. manKeRmageFVIrdæRbharbI-bYnelIk nigmankarbHe)arCaeRcIndg ¬CaBiess

karbHe)arrbs;CnCaticam¦ kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü15. b:uEnþEpnkarTaMgenHsuT§EtbraC½y ehIy)aneFVI

[karRsavRCavrkxµaMgbgáb;épÞkñúgmansPaBkan;EtxøaMgkøaeLIg EdlnaMeTAdl;kareFVIvisuT§kmµenATUTaMgRbeTs.

kgcl½tnarIrbs;ExµrRkhm)acTwkbBa©ÚlERs ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

48

san; tIm:aNas; Gayu74qñaM rs;enAkñúgextþkMBg;cam )anrMB£kGMBIkarsmøab;rgÁalCnCatiPaKticcam

edayExµrRkhmkñúgGMLúgeBlénkarbHe)ar CaBiesskarsmøab;RkúmRKÜsarrbs;GñkRsIpÞal;. GñkRsI)an

erobrab;fa ³

enAsm½ysgÁmra®sþniym manRKÜsarCnCaticamrab;Ban;RKÜsarrs;enAkñúgPUmi

rbs; . BYkExµrRkhm)ansmøab;BYkeKesÞIrTaMgGs;. RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmi nigPUmiekaHpl

TTYlrgnUvGMeBIéRBépSenHeRcInCageK BIeRBaHBYkeyIgbHe)arRbqaMgnwgBYkExµrRkhm.

cMeBaHRKÜsar´vij BYkvasmøab;«Bukmþay´ kUn´BIrnak; ecABIrnak; nigbgb¥ÚnbegáItrbs;

TaMgGs;. kUnRbúsrbs; eQµaH mUsa RtÚvExµrRkhmnaMykeTAbnÞab;BIkarbHe)ar ehIy

k¾)at;xøÜnrhUt. ´B¤BaküccamGar:amfa vaRtÚv)ansmøab;enAeBlvatamrk´. kUnRsI

rbs; eQµaH r:hVIGH RBmTaMgbþInigkUnBIrnak;eTotRtÚv)ansmøab;edayminman mUlehtu

GVITaMgGs;.

bnÞab;mk BYkExµrRkhm)anbBa¢ÚnRKÜsarrbs; eTAPUmiERsvalkñúgRsuksÞwgRtg;.

mundMbUg BYkvacat;taMg´[eTAkab;edImeQICamYyGñkCemøósmkBIPñMeBj. mnusSCaeRcIn

RtÚv)ansmøab;edaysarEtBYkeKeFVIkarmin)anl¥ b¤RtÚvedImeQIdYlrlMsgát;elI. bnÞab;

mk´RtÚv)ancat;taMg[ciBa©wmRCÚk. )anRbEkkedayGHGagfa xøacRCÚkNas;. bu:Enþ

BYkvabgçM [eFVI ehIyKMramkMEhg´fa GgÁkarnwgbBa¢Ún´eTAeronsURt RbsinebI mineFVI.

BYkExµrRkhmEfmTaMgbgçM[´hUbsac;RCÚkeTotpg b:uEnþ´RbEkkedayniyayfa ´min

EdlhUbsac;stVeTtaMgBItUcmk. taMgBIeBlenaHmk BYkva)anbdiesFmin[GaharGVI

TaMgGs;mk´. )ansMuGMbilxøH b:uEnþBYkvaniyayfarbbGMbil)andak;enAkñúgsmøsac;RCÚk

Gs;ehIy. xøÜnrbs; eLIgehIm. CasMNagl¥ ´)anrYcrs;CIvitBIrbbenH. ´)anvil

RtLb;mkRsukkMeNItrbs;´vijenAqñaM1979.

49

CMBUkTI8

RbB½n§snþisux1> mnÞIrsnþisux

eTaHbICavisuT§kmµenAPUmiPaKbUBa’kñúgqñaM1978 CaRBwtþikarN_éRBépSbMputkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

k¾eday k¾RbCaCnrab;Esnnak;epSgeTotRtÚv)ancab;xøÜn ehIykñúgkrNICaeRcIn RtÚv)ansmøab;ecalenAtamtMbn;

epSg²eTotkñúgTUTaMgRbeTs. RbB½n§snþisuxrbs;ExµrRkhm EdlrYmmanCitBIrryKukRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgesÞIr

RKb;kEnøgTaMgGs;elIépÞRbeTs. ExµrRkhm)anehAKukTaMgenHfa {mnÞIrsnþisux} CaCagkareRbIBakü {Kuk}.

Rkúmkumar ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

50

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eRbIR)as;CamnÞIrXuMXaMg kEnøgsYrcemøIy nigkEnøgsmøab;. GñkeTasEdlCab;XuMkñúgKukbIfñak;dMbUg ¬fñak;tMbn;

fñak;Rsuk nigfñak;XuM¦ PaKeRcInCaGtItTahan nigm®nþIrdækarsuIvilrbs;rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµr ehIyGñkeTas

epSgeTotKWCaRbCaCnsamBaØ EdlRtÚv)anecaTRbkan;BIbTlYcrbs;rbrb¤cMNIGahar rt;ecalkEnøg b¤niyay

GaRkk;BIGgÁkar. mnÞIrsnþisuxfñak;PUmiPaKeFVIkarXuMXaMgGñkeTasrab;Ban;nak;. mnÞIrsnþisuxTaMgenHeRbIsRmab;

XuMXaMg yuT§CnExµrRkhmnigRkúmRKÜsar ehIynigGñkEdlCab;ecaTBIbT]RkidæEdl)anRbRBwtþenAkñúgPUmiPaK.

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kñúgmnÞIrs-21esÞIrEtTaMgGs;KWCakmµaPi)al nigkgT½BExµrRkhmEdlCab;ecaTBIbTk,t;bdivtþn_.

enAmnÞIrsnþisuxfñak;eRkam kareFVITNÐkmµminsUvCaF¶n;F¶rb:unµaneT edaysarEtCaTUeTAGñkeTasRtÚv)an

bBa¢ÚnBImnÞIrsnþisuxeTACMrMBlkmµ EdlenATIenaHGñkeTasRtÚv)ancat;taMg[sagsg;pÞH daMbEnøbgáar nigcm¥in

mðÚbGahar. GñkeTasCaeRcInEdlCab;XuMkñúgmnÞIrsnþisuxTaMgenHRtÚv)anedaHElgvijenAmunqñaM1976. b:uEnþ

cab;taMgBIqñaMenaHmk enAfñak;tMbn;nigfñak;Rsuk esÞIrEtKµanGñkeTasNamñak;RtÚv)anedaHElgeLIy ehIyesÞIrEt

KµanGñkeTas Namñak;GacrYcrs;CIvitBImnÞIrs-21Edr.

2> xµaMgrbs;GgÁkar

ExµrRkhmcg;[bdivtþn_rbs;xøÜnnigRbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgGs;manPaB

s¥ats¥M. RbCaCnTaMg Gs;RtÚvEts¥ats¥MTaMgstiGarmµN_nigRbvtþirUb.

ksikrRkIRkRtÚvExµrRkhmcat;TukfaCaGñkbdivtþn_Edls¥ats¥MbMput.

ExµrRkhmminTukcitþGñkepSgeRkABIksikrRkTaMgenHeLIy. RbCaCnEdl

)anRbRBwtþkMhustUctac dUcCakarrGU‘rTaMGMBIkareFVIkarlM)akb¤k¾kar

lYcmðÚbGahar RtÚv)ancat;TukfaCaxµaMgrbs;rdæ nigCajwkjy)ankøay

eTACamuxsBaØaEdlRtÚvykeTAsmøab;ecal. emdwknaMExµrRkhm)an

EbgEcksRtÚvrbs;xøÜnCaBIrRbePTKW {sRtÚvxagkñúg} nig {sRtÚvxag

eRkA}.

sRtÚvxagkñúg KWCa{RbCaCnfµI} b¤ {RbCaCn17emsa} nig

GñkEdlFøab;eFVIkarkñúgrbbcas;. GñkTaMgenHRtÚvExµrRkhmcat;bBa©ÚlCaBYkmUlFnniym nigBYkskþiPUminiym.

CMBUkRbCaCnTaMgenHk¾rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgGñkEdlminmanedImkMeNItCaCnCatiExµrpgEdr. sRtÚvxagkñúgTaMgenHeFVI[

mCÄimbkS16

mankarxVl;xVayCagGVI²TaMgGs;. RkúmEdlExµrRkhmcat;TukfaCasRtÚvxagkñúgrYmman³

Gñkrdækarrbs;rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµr ³ kñúgqñaM1975 ExµrRkhm)aneFVIkarsmøab;rgÁalGñkrdækar

rbbsaFarNrdæExµrCaeRcInBan;nak;. ExµrRkhmeFVIkarsmøab;cab;BIfñak;dwknaMCan;x<s;rhUtdl;kUnTahan.

GñkEdlFøab;beRmI[rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµrTaMgb:unµansuT§EtCamuxsBaØaEdlRtÚvsmøab;. CaTUeTA sUm,IEt

smaCikRKÜsarnigsac;jatirbs;GñkrdækarTaMgenHk¾RtÚvsmøab;Edr. eTaHCay:agenHkþI CasMNagl¥ GtItTahan

nIrsaenAmnÞIrs-21


51

nigGñkrdækarrab;Ban;nak;)anxitxMlak;GtþsBaØaNrbs;xøÜn ehIy)anrYcrs;CIvitmYyRKa b¤rYcrs;CIvitrhUtdl;éf¶

dYlrlMrbs;rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

RkúmCnCatiPaKtic ³ ExµrRkhmcg;)anCnCatiExµrEdlminmanCab;Bak;B½n§CamYyrdæaPi)alcas;kñúg

karGnuvtþEpnkarbdivtþn_rbs;xøÜn. CnCatiPaKticepSgeTotEdlminTTYl)ankarTukcitþ b¤mankarsgS½yBI

bkSRtÚv)aneFVITukçbukemñj.

CnCatiPaKtictMbn;PñM ³ muneBleLIgkan;GMNacenAqñaM1975 emdwknaMExµrRkhmPaKeRcInFøab;)an

rs;enAkñúgcMeNamCnCatiPaKtictMbn;PñMkñúgPUmiPaK|san. emdwknaMExµrRkhmTaMgenHmankareCOTukcitþelI

CnCatiPaKtictMbn;PñMTaMgenHNas; edayyl;eXIjfa CnCatiTaMgenHmancitþesµaHRtg;. CnCatiPaKticmYycMnYn

)ankøayCakgkarBarrbs; b:ul Bt eTotpg. b:uEnþ eTaHbICarbbenH)anGHGagfaRsLaj;esµaHsµ½RKnig

eCOTukcitþelICnCatiPaKtictMbn;PñMy:agNak¾eday k¾ExµrRkhm)ancab;epþImeFVIkarpøas;TIlMenACnCatiPaKtickñúg

extþmNÐlKIrI[eTArs;enApþúMKñakñúgRsukekaHEjk enAedImqñaM1972 EdlbNþal[RbCaCnsøab;CaeRcIn.

