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Primary Causes: Smoking, Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency and Air Pollution

Smoking remains the major cause of emphysema. Cigarette smoking damages the cilia in the lungs which

normally help clear away mucus and secretions. This creates blockage in the airways. Cigarette smoke alsocauses inflammation and irritation in the lungs leading to an increase in mucus production. Too much mucus in

the lungs places you at an increased risk for lung infections, as mucus provides bacteria with the perfect hide-

away.

Make the move and quit today by enrolling in one of thesefree email courses.

Air pollutionalso plays a role in the development of emphysema. Like that of its damaging counterpart smoking,

air pollution causes airway inflammation and irritation that eventually destroys healthy lung tissue. You may be

surprised, however, to learn that even indoor air can be polluted. Learn steps onimproving indoor air qualityin

order to reduce respiratory irritants in your home.

Although smoking and air pollution play the greatest role in their contribution to emphysema, a small

percentage of people have a genetic predisposition for the disease that is associated with a deficiency of theenzyme, alpha-1-antitrypsin. Those who are afflicted withalpha-1-antitrypsin deficiencyare susceptible to irritants in

the environment such as smoking, secondhand smoke, air pollution and allergens that, over time, cause

symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease such as emphysema.

Symptoms

Shortness of breath

Chroniccoughwith or without sputum production

Wheezing

Decreased ability to exercise

Additional symptoms that may be associated with this disease include the following:

Anxiety

Unintentional weight loss

Ankle, feet, and leg swelling

Fatigue

In-Depth Symptoms

Back to TopExams and Tests

A physical examination may show wheezing, decreasedbreath sounds, or prolonged exhalation (exhalation takes more than

twice as long as inspiration). The chest may be barrel-shaped. There may be signs of chronically insufficient oxygen levels in the

blood.

These tests help confirm the diagnosis:

Pulmonary function tests

Chest x-ray

Arterial blood gasesshowing low levels of oxygen in the blood (hypoxemia), and high levels of carbon dioxide (respiratory

acidosis)

This disease may also alter the results of the following tests:

Pulmonary ventilation/perfusion scan

Chest CTscan
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Back to TopTreatment

Smoking cessation is the most important and effective treatment. Only quitting smoking can stop the progression of lung

damage once it has started. Medications used to improve breathing include bronchodilators, diuretics, and corticosteroids.

Antibiotics may be prescribed when respiratory infections occur. Vaccines against the flu and pneumonia are recommended for

people with emphysema.

Low-flow oxygen can be used during exertion, continuously, or at night. Pulmonary rehabilitation can improve exercise

tolerance and quality of life in the short-term. Lung transplantation is an option for patients with severe disease.

Carefully selected patients may be eligible for lung reduction surgery. This procedure removes the damaged portions of thelung, which allows the normal portions of the lung to expand more fully and take advantage