GñkEdlCMTas;minRBmeTA RtÚv)ansmøab;ecal.

pSús éRb CnCatiBñgrs;enAkñúgextþmNÐlKIrI erobrab;BIsßanPaBRKÜsarrbs;Kat;bnÞab;BIRtÚvbgçM[pøas;

bþÚrTIlMenAkñúgrbbExµrRkhmfa ³

eyaFaExµrRkhmenAvimanÉkraCü ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

52

kµÜyRsIrbs;´Gayu15qñaMRtÚvExµrRkhm)aj;smøab; edaysarEtvaERskfavamincg;

eTArs;enAkEnøgepSg. ´RtÚv)anbMEbkecjBIRKÜsar[eTAeFVIERscmáarenAkEnøgCaeRcIn.

enAkñúgRsukekaHEjk RbCaCneFVIkarTaMgéf¶TaMgyb; edayTTYl)anrbbGahartictYcnig

mankarht;ehvGs;kmøaMgCaxøaMg. kUnRsIrbs;´EdleTIbEtqøgTenøehIyminmanGVIhUb

eRkAEtBIkþÜcenaHeT dUecñHehIybþIrbs;vaeTArkGgá)anR)aMbIkMb:ugnigman;mYyBIPUmiepSg.

RbFanXuM)anecaTkUnRbsa´fahUbÉkCn. smaCikRKÜsarkUnRsI´TaMgGs;RtÚvGgÁkar

cab;xøÜn. kñúgPUmiLaMTwk RbCaCnBIrnak;RtÚv)ancab;ykeTAsmøab;ecal eRBaHBYkeK)anhUb

pøitXµúMedayminEckGñkPUmi.

CnCatiPaKticcam ³ ExµrRkhm)anbgçM[CnCaticam

cakecjBIlMenAzanrbs;xøÜn ehIyeTArs;enAlayLMKña

CamYyshKmn_CnCatiExµr. CnCaticamRtÚv)anham

R)ammin[niyayPasacamb¤eKarBbUCasasnaGuIsøam.

ExµrRkhm)ansmøab;emdwknaMsasnaGuIsøam¬hakwm¦

nigCnCaticamTaMgLayNa EdlRtÚv)ansgS½yfa

eFVIkarRbqaMgnwgeKalneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)alGs;

CaeRcIn. CagenHeTAeTot ExµrRkhm)anbgçM[CnCati

camhUbsac;RCÚk EdlpÞúyeTAnwgkarhamR)amrbs;

sasnaGuIsøam. eRkamrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü CnCati

camrab;muWnnak;)ansøab;edaykarsmøab; CMgW karGt;Xøan

nigkareFVIkarhYskmøaMg17.

CnCatiPaKticevotNam ³ CnCatievotNamTaMgGs;RtÚv)anbeNþjecjBIRbeTskm<úCakñúg

qñaM1975. CnCatievotNammYycMnYnEdl)anerobkarCamYyCnCatiExµr)anrs; enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCabnþeTA

eTot. kñúgqñaM1977nigqñaM1978 ExµrRkhm)ancab;epþImsmøab;CnCatievotNamEdlesssl;TaMgenH

y:agrgÁal ehIymanEtmYycMnYntUcb:ueNÑaHEdl)anrYcrs;CIvit. CnCatiPaKticevotNamRtÚv)ansRmaMg

ykeTAsmøab; edaysarEtxøÜnCaCnCatievotNam.

CnCatiPaKticcin ³ smaCikénshKmn_enHEdlCaGñkCMnYjnigCashRKinRkúmh‘unk¾RtÚv)anbgçM

[eFVIdMeNIreTACnbTeTAeFVIkargarksikmµEdr. CnCaticinRtÚvExµrRkhmRbRBwtþmk elIy:ageXareXA enAeBl

EdlGñkTaMgenHminGacRTaMRTnwgkargarlM)ak)an. b:uEnþCnCaticin minRtÚv)ansRmaMgeRCIserIsedIm,IykeTA

smøab;ecaleT.

bBaØvnþ ³ emdwknaMExµrRkhmEdlmYycMnYnCabBaØvnþ)ancat;TukbBaØvnþdéTeTotfaCasRtÚvcm,g rbs;

RbeTs nigCaCMBUkCnBukrlYyEdlemdwknaMTaMgenHyl;faCaGñkEdleFVI[RbeTsCatikøayeTACaGay:g

karhUbcukenAkñúgpÞH)ayrYm

¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidæRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

53

rbs;breTs. bBaØvnþCaeRcIn)ankøayCamuxsBaØasRmab;karsmøab;. GñkEdlGacRtÚvcat;bBa©ÚlkñúgCMBUk

GñkecHdwgRtÚvEteFVIButCamnusSl¶g;exøA. bBaØvnþGacrYcrs;CIvit)an luHRtaNaEtGñkTaMgenaHGaclak;)aMg

cMeNHviC¢anigGaCIBkargarrbs;xøÜn. sa®sþacarünignisSitmhaviTüal½yrab;Ban;nak;RtÚv)ansmøab;kñúgrbb

km<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

enAkñúgesovePA {CIvitkUnéfø kUnRtÚvEtrs;} visVkr Bin

y:aéf )anerobrab;BIbTBiesaFn_Edlelak)anCYbRbTHkñúgrbb

ExµrRkhm. kñúgGMLúgeBlCemøósqñaM1975 RKÜsarrbs;elak

EdlmansmaCikdb;R)aMbInak; RtÚv)anbgçM[pøas;TItaMgCaeRcIndg

EdlenAcugeRkayRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTAextþeBaFisat;. elak Bin

y:aéf CamnusSEtmñak;Kt;kñúgRKÜsarEdlenArs;ranmanCIvit

ehIy)anrt;eKceTARbeTséfnaedImqñaM1977. mUlehtumYy

EdleFVI[ Bin y:aéf rYcrs;CIvit)anenaHKWedaysarelak

Gaclak;)aMgviC¢aCIv³rbs;elak. elak)anerobrab;dUecñHfa³

éf¶mYy enAPUmivalvg;kñúgextþeBaFisat;RbFanPUmi)anerobcMRbCuMneya)ayd¾KYr[FujRTan;

mþgeTot. Kat;)anRbkasfa semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu )anyagnivtþcUlRbeTsvijehIy

ehIykMBugEterobcMrdæaPi)alfµImYy dUecñHGgÁkarsUmesñI[GñkÉkeTs bBaØvnþ GtItnay

Tahan evC¢bNÐit visVkr nignisSit GeBa¢IjmkcuHeQµaHkñúgbBa¢IBiessmYy. mnusSRbEhl

Essibnak;)anelIkéd edayrYmTaMgGtItTahanEdl)anxitxMlak;GtþsBaØaNrbs;xøÜn

taMgBIyUrmkehIy. ´mankarraErkkñúgcitþ b:uEnþ GacTb;GarmµN_xøÜnÉg)anehIymin)an

elIkédnwgeKeT. cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk eyIgminEdl)anTTYldMNwgGVIBIGñkTaMgenaHeT.

GñkPUmi)anxSwbexSóvR)ab;Kñafa {GtItm®nþICan;x<s;nigGñkÉkeTsTaMgenaHRtÚvExµrRkhm

smøab;Gs;eTAehIy}18.

GñkEdlExµrRkhmecaTfaCaCnk,t;Cati ³ kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmCaeRcInnak;RtÚv)anecaTfak,t;bdivtþn_

nigcUlédCamYyevotNam. RbCaCnsamBaØEdleFVIxusbnþicbnþÜck¾RtÚvecaTfaCaCnk,t;bdivtþn_Edr. CaTUeTA

bT]Rkidæ EdlkmµaPi)alnigRbCaCnTaMgenH)ansarPaBrYmmanlYcmkelgpÞHedaymin)anR)ab;RbFanRkúmeFVI[

Ebk)ak;]bkrN_pÞH)ay lYccMNIGahar niyayriHKn;GgÁkar mkeFVIkaryWty:avminTan;eBlevla eFVIkarmin

)anl¥ t¥ÚjEt¥rBIlkçxNÐrs;enA Bak;eRKÓgGlgáar manTMnak;TMngesñhaxusvin½ybkS yMTYjesaksþayRseNaH

bgb¥Únb¤mitþPkþiEdl)ansøab; b¤bgðajTwkcitþkñúgkareKarBCMenOsasnaCaedIm. RbCaCnmYycMnYnEdlFøak;xøÜnQW

edaysareFVIkarF¶n;F¶r b¤hUbminRKb;RKan; RtÚv)anecaTfaeFVIButCaQW nigRtÚv)ancat;TukfaCamnusSx¢ilRcGUs

b¤QWstiGarmµN_. GñkTaMgenHCajwkjab;RtÚv)at;xøÜnedayminmandanGVITaMgGs;. kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmvilRtLb;mkBIeFVIkarenAvalERs

¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

54

eFVIeRcInCag b¤ticCagkarkMNt;rbs;GgÁkarmann½yesµIesckþIsøab; dUcBaküesøakExµrRkhmniyayfa {GgÁkar

faem:c RtÚveFVIy:aghñwg¡ GgÁkardak;Tis RtÚvGnuvtþ[)anseRmc¡ mitþmin)ac;téføeT¡}.

sRtÚvxageRkA sMedAeTAelIshrdæGaemriknigsm<½n§mitþdUcCaRbeTséf nigRbeTssgÁmniymmYycMnYn

CaBiessRbeTsevotNamnigGtItshPaBsUevot. ExµrRkhmyl;faRbeTsTaMgGs;enHmaneKalbMNg

QøanBan nigb:unb:gcg;ykkm<úCadak;eRkamGaNaniKm. ExµrRkhm)anecaTRbkan;mnusSCaeRcInrYmTaMg

kmµaPi)alnigkgT½Brbs;xøÜnpgfa)anbeRmI[menaKmviC¢arbs;RbeTsTaMgenH. ExµrRkhm)anehAGñkTaMgenH

faCa {xµaMgbgáb;suIrUgépÞkñúg}. GñkTaMgenaHrYmmanGñkEdlmkBIRbeTsEdlRbqaMgnwgrbbsgÁmniymdwknaM

edayshrdæGaemrik nigRbeTsesIerIniymb¤RbeTsGnutþrPaBniym dUcCaGtItshPaBsUevot evotNam

nigsm<½n§mitþdéTeTot. mnusSPaKeRcInEdlRtÚv)ancat;TukfaCasRtÚvbgáb;suIrUgépÞkñúgRtÚv)anecaTRbkan;eday

RcLMfa)aneFVIkar[Pñak;garsm¶at;es-GuI-Garbs;shrdæGaemrik Pñak;garsm¶at;ka-ehS-ebrbs;GtItshPaB

sUevot nigCaPñak;garsm¶at;rbs;evotNam. ExµrRkhmk¾)ancat;TukGñkEdlGacniyayPasabreTsfaCa

Pñak;garsm¶at;pgEdr. karecaTRbkan;enH)ankøayeTACaviFImYyd¾manRbsiT§PaBsRmab;kmµaPi)almUldæan

ykeFVICaelssmøab;RbCaCnNamñak;EdlxøÜns¥b;ex<Im.

3> karcab;xøÜnnigkarXuMXaMg

enAcugqñaM1976nigedImqñaM1977 karRsavRCavrkxµaMgbgáb;épÞkñúg)ankøayCakic©karcm,grbs;ExµrRkhm.

ExµrRkhm)aneFVI[GñkPUmiesuIbkarN_BIKñaeTAvijeTAmk edayeRbIR)as;BaküesøakmYy {RtÚvecHtamdanKñaeTAvij

eTAmk. RtÚvraykarN_CUnGgÁkar}. meFüa)ayepSg²eTotEdlExµrRkhmeRbIkñúgkarEsVgrkcab;xøÜnxµaMgbgáb;

kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmenAkñúgpÞH)ayrYm ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

55

rYmmankarQøbykkarN_ r)aykarN_BIGñkykkarN_ kareFVIRbvtþirUbpÞal;xøÜnjwkjab; nigcemøIysarPaB.

enAeBlEdlxµaMgRtÚv)anrkeXIjeQµaHrbs;GñkTaMgenHnwgRtÚvraykarN_eTAKN³kmµaFikarXuM b¤KN³

kmµaFikarRsuk ehIybnÞab;mkGñkTaMgenHnwgRtÚvcab;xøÜn. GgÁkarkRmcab;xøÜnGñkNamñak;CasaFarN³Nas;.

RbsinebImansmaCikNamñak;enAkñúgshkrN_mYyRtÚv)ansgS½y kmµaPi)alshkrN_enaHnwgR)ab;GñkenaHfa

{GgÁkarGeBa¢IjGñkeTAeronsURt}. eRkamelsGeBa¢IjenHCnrgeRKaHCaeRcInRtÚv)ancab;bBa¢ÚneTAmnÞIrXuMXaMg

nigsmøab;ecalCajwkjab; edayminmankarkat;esckþIb¤RsavRCav[)anhµt;ct;faetIGñkTaMgenaHBitCa)an

RbRBwtþbT]RkidæEbbenaHEmnb¤k¾minEmneT. ExµrRkhmniyayfa {suxcitþcab;xus10 min[Elgxus1}.

4> karsYrcemøIynigkareFVITaruNkmµ

GñkEdlCab;ecaTBIbTelµIsRsal² b¤Cab;XuMenAmnÞIrsnþisuxfñak;Tab CaTUeTAeRcInTTYlrgnUvkarTTYlTan

GaharminRKb;RKan; CMgWKµankarBüa)al nigkarRbRBwtþGMeBIyg;XñgepSg²eTot. eTaHCamanmnusSCaeRcInsøab;

kñúgsßanPaBEbbenHk¾eday k¾manmYycMnYneTot)anrYcputBITaruNkmµnigkarsmøab;Edr. b:uEnþenAmnÞIrsnþisux

fñak;x<s;rbs;ExµrRkhmdUcCamnÞIrs-21 karsYrcemøIynigkareFVITaruNkmµKWCaskmµPaBFmµtaRbcaMéf¶.

CU sUPa rs;enAkñúgextþkMBg;camkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. sUPa RtÚv)ancab;xøÜnenAEx]sPa

qñaM1977 edaymindwgmUlehtuGVITaMgGs;. sUPa )anerobrab;BIkarcab;xøÜnnigsßan PaBrbs;Kat;kalenAkñúgKuk

Rsukt,ÚgXµúMy:agdUecñHfa ³

éf¶mYykgsnþisuxbYnnak;)anmkdl;kgrbs; ehIy)anesñI kñúgsmþIsuPaBrabsafa[

eTACYytExSePøIg. enAeBl´ecjmkdl;eRkAsnþisuxsÞúHmkP¢g;kaMePøIgtRmg;rk´ehIy

kgkumar ¬rUbPaBeday eGlIhSaEbt eb‘kx½r nigrUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

56

cgéd´. ExµrRkhm)ancab; ykeTAdak;Kuk. bnÞab;BIsñak;enAkñúgKukGs;ry³eBlEssib

éf¶ ExµrRkhmbBa¢Ún´mksYrcemøIyEdlmansPaBeXareXACagmuneTAeTot. kgsnþisux

)anykExSePøIgmkqk;édIm,IsYrcemøIy. CYnkaleKvayý:agxøaMg eFVI[´snøb;Ca

eRcInsa. eTaHCaeFVITNÐkmµ xøaMgy:agNak¾eday k¾ enAEteqøIyfamindwg. bnÞab;mk

ExµrRkhmbBa¢ÚnéTAmnÞIrsYrcemøIyfµImYyeTot. énATIenaHry³eBldb;BIréf¶. cab;BI

eBlenaHmk ExµrRkhmElgsYrcemøIyb¤eFVITaruNkmµ eTotehIy. xøÜnR)aNćuHsÁm

y:agxøaMg. bIéf¶eRkaymk ExµrRkhmedaHElg´ edayniyayfaGgÁkarmankarP½nþRcLM.

b:uEnþ RtÚvsnüafanwgminR)ab;GñkNaTaMgGs;GMBIsßanPaBenAkñúgKuk. RbsinebImanGñkNa

mñak;sYr´ cemøIyrbs;´KW {mindwg minB¤ mineXIj}19.

5> karsmøab;

eRkamrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü RbCaCnRbEhlR)aMEsnnak;RtÚv)ansmøab;eRkambTRbRBwtþGMeBI]Rkidæ

RbqaMgbdivtþn_nigrdæ. RbCaCnfµIrab;Ban;nak;EdlminmanbTBiesaFn_b¤CMnajkñúgkareFVIERscmáar)an)at;xøÜn.

RbCaCnRtÚv)annaMykeTAéRBeRCAb¤TIvalq¶ayBIPUmiRsukedIm,Ismøab; bnÞab;BIRbCaCnTaMgenaH)anRbRBwtþnUv

GMeBIEdlExµrRkhmcat;TukfaCakMhusb¤)an beBa©jkayvikarxwgsm,anwgfñak;dwknaMrbs;xøÜn. CnrgeRKaHxøHRtÚv

)ankb;TaMgrs;ehIysøab;edayfb;degðIm.

mnusSesÞIrRKb;rUbEdlRtÚv)anrkeXIjfa CaGñkFøab;mankareronsURteRCARCHRtÚv)anykeTAsmøab;

ecal. CaTUeTAKµanGñkNamñak;h‘anBak;Ev:ntab¤niyayPasabreTseLIy eRBaHvaCasBaØabgðajfaCnenaHCa

GñkecHdwg. CaBiess GñkEdlmkBITIRkúgRtÚvEtlak;RbvtþinigcMeNHviC¢arbs;xøÜnehIyeFVIButCamnusSl¶g;exøA.

karsmøab;RtÚv)aneFVIeLIgeRcInEbbeRcInsNæan. GñkxøHRtÚvExµrRkhmecaTfak,t;bdivtþn_ b¤CaxµaMg

ehIyRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTAmnÞIrsYrcemøIy. bnÞab;BIenATIenaH)anry³eBlBIr-bIEx GñkeTasnwgRtÚvykeTAvalBiXat

EdlGñkTaMgenaHRtÚv)anbgçM[lutCgÁg;enAmat;reNþA. bnÞab;mk GñkeTasTaMgenHnwgRtÚvsmøab;edayvaycMEpñk

xageRkayénk,alCamYynwgEb:l cbkab; b¤dMbg. CYnkal mnusSrhUtdl;eTAmYyrynak;RtÚv)an)aj;smøab;

kñúgeBlEtmYy ehIykb;kñúgreNþAEtmYy. GñkxøHeTotRtÚv)aneFVI[fb;degðImsøab;edayykfg;pøasÞikRck

k,al. enACnbTEdlmanGNþÚgCaeRcInenAkñúgéRB GñkeTasRtÚv)andwktamLanFMeTAdl;mat;GNþÚg ehIybnÞab;

mkkgQøbk¾rujb¤vayTmøak;eTAkñúgenaHEtmþg.

eBlxøH smaCikRKÜsarTaMgGs;RtÚv)anykeTAsmøab;ecal edaysarEtkMhusEdl)anRbRBwtþeday

smaCikmñak;. ExµrRkhm)anEsVgrkcab;xøÜnsmaCikTaMgGs;ykeTAsmøab;eRkamRTwsþIfa {CIkesµARtÚvCIkTaMg

b£s}.

m:m épb‘Un RbCaBlrdærs;enAextþekaHkug )anerobrab;GMBIsmaCikRKÜsarrbs;Kat; EdlRtÚv)anykeTA

smøab;ecalfa³57

b¥ÚnRsIrbs;´mñak;GayuR)aMBIrqñaMRtÚv)anGgÁkarsmøab;ecal eRBaHvalYceBatx©ImYyEpø

hUb. GgÁkarvaynwgt,ÚgcbehIykb;Ek,rcmáareBat. resolmYy eBl´kMBugedjeKa

kat;éRB ´FuMkøins¥úysaksBrlYy. édIrrkemIlERkgRbTHCaGñkFøab;sÁal;Kña. minnwk

sµanfaenaHCasaksB«BukésaH. Kat;RtÚvkab;nwgkaMbitCitdac;kecjBIsµa. enAEk,r

sB«Buk´ mansaksBBIrnak;eTotEdlRtÚvsmøab;edaykat;pþac;kdUcKµa. rMlgBIenaH

)anRbEhlCagBIrEx CIdUn´GayuCagcitsibqñaM)ansøab;. Kat;RtÚv)anecaTfalYcbbr

ekµghUb ehIyRtÚvemkgvayBIrdMbg. sBrbs;Kat;RtÚv)anrMunwg)avykeTAkb;ecal.

eRkayBImrNPaBrbs;CIdUnÉtb:unµanéf¶ mþay´k¾søab;eTot. Kat;søab;edaysarkargar

lM)aknigKµanGaharhUbRKb;RKan;. ´»bKat;CamYysERmkyMesaksþay20.

58

CMBUkTI9

mnÞIrs-21 ¬KukTYlEsøg¦

KuksMxan;bMputkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüRtÚv)ansÁal;faCa {mnÞIrsnþisuxs-21}. GkSr {s}

tMNag[Bakü{snþisux} ehIyelx{21} tMNag[elxsm¶at;. KukenHmanTItaMgsßitenAEb:kxagt,ÚgTIRkúg

PñMeBj ¬sgáat;TYlsVayéRB¦.

mnÞIrs-21CaKuksm¶at;sRmab;XuMXaMg sYrcemøIy eFVITaruNkmµ nigsmøab;GñkeTasEdlRtÚv)ancab;

bBa¢Únmkdak;enATIenH. cab;BIBak;kNþalqñaM1976mk minmanGñkeTasNamñak;RtÚv)anedaHElgeT. kñúgcMeNam

GñkeTasRbEhlmYymuWnbYnBan;nak; manEt12nak;b:ueNÑaHEdlenArs;ranmanCIvit bnÞab;BIkardYlrlMénrbb

brievnKukTYlEsøg ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

59

km<úCaRbCaFibetyü. GñkTaMgenHRtÚv)anTukCIvit eRBaHmanCMnajBiessEdlmanRbeyaCn_dl;mnÞIrs-21.

GñkTaMgenHCaCagKMnUr CagCYsCulnaLika nigCagcmøak;.

1> GKarenAmnÞIrs-21

mnÞIrs-21CaGtItviTüal½yecA-

Bjay:at Edlsagsg;eLIgkñúgqñaM1962.

KukenHsßitenAelIépÞdIEdlmanbeNþay600

Em:Rt nigTTwg400Em:Rt. enABIeRkayrbg

salaenH manGKareFVIBIeQIRbk;s,ÚvBIrxñg

EdlCaGtItsalabzmsikSabwgekgkg. GKar

TaMgGs;enHbegáIt)aneTACamnÞIrs-21.

kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyümnÞIrs-21

ruMB½T§edayrbgs½gásIniglYsbnøaEdlmanP¢ab;

crnþGKÁisnI. enAkñúgbrievNKuk manGKarFM²

bYn. bnÞb;eronCan;eRkamRtÚv)anEbgEckeTA

CabnÞb;tUc²EdlmanTMhM0/8KuNnwg2Em:Rt

EdlbnÞb;mYysRmab;dak;GñkeTasmñak;. bnÞb;eronCan;TImYyEdlmanTMhM8KuNnwg6Em:RteRbIsRmab;dak;Gñk

eTasrYm. enACan;TIBIr bnÞb;nImYy²manTMhMFMCagehIydak;GñkeTas BI40eTA50nak;. bnÞb;mYyRtÚv)aneRbI

Cakariyal½yeFVIkarrbs; Duc EdlCaRbFanKuk ehIybnÞb;mYyeTotRtÚv)aneRbIR)as;Cakariyal½yÉksarnig

kariyal½yrdæ)alTUeTA. pÞHmYycMnYnEdlenAEk,rKukRtÚv)aneRbI eFVICakEnøgsYrcemøIynigkEnøgeFVITaruNkmµ.

2> GñkeTas

GñkeTasPaKeRcInenAmnÞIrs-21RtÚv)anecaTRbkan;BIbTk,t;bkSb¤k,t;bdivtþn_ b¤Føab;)aneFVIkar[

kmµaPi)alk,t;EdlRtÚvcab;xøÜnrYcehIy. mYyry³kalknøgeTA emdwknaMbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCamankarsgS½y

nigmankarminTukcitþkan;EtxøaMgeLIg²cMeBaHkmµaPi)alnigkgT½Brbs;xøÜn. ]TahrN_ enAExtula qñaM1976

enAkñúgdMeNIrkarrwtbnþwgsnþisuxCati b:ul Bt )aneFVIkarcab;xøÜnkmµaPi)alCan;x<s;bkSCaeRcInrUb ehIyykeTA

XuMenAmnÞIrs-21. fñak;dwknaMExµrRkhmyl;fa sRtÚvmanenARKb;TIkEnøgTaMgGs;kñúgépÞRbeTs ehIy)aneFVIkar

cab;xøÜnsmaCikkumµúynIsþrbs;xøÜnCaeRcInnak;kñúgmYyEx². GñkeTasenAmnÞIrs-21rYmmanTaMgCnbreTs

RbEhlbYnrynak;EdlPaKeRcInCaCnCatievotNam.

kmµaPi)alEdlbeRmIkargarkñúgKukmYycMnYn)ankøayCaGñkeTasenATIenaHEdr. kmµaPi)alTaMgenaH)an

sarPaBBIkarx¢ilRcGUskñúgkarerobcMÉksar eFVI[xUcm:asuInnig]bkrN_déTeTot b¤vayGñkeTasrhUtdl;søab;

kñúgeBlsYrcemøIyedayKµankarGnuBaØat. cemøIysarPaBPaKeRcInenAmnÞIrs-21CacemøIyminBit BIeRBaH

kmµaPi)albeRmIkarenAmnÞIrs-21nigRkúmRKsar


60

GñkeTasPaKeRcInmin)anRbRBwtþkMhusGVIF¶n;F¶reT ehIyGñkeTas)ansarPaBedIm,I[EtrYcxøÜnBITaruNkmµb:ueNÑaH.

exov ecs ehA eBA RbCaBlrdæmkBIextþkMBg;qñaMg CaGtItGñkyamenAmnÞIrs-21. eBA )anr:ayr:ab;

BIRbvtþirbs;Kat;enAeBlenaHfa ³

enAqñaM1977 mitþPkþirbs; BIrnak; hug nig emOn )anRbRBwtþkMhus ehIyRtÚv

)anykeTAsmøab;ecal. bnÞab;BIenaHmk GgÁkarcab;xøÜnéRBaHĆamitþPkþirbs;GñkTaMgBIr

ehIybBa¢ÚnéTAéRBs. BYkeK)ansYrcemøIyÉRkgela´ manCab;Bak;B½n§CamYyGñkTaMgBIr

b:uEnþ eqøIyfa {Gt;maneT}. GñksYrcemøIyeQµaH Esm pl. Kat;)andwgc,as;Nas;

fa´xMeFVIkarnigesµaHRtg;. dUecñHehIy´RtÚv)anedaHElg ehIyRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTAkgBl

502 ehIyebIkLandwkRKab;eTAétnij eTAév:CamYyevotNam.

CIvitenAmnÞIrs-21eBareBjeTAedayPaBP½yxøac. eyIgminh‘anniyayesIc

elgrkKñaeT. eyIgminTukcitþGñkNaTaMgGs; sUm,ImitþPkþiCitsñiT§rbs;eyIgk¾eday.

RKb;KñaRtÚvxitxMeFVIkar. eRkABIkaryamkam eyIgRtÚvdaMbEnønigciBa©wmRCÚk. eyIgRtÚvRbúg

Rby½tñbMputeBleFVIkar. kMhusbnþicbnþÜcdUcCaegak b¤Ep¥knwgCBa¢aMgGaceFVI[eyIgsøab;)an.

3> bTbBaØtisRmab;GñkeTas

bTbBaØtienHRtÚv)anbiTenAelICBa¢aMgkñúgbrievNKuk.

vin½ysnþi)al ¬nKr)alsnþisux¦ enAmnÞIrs-211¦ sYrGIeqøIyhñwg minbEgVrsMNYrrbs;Gj.

2¦ min[edaHRsay ykelsenHelsenaHtamKMnitÉglak;b¤RbEkk tmat;min

)andac;xat.

3¦ min[eFVIl¶g; minyl;bBaða eRBaHÉgCamnusSh‘anRbqaMgnwgbdivtþn_.

4¦ sYrPøam eqøIyPøam min[dMGk;mYynaTIeLIy.

5¦ erOgxVHxat kMhusbnþicbnþÜc dUcCasIlFm’ xUcenHxUcenaH k¾min[niyay

erOgxøwmsarbdivtþn_ k¾min[niyay.

6¦ év:b¤qk;ExSePøIgmin[ERskdac;xat.

7¦ min[eFVIGVITaMgGs; KWGgÁúyes¶ómrg;caMbBa¢aGj Gt;bBa¢akuMeFVI GjbBa¢aGIeFVI

hñwgPøam RbEkkRcimRcúmmin)aneT.

8¦ kuMykelskm<úCaeRkam )aMgmuxmat;k,t;rbs;GaÉg[esaH.

9¦ RKb;bBa¢axagelI mineFVItam KWmYyéf¶rgrMBat; ExSePøIgqk;rab;minQñHeT.

10¦ RbqaMgvin½yGjmYycMNuc RtÚvrgrMBat;db;rMBat; b¤qk;ExSePøIgR)aMqac;.

61

bTbBaØtimYyeTotsRmab;GñkeTasRtÚv)anbiTenAGKar {x-K-X}.

4> sßanPaBenAkñúgmnÞIrs-21

enAeBlbBa¢ÚneTAdl;mnÞIrs-21 GñkeTasTaMgGs;RtÚv)anftrUbnigtRmÚv[sresrRbvtþirUblm¥itcab;

taMgBIkumarPaBrhUtdl;éf¶cab;xøÜn. GñkeTasRtÚvedaHsemøókbMBak;ecjTukEtexakñúgmYy ehIysmÖarCab;xøÜnTaMg

b:unµanRtÚv)anrwbGUsyk. bnÞab;mkGñkeTasnwgRtÚvnaMykeTAXuMkñúgbnÞb; EdlenATIenaHGñkeTasTaMgenHRtÚvdak;

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GñkeTasRtÚvedkpÞal;nwg\dæ edayKµankenÞl mug b¤PYyeT. GñkeTasRtÚv)anhamR)ammin[niyayrkKña.

v:an; Nat GñkenArs;ranmanCIvitmñak;)anerobrab;BICIvitrbs;elakenAkñúgmnÞIrs-21fa ³

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dac;xat. RbsinebIGñkNamñak;cg;eRkakGgÁúyb¤pwkTwk eKRtÚvsuMkarGnuBaØatBIGñkyam

Camunsin. kareFVIGVImYyEdlminmankarGnuBaØatBIGñkyam nwgRtÚvTTYlkarvaydMCa

Tm¶n;. eK[eyIgmuCTwkerogral;bYnéf¶mþg. eKykTuyy:Umk)aj;CHBImat;TVar. Rbsin

ebIeyIgenAq¶ayBImat;TVar eyIgnwgmin)anTTwkRKb;RKan;eT. Caerogral;éf¶ GñkeTasRtÚv

)annaMykeTAsYrcemøIy ehIymYycMnYnminEdleXIjRtLb;mkvijeT b:uEnþeyIgeXIj

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5¦ eBlEqk RtÚvdak;édeRkayxñg. kuMesrI.

62

enAem:agbYnknøHRBwk GñkeTasRtÚvRsatexaedIm,I[GñkyamRtÜtBinitü. GñkyamRtÚvBinitüemIlERkgela

exñaHeCIgrlug b¤ERkgelaGñkeTasmanlak;vtßúGVIEdleKGaceRbIedIm,IeFVIGtþXat. mYyry³kalknøgmkman

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63

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cMnYnRtÚvGñksYrcemøIycab;rMelaP eTaHCakarrMelaPpøÚvePTpÞúynwgeKalneya)ayrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü

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64

� ENnaM[bkSBYkElgeKa[suIRsUv.

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smøab;ehIy. rUbftrab;Ban;snøwkenAesssl;rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶ b:uEnþrab;Ban;snøwkepSgeTot)an)at;bg;.

kmµaPi)albeRmIkarenAkñúgmnÞIrsnþisuxhUbGaharrYmKña ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

65

GgÁPaBkarBarKWCaGgÁPaBFMbMputenAmnÞIrs-21. kgsnþisux

kñúgGgÁPaBenHPaKeRcInCaekµgCMTg;. kgsnþisuxPaKeRcInmankarlM)ak

kñúgkareKarBbTbBa¢ad¾twgEtgrbs;GgÁPaB. kgsnþisuxminGnuBaØat[

niyayCamYyGñkeTas sYreQµaH b¤vaytb;GñkeTaseLIy. kgsnþisux

RtÚv)anhamXat;min[lYcemIlb¤lYcsþab;karsYrcemøIy ehIyRtÚv

eKarB[)anx¢ab;x¢ÜnnUvbTbBa¢asamsibcMNucEdlhamR)am min[lYc

edk GgÁúyelg b¤Ep¥kCBa¢aMgkñúgeBleFVIkargar. kgsnþisuxRtÚvedIreTA

edIrmk eFVIkaryaml,at nigBinitüBic½yGVI²RKb;y:agedayRbúgRby½tñ

bMput. kgsnþisuxNaEdl)an

RbRBwtþkMhusF¶n;F¶rnwgRtÚvcab;xøÜn

sYrcemøIy ykeTAXuMXaMgnig

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PaKeRcIneFVIkarenAmnÞIrs-21

mankarP½yxøacy:agxøaMgcMeBaH

kMhusepSg²EdlGacekIteLIg

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karsmøab;.

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RkúmrgGegáóm. RkúmekþA ¬CYn

kalehA kgkac¦ GaceFVITaruN

kmµkñ úgeBlsYrcemø Iy)an.

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ehA kgsøÚt¦minRtÚv)anGnuBaØat

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ehIyCaTUeTAmanGayuRbEhlCaCagémÖqñaM.

sun esn ¬smmitþexov¦

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RbeTsevotNamxagt,Úg. RbBn§

rbs; sun esn eQµaH yun y:at

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RbCaFibetyü. sun esn )an

eTAsikSaenARbeTs)araMg cenøaHqñaM

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cUlCasmaCibkSkumµúynIsþ)araMg.

qñaM1963 sun esn )anrt;cUl

éRB eKcBIkartamcab;rbs;b:Ulis.

sun esn )ankøayeTACaGKÁbBa¢a

karkgkmøaMgrMedaHCatiRbCaCnkm<úCa

kñúgqñaM1971.

kñúgry³kalkm<úCaRbCaFib

etyü sun esn Ca]bnayk

rdæm®nþITIbI TTYlbnÞúkkarBarCatinig

RKb;RKgpÞal;eTAelImnÞIrs-21.

sun esn nigRkúmRKÜsarRtÚv)an

smøab;tambBa¢arbs; b:ul Bt enA

éf¶TI10 Exmifuna qñaM1997.

Duc ¬eQµaHedIm kaMg ehÁceGov¦

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kMBg;FM. Duc eronenAviTüal½y

RBHsuIsuvtßi nig)anCab;cMNat;fñak;

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RbeTs. Duc eFVICaRKÚbeRgon

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extþkMBg;FM. qñaM1964 Duc eFVIkar

enAsalaKruekaslübnÞab;BI sun

esn )anrt;cUléRB. Duc cUlCa

smaCikbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaenAqñaM

1970.

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kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM1980 ehIy)an

køayxøÜnCaRKisþbris½T. Duc RtÚv)an

cab;xøÜnenAEx]sPa qñaM1999.

cab;BIeBlenaHmk Duc RtÚvCab;XuM

kñúgKukrhUtrg;caMkarkat;kþI. kñúgEx

kumÖ³ qñaM2005 Duc RtÚv)ankat;

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kalénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

sßanPaB suxPaBrbs; Duc man

PaBRTúDeRTam kñúgqñaM2006.

66

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RKÚbeRgón.

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qay. emdwknaMKukTaMgenHsuT§EtCaGtItRKÚbeRgón.

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kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmCan;x<s;mYycMnYnCab;XuMXaMgenATIenaHrab;Ex ehIycemøIysarPaBEvgrab;ryTMB½r.

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KitKUrBIkarBitGVIeLIy. GñkeTasTaMgGs; RtÚvEtsarPaBfaxøÜnKWCaCnk,t;bdivtþn_ nigFøab;)anRbRBwtþbTelµIs

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{kemÞcecal} EdlCaBaküeRbIkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüCMnYs[Bakü {smøab;}.

kmµaPi)alExµrRkhm ¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

67

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cugqñaM1976mk minmandITMenrsRmab;kb;exµacenAEk,rKukeToteT ehtudUecñHehIyGñkeTasRtÚv)andwktamLan

enAeBlyb;eTAkan;bwgeCIgÉk ¬sßitenAcm¶ay13KILÚEm:Rt PaKnirtITIRkúgPñMeBj¦ EdlenAkEnøgenaHGñkeTas

RtÚv)anvaynwgt,Úgcb xñgBUefA b¤dMbg b¤)aj;smøab;ecalEtmþg. CaTUeTA enAeBlEdlGñkeTasRtÚv)an

smøab;ehIy kgT½BEdldwkGñkeTasBImnÞIrs-21eTA)ankb;saksBTaMgenHenAkñúgreNþAsaksBrYm Edl

reNþAtUcmanRbEhlR)aMmYynak; ehIyreNþAFMmansaksBrhUtdl;eTACagmYyrynak;.

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saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCaeRkamCMnYy]btßmÖrbs;evotNamkñúgqñaM1979.

68

CMBUkTI10

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1977¦ nigLav. kñúgcMeNamRbeTsTaMgenH TMnak;TMngCamYycinnigkUer:xageCIgmanlkçN³l¥RbesIr ehIy

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69

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Edr.

karb:HTgÁicKñarvagkm<úCaRbCaFib

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CaPasaevotNam¦. enABak;kNþalqñaM

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mUsÁÚKaMRTevotNam ehIyrdæaPi)alRkúgeb:kaMg

KaMRTkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. enAcugqñaM1976

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y:ageRcInsn§wksn§ab;BIcin. kñúgqñaM1977

kgT½Bkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anebIkkarvay

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RsugenAExFñÚ qñaM1977.

kñúgqñaM1978 km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)an

eGog sarI ¬smmitþv:an;¦

eGog sarI ekItqñaM1930 enAextþRtavij RbeTsevot

Namxagt,Úg. eGog sarI )anerobkarCamYy exov FIriT§.

qñaM1950 eGog sarI )anTTYlGaharUbkrN_eTAsikSaenA

RbeTs)araMg ehIy)ankøayeTACasmaCikbkSkumµúynIsþ

)araMg. eGog sarI )anvilRtLb;mkRbeTskm<úCavijenAqñaM

1957 ehIy)an cUlCasmaCikbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_Exµr.

eGog sarI beRgónenAviTüal½ykm<úCbuRtrhUt dl;qñaM1963

EdlenAeBlenaH)anrt;cUléRBts‘U. eRkaymk eGog sarI

)ankøayCaembBa¢akarkgT½BenAPUmiPaK|san.

qñaM1976 eGog sarI RtÚv)anEtgtaMgCa]bnayk

rdæm®nþITImYy TTYlbnÞúkkic©karbreTs. eGog sarI k¾Ca

smaCikKN³kmµaFikarmCÄim nigKN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_bkS

pgEdr. eGog sarI )ancuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa

enAqñaM1996. bc©úb,nñ eGog sarI rs;enAy:agmanesrIPaB

enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ehIykUnRbúseQµaH eGog vuF KWCa

GPi)alrgTImYyRkúgéb:lin.

emdwknaMCan;x<s;ExµrRkhmnigKN³RbtiPUbreTs


70

xitxMBRgIkTMnak;TMngkarTUtrbs;xøÜn ehIyBaNiC¢kmµeRkARbeTs enAeBlenaH)anQandl;kRmitkMBUl.

RbeTsEdlFøab;eFVITMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmµCamYykm<úCaRbCaFibetyüman RbeTscin kUer:xageCIg éf Cb:un

hugkug m:ada hÁasáa bg;køaEds nigsigðburI. TMnijnaMecjsMxan;²rbs;km<úCa RbCaFibetyürYmman RsUv

C½rekAs‘U eQI nigsrIrragÁstVd¾kRm ¬Es,k/ Pøúk/ sñÚk¦. cMENkTMnijnaMcUlvij rYmman eRKÓgsBVavuF

rfeRkaH kaMePøIgFM m:asuInsRmab;eFVIERscmáar plitplKImI nigRkNat;.

TMnijnaMecjPaKeRcInrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyümancMnYntictYcxøaMgNas; ebIeRbóbeFobeTAnwgkarnaM

ecjenAmunqñaM1970 ehIyRtÚv)annaMykeTARbeTscin EdlCaRbeTsEtmYyKt;man\T§iBlmkelIkm<úCa

RbCaFibetyü. BIqñaM1977dl;cugqñaM1978 cin)anpþl;[km<úCaRbCaFibetyünUvrfeRkaHrab;ryeRKÓg

Lan GavuFFunF¶n; RKab;epøagnigRKab;kaMePøIgrab;Ban;etan nigynþehaHRbtikmµcMnYnR)aMmYyeRKÓg. rdæaPi)alcin

k¾)anpþl;[nUvkarCYsCulpøÚvrfePøIgmYyExSP¢ab;RkúgPñMeBjeTARkúgkMBg;esam nigRBlanynþehaHfµImYyeTotenA

extþkMBg;qñaMg. eRkABITMnak;TMngBaNiC¢kmµ CMnYyeyaFa nigCMnYyhirBaØvtßú cin)anbBa¢ÚnGñkCMnajkarrab;Ban;nak;

[mkeFVICaGñkbec©keTs nigCaTIRbwkSarbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü. GñkCMnajkarTaMgenH)anCYybgðat;beRgón

k,ÜneyaFa bec©keTseBTü nigbec©keTskñúgeragcRkdl;kmµaPi)alExµrRkhm. km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anesñI[

cinbBa¢ÚnT½BmkCYyc,aMgCamYyevotNam b:uEnþcin)anbdiesF ehIyesñI[manbTQb)aj;KñanigeFVIkarcrca.

km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anTat;ecalsMeNIenH.

71

CMBUkTI11

kardYlrlMénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

1> mUlehtubIy:agénkardYlrlMrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü

sPaBRTúDeRTamrbs;RbCaCn ³ EpnkarbYnqñaMrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyübBa¢ak;fa km<úCanwgplitRsUv

[)anbIetankñúgmYyhiktaerogral;qñaM. tYelxenHmancMnYneRcInelIsTinñplmunsm½ybdivtþn_. enAeBlTinñpl

RsUvmin)anRKb;EpnkarkMNt; kmµaPi)alenATUTaMgRbeTs)aneFVIr)aykarN_Ekøgkøay. bnÞab;mkkmµaPi)al

TaMgenHnwgbBa¢ÚnRsUvy:ageRcIneTAtamcMnYnEpnkarkMNt; edayTuk[RbCaCnTTYlrgkarGt;Xøan.

kgcl½tkumar ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

72

edaysarEtRbtibtþikarTUTaMgRbeTsCakarsm¶at;enaH eFVI[EpnkarkñúgkarRbmUlTinñplRsUv[)anbIetan

kñúgmYyhiktaminGacGnuvtþ)an. tMbn;TaMgGs;TUTaMgRbeTsminRtÚv)anGnuBaØat[EckrMElkB½t’manKñaeTAvij

eTAmk b¤RtÜtBinitüemIlfaetImanbBaðaGVIxøHkMBugekItmaneLIgeT. mCÄimbkSkRmcuHmkemIlsßanPaBrs;enArbs;

RbCaCn b¤erobcMEpnkar[kmµaPi)alfñak;eRkamrbs;xøÜnGnuvtþNas;. emdwknaMfñak;elIhak;dUcCaeCOTaMgRsugnUv

GVIEdlfñak;eRkam)anraykarN_ cMENkfñak;eRkamminh‘anraykarN_B½t’manminl¥NamYyeTAfñak;elIeLIy.

m®nþICan;x<s;bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaeCOCak;fa bkSminEdlRbRBwtþkMhusnigminEdlseRmccitþxusTal;EtesaH.

ral;bBaðaEdlekItmaneLIgRtÚv)anemdwknaMTaMgenaHecaTRbkan;faCakMhusrbs;CnbreTsb¤Cnk,t;. edaysar

EtlkçxNÐrs;enAkan;EtmansPaBy:ab;yuWneTA² RbCaCnrab;Esnnak;)ansøab;CabnþbnÞab; edaykareFVIkarhYs

kmøaMgnigKµanGaharbriePaKRKb;RKan;.

visuT§kmµ ³ enABak;kNþalqñaM1976 smaCiksMxan;²CaeRcInrUbrbs;bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa RtÚv)aneFVI

visuT§kmµ. cab;BIeBlenaHmk b:ul Bt nigshkarIeCOfakarbHe)arRbqaMgnwgfñak;dwknaMbkSkan;EtekItmaneRcIn

eLIg².fñak;dwknaMTaMgenHeCOfasRtÚvrbs;xøÜnmanenARKb;TIkEnøg. KN³PUmiPaK KN³tMbn; nigembBa¢akarkgT½B

CaeRcInrUbRtÚv)ancab;xøÜnnigsmøab;ecal. sPaBkarN_kan;EtmansPaBF¶n;F¶reTA²kñúgqñaM1977 enAeBl

Edl b:ul Bt bBa¢a[eFVIkarsmøab;kmµaPi)alPUmiPaKbUBa’ nigeFVIvisuT§kmµeTAelIRbCaCnEdlrs;enAkñúgPUmiPaK

enHesÞIrKµansl;. enAeBlevotNamvaycUlPUmiPaKenHenAcugqñaM1977 RbCaCnesssl;RtÚv)anecaTfa

kgkumar ¬rUbftÉksarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

73

)ancUlédCamYyevotNam ehIyRtÚv)anmCÄimbkScat;TukfaCamnusS{k,alyYn xøÜnExµr}. ehtudUecñHehIy

mCÄimbkS)anbBa¢ÚnkgT½BCaeRcInmkvayRbharPUmiPaKbUBa’ Edl)ansmøab;RbCaCnrab;muWnnak;. RbCaCnrab;Ban;

nak;)anrt;ePosxøÜneTAevotNam EdlenATIenaH rdæaPi)alevotNam)anCYybegáItkgkmøaMgeyaFamYy.

karb:HTgÁicCamYyevotNam ³ enHKWCa

mUlehtuFMbMputénkardYlrlMrbs;km<úCaRbCaFib

etyü. enAqñaM1975 km<úCaRbCaFibetyü

cab;epþImbgábBaðaenAtamRBMEdnbeNþIr²CamYy

evotNam. karRbyuT§Kñad¾xøaMgkøa)anpÞúHeLIgenA

Bak;kNþalqñaM1977 KWenAeBlEdlExµrRkhm

)an)aj;epøageTAelITIrYmextþcUvduk RsukhaeTog

nigextþmYycMnYneTotrbs;evotNamEdlbNþal

[eRKaHfñak;dl;RbCaCnsuIvil nigkgT½Bevot

NamCaeRcInnak; Edlmin)aneRtómxøÜnCamun.

RbCaCnevotNamrab;Ban;nak;)anrt;cUleTAkñúgépÞ

RbeTs. kñúgGMLúgeBlEtBIr-bIéf¶énkarvay

Rbhar RbCaCnsuIvilevotNamRbEhlmYYy

Ban;nak;)anrgrbYsnigsøab;.

enAExFñÚ qñaM1977 evotNam)aneRbI

ynþehaHnigkaMePøIgFMebIkkarvayRbharRTg;RTay

FMmYymkelIkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü edaydeNþIm

kan;kab;)antMbn;cMBuHeskkñúgextþsVayerog.

kgT½BevotNam)anvaysRmúkcUlCagémÖKILÚEm:Rt

mkkñúgTwkdIkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ehIykan;kab;)an

TIrYmextþsVayerog. eqøIytbeTAvij km<úCa

RbCaFibetyü)ankat;pþac;cMNgkarTUtCamYy

RbeTsevotNam ehIy)anbBa¢a[GñkkarTUtevotNamTaMgGs;enATIRkúgPñMeBjcakecjBIRbeTskm<úCa.

ExµrRkhmyl;RBmeFVIkarcrca luHRtaNaEtkgT½BevotNamTaMgGs; dkecjBITwkdIkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

Camunsin. mYyry³kaleRkaymkeTot evotNam)andkT½BecjBIRbeTskm<úCa edayekorGñkeTasnig

RbCaCnsuIvilrab;Ban;nak;ykeTACamYypg. KµankarcrcaNamYyRtÚv)aneFVIeLIgeT.

evotNam)anecaTExµrRkhmfa )aneFIVkarvayRbhareTAelIextþTaMgR)aMbIrbs;xøÜnEdlsßitenAtam

beNþayRBMEdnCab;km<úCa. evotNam)anCMruj[mankarbegáItkmøaMgbdibkç mYyedIm,IeFVIkarbHe)arRbqaMgnwg

ExµrRkhm. evotNamk¾)ancab;epþImhVwkhVWnCnkm<úCaEdlrs;enAkñúgRbeTsevotNam [cUlrYmkñúgRbtibtþikar

rUbftkmµaPi)alCnCaticamBIrrUbEdlRtÚv)anftenAkñúgbnÞb;ftrUbmYy

enAkñúgtMbn;rMedaH/ extþRkecH


74

eyaFa nigbegáItkmøaMgsñÚlsRmab;rbbfµImYy. RbeTsTaMgBIr

)anRbyuT§KñaeBjmYyry³kalénqñaM 1978.

enAéf¶TI3 Exemsa qñaM1978 viTüúRkúghaNUyEdl

pSayCaPasaExµr)anGMBavnav[RbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgGs;eRkak

QreLIgRbqaMgnwgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. evotNam)an

eRCIserIsRbCaCnExµrmYycMnYnEdl)anePosxøÜneTAevotNam

[cUlbeRmIkñúgCYrkgT½BdwknaMedayevotNam. PaKeRcInén

CnCatiExµrTaMgenHKWCakmµaPi)al kgT½B nigRbCaCnmkBIPUmiPaK

bUBa’. mkRtwmeBlenHmYyEpñkénPUmiPaKbUBa’sßitenAeRkam

karRKb;RKgrbs;evotNam ehIymYyEpñkeTotsßitenAeRkam

karRKb;RKgrbs;kgkmøaMgbHe)arEdlRbqaMgnwgExµrRkhm.

enAéf¶TI3 ExFñÚ qñaM1978 viTüúRkúghaNUy)anpSBV

pSayBIkarbegáIteLIgnUvrNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCa25.

rNsirSenHdwknaMedaysmmitþ ehg sMrin Edl)anePosxøÜn

eTAevotNamenAcugqñaM1978.

embBa¢akarT½BevotNam v:an; eTonyug )andwknaMeFVIkar

vayRbhary:agxøaMgkøamkelIkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü enAéf¶TI25

ExFñÚ qñaM1978. T½Brbs; v:an; eTonyug )anvaykan;kab;

extþRkecH kñúgry³eBlR)aMéf¶ nigextþkMBg;camkñúgry³eBl

mYys)þah_. bnÞab;mkenAéf¶TI7 Exmkra qñaM1979 kgT½B

evotNamnigkgT½Brbs;rNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCavay

deNþIm)anrdæFanIPñMeBj nigesÞIrEtépÞRbeTsTaMgmUlkñúg

eBlbnþbnÞab;mkeTot. kgT½BTaMgBIr)anerobcMmhasnñi)atmYy edIm,IbegáItRkúmRbwkSaRbCaCnbdivtþn_km<úCa[

eFVICardæaPi)albeNþaHGasnñeRkamkardwknaMrbs;smmitþ ehg sMrin.

2> km<úCaRbCaFibetyüeRkayqñaM1979

edImqñaM1979 evotNam)anCYyerobcMbegáItrbbfµImYyenATIRkúgPñMeBjEdlmaneQµaHfa {saFarNrdæ

RbCamanitkm<úCa}. rbbenHRKb;RKgRbeTskm<úCarhUtdl;evotNam dkT½BecjmYyTsvtSr_eRkaymkeTot

KWenAqñaM1990. emdwknaMnigkgT½Brbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anrt;ePosxøÜnBITIRkúgPñMeBjeTAPaKBay½BüRbeTs

edayefµIreCIg Lan nigreTHePøIg. ExµrRkhm)anekorRbCaCnrab;muWnnak;edaybgçM[eTACamYyxøÜn. kñúgGMLúg

eBlénkarCemøósCaelIkTIBIrenH RbCaCnCaeRcIn)ansøab;edaysarGt;Gahar CMgW nigrbYs.

tam:uk ¬eQµaHedIm Qit eCOn¦

tam:ukekItqñaM1926 enAextþtaEkv.

tam:uk )anbYseronGs;CaeRcInqñaM ehIy

)anerobkarCamYyb¥ÚnCIdUnmYyeQµaH G‘uk

Xwm ehIymankUnbYnnak;. qñaM1949

tam:uk eFVICaRbFan\sSr³Rsuk kñúgextþ

taEkv. tam:uk )ancUlCasmaCikRkúm

kumµúynIsþenA qñaM1963. BIqñaM1968

eTAqñaM1978 tam:uk CaelxaPUmiPaK

nirtI.

enAExvicäika qñaM1978 tam:uk RtÚv

)anEtgtaMgCaGnuelxaTIBIrbkSkumµúynIsþ

km<úCa. bnÞab;BIkardYlrlMrbs;km<úCa

RbCaFibetyü tam:uk minEdlesñIsuMkar

elIkElgeTas ehIyminEdlmanbMNg

cuHcUlCamYyrdæaPi)aleT. tam:uk RtÚv)an

cab;xøÜn edaykgT½BraCrdæaPi)alenAEk,r

RBMEdnéf enAExmIna qñaM1999 ehIy

dak;kñúgmnÞIrXuM XaMg. tam:uk søab;eday

sarCMgWenAéf¶TI21 Exkkáda qñaM2006.

75

RbCaCnCaeRcIn)ansVHEsVgrkpøÚvRtLb;mkPUmikMeNItrbs;xøÜnvij. semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu nig

RBHjativgSanuvgSRtÚv)anCemøóstamynþehaHeTARbeTscin.

ExµrRkhm)anerobcMGgÁkarcat;taMgrbs;xøÜneLIgvijenAtambeNþayRBMEdnéf edaymanCMnYyeyaFa

BIbreTs rYmmanmkBIRbeTscinnigRbeTséf. rhUtdl;qñaM1990 mhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati)an

GnuBaØat[tMNagrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyübnþkan;kab;Gasn³rbs;km<úCaenAGgÁkarshRbCaCati ebIeTaHbICa

mankarCMTas;BIsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCanigsm<½n§mitþsgÁmniymrbs;xøÜnmYYycMnYnk¾eday.

qñaM1979 ExµrRkhm)anRbkasBIkarbegáIt {rNsirSmhasamKÁICati esñhaCati nigRbCaFibetyü}

b:uEnþmin)anTTYlkarKaMRTBIRbCaCneLIy. enAeBlCamYyKñaenaHEdr clnats‘UminEmnkumµúynIsþdMbUgmYy

{rNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExµr} RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgdwknaMedaysemþc sWn san EdlCaGtItnaykrdæm®nþI

kñúgsm½ysgÁmra®sþniym¬1955-1970¦26.

RkúmGñkts‘UraCaniymmYy EdlmaneQµaHfarNsirSrYbrYmCatiedIm,Ikm<úCamYyÉkraCü GBüaRkwt

snþi nigshRbtibtþi ehAkat;fa {hVúnsuInbuic} k¾RtÚv)anbegáItEdr kñúgeBlbnþbnÞab;KñaenaH eRkamRBHraCkic©

dwknaMrbs;semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu. enAqñaM1982 RkúmraCaniymhVúnsuInbuic RkúmrNsirSCatirMedaH

karvilRtLb;rbs;GñkEdlenArs;ranmanCIvitbnÞab;BIkardYlrlMrbs;ExµrRkhmenAExmkra qñaM1979

¬rUbftÉksarsarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg¦

76

RbCaBlrdæExµr nigRkúmExµrRkhm)anrYbrYmKñabegáItrdæaPi)alcRmúHRtIPaKI EdlmansemþcRBHneratþm sIhnu

CaRbFan exov sMpn CaGnuRbFan nig semþc sWn san Canaykrdæm®nþI. eKalbMNgrYmrbs;rdæaPi)alenH

KWedIm,IRbmUlkmøaMgeFVIkarts‘UrMedaHRbeTskm<úCaBIkareRCótERCkrbs;evotNam. rdæaPi)alcRmúHRtIPaKIEdl

manRkúmExµrRkhmCaRkúmFMCageKenaH )ankan;kab;Gasn³rbs;km<úCaenAGgÁkarshRbCaCati.

bnÞab;BIkarcrcaGs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaM PaKICemøaHkm<úCaTaMgGs;)anyl;RBmcuHhtßelxaelIkic©

RBmeRBógsnþiPaBenATIRkúg)a:rIsenAéf¶TI23 Extula qñaM1991 ehIyyl;RBm[mankarerobcMkare)aHeqñat

CatimYy eRkamkarRtÜtBinitürbs;GaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAkm<úCa ehAkat;fa{G‘untak;}.

RkúmExµrRkhm)aneFVIBhikarmincUlrYmkare)aHeqñatCatiEdlerobcMeLIgedayG‘untak; ehIybdiesFminRBm

rMsaykgT½Brbs;xøÜneLIy. eRkaykare)aHeqñatCasklqñaM1993 kgT½BExµrRkhm)anbnþRbyuT§RbqaMgnwg

kgkmøaMgrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaEdldwknaMedayRBHGgÁm©as; neratþm rNb£T§i Canaykrdæm®nþITImYy nigsemþc

h‘un Esn Canaykrdæm®nþITIBIr Gs;CaeRcInqñaMbnþeTot.

enAExsIha qñaM1996 eGog sarI )ancuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa edaynaMTaMgkgT½BmYycMnYn

mkCamYypg. emdwknaMCan;x<s;ExµrRkhmmYycMnYneTotdUcCa Ek Bk nYn Ca nig exov sMpn )ancuHcUl

CamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCakñúgqñaM1998. bnÞab;BI b:ul Bt TTYlmrNPaB enAqñaM1998 tam:uk CaemExµrRkhm

Etmñak;Kt;EdlbdiesFminRBmcuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa ehIyRtÚv)ancab;xøÜnenAExmIna qñaM1999.

RtwwmdMNak;kalenH emdwknaMExµrRkhmEdlenArs;TaMgGs;)ansarPaBcuHcaj; b¤RtÚv)ancab;xøÜn ehIyclna

ExµrRkhmTaMgmUl)andYlrlMCasßaBr. RbCaBlrdæExµrEdlrs;enAtamtMbn;RtÜtRtarbs;ExµrRkhmTaMgGs;

)aneFVImatuPUminivtþn_ nigrYbrYmCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCavij.

77

ÉksarmYyenH nigÉksarEdlenAesssl;déTeTotbgðajGMBIB½t’manCaeRcInGMBIrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. Éksar

TaMgenH)anqøúHbBa©aMgy:agc,as;GMBIrebob nigmUlehtuEdlRbCaCnCaeRcIn)ansøab;)at;bg;CIvit. enAkñúgn½yenH Éksar

nImYy²tMNag[CIvitrbs;RbCaCnkm<úCamñak;Edlsøab;enAkñúgrbbExµrRkhm. manÉksarrebobenHrab;lansnøwk.

¬mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦

78

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]Rkidækmµkñúgry³kalkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü KWCaesaknadkmµrbs;mnusSCatid¾GaRkk;bMputmYykñúg

cMeNamesaknadkmµTaMgLaynastvtSr_TI20. rbbenH)ansmøab;CIvitmnusS Gs;RbmaNBIrlannak;ehIy

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)ankøayCaCnePosxøÜn. RKab;mInrab;lanRKab;RtÚv)anbgáb;edaykgT½BExµrRkhmnigkgkmøaMgrbs;rdæaPi)al

Edl)anbNþal[RbCaCnrab;Ban;nak;søab;nigBikar cab;taMgBITsvtSr_qñaM1980rhUtmk. RbCaBlrdæExµr

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79

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� cMeBaHxµaMgEdlCab;enAkEnøgeyIg minGnuBaØat[smøútb¤vaydac;xat. ebIxµaMgesrI Gñkyamniyay

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bkSRbKl;[.

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EqkbYndgCakMhitKW ³ RBwkeBlem:ag6mþg em:ag11éf¶Rtg;mþgeTot l¶acem:ag6mþg nigyb;em:ag11

mþgeTot.

� eBlEqkedaHexaGavvaehIy RtÚv[vaesøókBak;vij eTIbGñkEqkecjBIbnÞb;.

� cMeBaHexaGavxµaMg RtÚv[vaesøókBak;TaMgGs; min[edaHecjBIxøÜneLIy.

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80

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)anb¤xµaMgvamanRbtikmµepSg².

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� cMeBaHGavuF eBlyamRtÚvedaHRKab;ecjBIbg;EdlCab;GavuF EtcMeBaHbg;EdlCab;nwgkaEstRtÚv

manRKab;eBj.

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� minRtÚvTukGavuFecal RtÚvkan;Cab;nwgxøÜn.

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� bþÚryamRtÚvRbKl;Parkic©c,as;las; nigraykarN_BIsPaBkarN_GñkeTasnigsPaBkarN_epSg²

eTot[eTAGñkyamfµI.

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ehIyGñkyamcas;minTan;[eTANaeT Tal;EtGñkbþÚryambMeBjParkic©xøÜnCadMbUgenHehIy.

81

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rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa EdlCaXøaMgtmál;ÉksaredImBIrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüFMCageKbg¥s;enAelI

BiPBelak. ÉksarEdlRtÚv)aneRCIserIsykmkeFVICaÉksareyag rYmman ³

� RbvtþirUbrbs;GtItkmµaPi)alExµrRkhm

� cemøIysarPaBnigbBa¢IraynamGñkeTasEdlRtÚv)ansmøab;enAmnÞIrs-21

� rdæFmµnuBaØnigeKalneya)ayrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü

� esovePATg;bdivtþn_nigyuvCnyuvnarIbdivtþn_ ¬TsSnavdþIrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü¦

� kMNt;ehtusþIBIkic©RbCuMKN³Gcié®nþy_bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCa

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� EpnTIkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

� rUbftedImrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü nig

� esovePAsikSaBIrbbmun².

bEnßmBIelIenH B½t’manmYycMnYneTotRtÚv)andkRsg;ecjBITsSnavdþIRbcaMExrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksar

km<úCa {TsSnavdþIEsVgrkkarBit} kalRbvtþikm<úCaRbCaFibetyü sarB½t’man nigGtßbTEtgesckþIEdl)an

cUlrYmkarRbkYtRbECgkñúgkmµviFI {evTikaEfrkSaRbvtþisa®sþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü} EdlerobcMedaymCÄmNÐl

Éksarkm<úCashkarCamYysmaKmGñkniBn§Exµr RBmTaMgGtßbTsmÖasn_.

esovePAe)aHBum<nigGtßbT

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Rbl½yBUCsasn_enAkm<úCa} GtßbTe)aHBum<pSayTI6rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa/ e)aHBum<enAPñMeBj qñaM2004.

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km<úCa¬1979-1989¦ tamry³karRsg;sßititamRKÜsarTUTaMgRbeTs)anGHGagfa RbCaCnkm<úCaCag3lan3Esnnak;)an

søab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. enAkñúgesovePA{rbb b:ul Bt³ Catisasn_ GMNac nigGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_enAkm<úCaeRkam

rbbExµrRkhm 1975-1979} ¬New Haven and London kare)aHBum<pSayrbs;saklviTüal½yey:l qñaM1996¦

RbvtþiviTU Eb‘n eXonin )an)a:n;sµanfamanmnusScMnYn1lan5Esnnak;)ansøab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. karkMNt;cMnYnmnusS

søab;rbs;RbvtþiviTU Eb‘n eXonin Ep¥keTAelIbTsmÖasn_CamYyRbCaCn500nak; kñúgqñaM1980 Edl100nak;CaCnePosxøÜn

enARbeTs)araMgkñúgqñaM1979 ehIyeRkABIenHCaGñkrs;enAkñúgRbeTs. eRkaymk RbvtþiviTU Eb‘n eXonin )anniyayfa

eyagtamkarKNnarbs;GñkRbCasa®sþ cMnYnRbCaCnEdlsøab;KWmankñúgrgVg;mYylanR)aMBIrEsnnak;. TIPñak;gares-GuI-Ga

enAkñúgr)aykarN_mYyEdlmancMNgeCIgfa {km<úCa³ kar)at;bg;cMnYnRbCaCn} ¬elxecjpSayEx]sPa qñaM1980¦ )an

snñidæanfaRbCaCnkm<úCaRbmaNmYylanbYnEsnnak;)ansøab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. RbvtþiviTU ém:eXIl vIkxWrI )anGHGag

faRbCaCnExµr Edlsøab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyümancMnYnRbEhl7Esn4muWnnak;. karsikSarbs;elakEp¥keTAelIkar

Rsg;sßiticMnYnRbCaCneLIgvij edayeRbóbeFobcMnYnRbCaCnmunqñaM1975nigcMnYnRbCaCneRkayqñaM1979 ehIydkcMnYn

mnusSsøab;tamFmµCatiBIcMnYnmnusSsøab;srub. ¬km<úCaBIqñaM1975dl;qñaM1982/ Bangkok: O.S. Printing House, e)aHBum<

qñaM1984.¦

2]bTVIb\NÐÚcinKWCaeQµaHEdlGaNaniKm)araMgdak;[RbeTsbIEdlxøÜnRtÜtRta rYmmanRbeTsevotNam RbeTsLav nigRbeTs

km<úCa. s®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTImYy)ancab;epþImBIqñaM1946dl;qñaM1954 rvag)araMgnigclnats‘UevotNam¬evotmij¦dwknaM

eday hU CImij. CemøaHenH)anrIkraldalelIépÞRbeTsTaMgmUl ehIy)anraldaldl;RbeTskm<úCanigRbeTsLav.

3bkSenHRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgeday hU CImij enAeBlEdlelakkMBugrs;enATIRkúghugkug. mundMbUgbkSenHmaneQµaHfa

bkSkumµúynIsþevotNam ehIyeQµaHenHRtÚv)anbþÚrmkCabkSkumµúynIsþ\NÐÚcinenAExkumÖ³ qñaM1930.

4edIm,IBRgwgclnats‘URbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm)araMg[kan;EtxøaMgkøaEfmeTot nigTTYl)ankarKaMRTBIRbCaCnenAqñaM1951 evotNam

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85

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suxaPi)al kic©karsasna nigsgÁmkic©¦/ nig kuy FYn ¬Gnurdæm®nþI RksYgesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú¦. esÞIrEtRKb;smaCikKN³rdæm®nþI

TaMgenHmanEteQµaHb:ueNÑaH. GñkEdlmansiT§iseRmckic©karRKb; Ebby:agKWKN³Gcié®nþy_bkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaEdlman b:ul

Bt Ca elxa nig nYn Ca CaGnuelxa. Éksarelx D24008 kñúgbNÑsardæanrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa.

9ExµrhaNUyKWCaCnCatiExµrEdlFøab;rs;enARbeTsevotNamtaMgBITsvtSr_qñaM1950. GñkTaMgenH)anvilRtLb;mkkm<úCavij

kñúgGMLúgeBls®gÁam¬1970-1975¦ edIm,ICYyExµrRkhmRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgrdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµr.

10munTTYl)anC½yCmñH ExµrRkhm)anRbkasfaxøÜnnwgeFVIkarRbharCIvitm®nþICan;x<s;rbs;rdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExµrrbs;elak

esnaRbmux ln; nl; EtR)aMBIrrUbb:ueNÑaH EdlExµrRkhmehAfa {mhaCnk,t;}. GñkTaMgenHrYmmanRbFanaFibtI ln; nl;/

RBHGgÁm©as; suIsuvtiß sirimt³/ naykrdæm®nþI Lúg bUer:t/ ecg ehg/ Guin taM/ sUEsþn EhVNg;eds/ nig sWg g:ukfaj;.

11Éksar D01266 enAkñúgbNÑsardæanrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa {esckþIENnaMGMBIkareRbIBaküGgÁkarnigBakübkS}.

esckþIENnaMenHecjpSayBIKN³870 EdlCakariyal½yeFVIkarrbs; b:ul Bt enAéf¶TI11 Exkkáda qñaM1977 Edlman

esckþIfa {BaküGgÁkarb¤BakübkSeRbIEtcMeBaHGgÁkarcat;taMg minRtÚveRbIsRmab;buKÁleLIy. cMeBaHbuKÁlRtÚveRbIBaküsmmitþ

eQµaHenH b¤smmitþtMENgenH b¤smmitþtMNagGgÁkarfñak;enH. ]TahrN_ smmitþ etg smmitþelxa smmitþtMNagGgÁkar .l.}

12Nay:an; can;da/ {bgb¥ÚnEdlCasRtÚv³ s®gÁambnÞab;BIs®gÁam} j:Úvy:k/ e)aHBum<edayeragBum< Macmillan qñaM1986.

13Nay:an; can;da )anGHGagfaenAéf¶TI2 Exmkra qñaM1979 kgkum:µg;dUevotNam)anqøgkat;TenøctumuxEk,rRBHbrmraCvaMg

edIm,Icab;BRgt;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu ykeTAevotNamkñúgeKalbMNg[RBHGgÁdwknaMclnats‘UmYyeRkamkarCYyTMnuk

bRmúgrbs;evotNamRbqaMgnwgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü b:uEnþEpnkarenHRtÚvbraC½y. enAéf¶enaHEdr edaysarsPaBkarN_

86

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éf. BIréf¶eRkaymk exov sMpn )aneTAyagRBHGgÁcUlmkTIRkúgPñMeBjvijedayniyayfaevotNam)andkfyvijehIy.

éf¶TI5 Exmkra b:ul Bt )anyagRBHGgÁeTACYbRbCuMkñúgeKalbMNgesñIsuM[RBHGgÁeFVICatMNagrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyüenA

GgÁkarshRbCaCatiedIm,ITamTarkarKaMRTrbs;RkúmRbwkSasnþisuxGgÁkarshRbCaCatiRbqaMgnwgkarlukluyrbs;evotNam.

CafñÚrnwgkic©kard¾mansarsMxan;enH b:ul Bt yl;RBmGnuBaØat[RBHraCvgSanuvgSTaMgGs;cakecjBIkm<úCaCamYyRBHGgÁEdr

eTaHbICamankarCMTas;BI eGog sarI Edlcg;TukRBHraCvgSanuvgSTaMgGs;enAkñúgRbeTsCacMNab;xµaMgk¾eday. RBHGgÁnig

RBHraCvgSanuvgS)anyagcakecjeTARbeTscintameCIgynþehaHcinmYyeRKÓg enAéf¶TI6 Exmkra. Nay:an; can;da/

{sRtÚvbgb¥ÚnÉg³ s®gÁambnÞab;BIs®gÁam} j:Úvy:k/ e)aHBum<edayragBum< Macmillan qñaM1986.

14KN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_énsPatMNagRbCaCnkm<úCarYmman nYn Ca ¬RbFan¦/ gYn kg ¬GnuRbFanTI1¦/ eBA s‘U ¬GunRbFan

TI2¦ nig rs; nwm/ s s‘an/ muI qaM/ exg sux/ m:at; lI/ fg suI/ nig rs; RBab ¬CasmaCik¦. KN³RbFanrdækm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

rYmman³ exov sMpn ¬RbFan¦/ esa Pwm ¬GnuRbFanTI1¦ nig jwm rs; ¬GnuRbFanTI2¦. smasPaBsmaCikrdæaPi)alkm<úCa

RbCaFibetyürYmman b:ul Bt ¬naykrdæm®nþI¦/ eGog sarI ¬]bnaykrdæm®nþITI1nigCardæm®nþIRksYgkarbreTs¦/ vn ev:t

¬]bnaykrdæm®nþITI2nigCardæm®nþIRksYgesdækic©¦/ sun esn ¬]bnaykrdæm®nþI TI3nigCardæm®nþIRksYgkarBarCati¦/ h‘U nwm

¬rdæm®nþIRksYgeXasnakarnigB½t’man¦/ CYn eCOn ¬rdæm®nþI RksYgsuxaPi)al¦/ eGog FIriT§ ¬rdæm®nþIRksYgsgÁmkic©¦/ tUc ePOn

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KN³kmµaFikarBaNiCkmµdwknaMeday kuy FYn/ KN³kmµaFikarcmáarekAs‘U dwknaMedaysmmitþ PYg/ KN³kmµaFikarKmnaKmn_dwknaM

eday muI R)ag nigKN³kmµaFikarfamBl. KN³kmµaFikarTaMgR)aMmYyenHsßiteRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; ]bnaykrdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúk

xagesdækic© ehIyRbFanKN³kmµaFikarnImYy²manzan³esµInwgrdæm®nþI. eTaHCay:agenHkþI sßab½nxagelIenHminmandMeNIrkar

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snñi)atelIkTI1 kñúgsm½ykalTI1 rbs;sPatMNagRbCaCnkm<úCa éf¶11-13 emsa 1976}.

15GuIsa ]sµan {karbHe)arrbs;CnCaticam} GtßbTe)aHBum<pSayTI9rbs;rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa qñaM2006.

16mCÄimbkSKWCaBaküEdlbkSkumµúynIsþkm<úCaeRbIsMedAeTAelIfñak;dwknaMkMBUlrbs;rdæaPi)al nigRksYgEdlmanGMNacTaMgLay.

sßab½nTaMgenHGacCaKN³kmµaFikarmCÄim KN³kmµaFikarGcié®nþy_b¤kgT½B.

17GñkRsavRCavrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa GuIsa ]sµan )an[tYelxCnCaticamEdlsøab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyücMnYn

BI4EsneTA5Esnnak;. GuIsa ]sµan )anGHGagfa tYelxenH)anmkBIbTsmÖasn_rbs;elakCamYyfñak;dwknaMCan;x<s;

GuIsøamCaeRcInrUb EdlFøab;dwgnig)anRbmUlsßitiCnCaticamenAkm<úCa. fñak;dwknaMGuIsøamTaMgenaH)anniyayfa CnCaticammun

qñaM1975mancMnYnRbEhl7Esnnak; ehIyenAqñaM1979 manCnCaticamenAesssl;EtRbmaNBI2EsneTA3Esnnak;

b:ueNÑaH. ¬{G‘UKUbH³ yutþiFm’rbs;CnCaticameRkamrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü} GtßbTe)aHBum<elIkTI2rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa/

87

PñMeBj/ e)aHBum<qñaM2002.¦ RbvtþiviTU Eb‘n eXonin )an[tYrelxTab;CagenH. eXonin )anGHGagfa cMnYnCnCaticamkñúg

qñaM1975man2Esn5muWnnak; ehIyeyagtamGRtakMeNInCnCaticam cMnYnenHGacekIneLIgdl;2Esn6muWnnak;kñúgqñaM1979.

eXonin )anTajesckþIsnñidæanfa cMnYnCnCaticameRkayqñaM1979manRbEhl1Esn7muWn3Ban;nak; mann½yfaCnCaticam

Edlsøab;kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFiibetyümancMnYnRbEhl8muWn7Ban;nak;. ¬Eb‘n eXonin {etI b:ul Bt eLIgkan;GMNaceday

rebobNa³ RbvtþiclnakumµúynIsþenAkm<úCa1930-1975} New Haven and London, Yale University Press, e)aHBum<

qñaM1996.¦

18Bin y:aéf/ {CIvitkUnéfø kUnRtÚvEtrs;³ esaknadkmµd¾Cak;EsþgkñúgrbbExµrRkhm} ¬GtßbTbkERb¦ kare)aHBum<pSayrbs;

RKwHsßane)aHBum<pSay SIPAR e)aHBum<enAPñMeBj qñaM2003.

19CU sUPa {maneTaseRBaHGVI?} dkRsg;ecjBIGtßbTEtgesckþIcMNat;fñak;C½ylaPIelxBIr enAkñúgkarRbkYtRbECgkñúgkmµviFI

EfrkSaRbvtþisa®sþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü EdlerobcMeLIgeRkamkic©shRbtibtþikarrvagmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCanigsmaKm

GñkniBn§Exµr enAExemsa qñaM2004.

20m:m épb‘Un/ {sMNl;CIvitnigRsemalGtItkal} C½ylaPITIbYnkñúgkarRbkYtRbECgsMeNrEtgesckþIEdl]btßmÖeday

smaKmGñkniBn§ExµrnigmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa enAExemsa qñaM2004.

21v:an; Nat {rUbKMnUrGñkeTasmñak;enAkñúgKuk³ mYyqñaMkñúgmnÞIrs-21rbs;ExµrRkhm} e)aHBum<enATIRkúg)agkk edayRkúmh‘un

White Lotus enAqñaM1998.

22mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa {GMBIeQµaH tun kmµkrCYsCulreTHePøIg} Éksarelx D02831.

23mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa {taMg Lúj GtItGñkeFVIkarenARksYgéRbsNIy_ eRkaymkeFVITahanBak;skþiBIr \LÚveFVIkar

enAPUmiCIeGak Rsuk)arayN_} Éksarelx D02845.

24km<úCaeRkamCaTwkdIPaKxagt,Úgrbs;GaNacRkExµr Edl\LÚv)ankøayeTACaTIRkúghUCImij ¬EdlExµrehAfaéRBnKr¦. TwkdI

enHRtÚv)andak;eQµaHfa kUsaMgsuIn enAkñúgCMnan;GaNaniKm)araMg. rdæaPi)alGaNaniKm)araMg)anRbKl;km<úCaeRkameTA[

evotNamkñúgqñaM1949. RbCaCnExµrCaeRcInmanrs;enAEpñkxøHénTwkdIenH b:uEnþRbCaCnPaKeRcInCaCnCatievotNam.

25enAéf¶TI2 ExFñÚ qñaM1978 clnats‘URbqaMgnwgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü)anR)arB§mITÞIg enARsuksñÜl extþRkecH edIm,I

begáIt {rNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCa} EdleRkaymkkøayeTACa{rNsirSsamKÁIksagkarBarmatuPUmikm<úCa}.smaCikBIrry

nak;)ancUlrYmenAkñúgGgÁmiTÞIgenH edIm,ITTYlsÁal;KN³kmµaFikarmCÄimrbs;rNsirSdb;bYnrYb Edlmansmmitþ ehg sMrin Ca

RbFan smmitþ Ca suIm CaGnuRbFan nigsmmitþ rs; sm½y CaGKÁelxaFikar. 88

26semþcbvresdæa sWn san ekItenAqñaM1911 enAkm<úCaeRkam. semþcCanaykrdæm®nþIkñúgsm½ysgÁmra®sþniym BIEx

]sPa qñaM1967 dl;Exmkra qñaM1968. kñúgTsvtSr_ qñaM1980 semþc sWn san )andwknaM {rNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæ

Exµr}. bnÞab;BIkarcrcasnþiPaBRkúg):arIs semþc sWn san )anbegáItnigdwknaM {KNbkSRbCaFibetyüesrIniymRBHBuT§sasna}

cUlrYmkñúgkare)aHeqñatCatiqñaM1993. semþc sWn san )anTTYlmrNPaBedayeraKaBaFenARbeTs)araMg enAéf¶TI19

ExFñÚ qñaM2000 kñúgCnµayu89qñaM.

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DI xaMbUlI ekItenAqñaM1981 enAextþRkecH. DI xaMbUlI cab;epþImbMeBjkargarenAmCÄmNÐlÉksar

taMgBIqñaM2003. bUlI )ansresrGtßbTCaeRcInEdl)ancuHpSayenAkñúgTMB½rTsSnavdþI{EsVgrkkarBit} nig

CaGñksRmbsRmÜlKeRmagénkarsikSaBIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. bUlI TTYl

)ansBaØab½RtbriBaØab½RtEpñkPasaGg;eKøsBIsklviTüal½yPUminÞPñMeBj nigbriBaØab½RtBaNiC¢kmµBIviTüasßan

CatiRKb;RKg. bUlI Føab;)aneTAsikSamuxviC¢aBIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ enAsaklviTüal½ykugxdedorRbeTs

kaNada nigFøab;)aneTAeFVIkmµsikSaenAsarmnÞIrRbl½yBUCsasn_ nigviTüúsMeLgshrdæGaemrik enATIRkúgv:asuIn

etanDIsuI shrdæGaemrik.

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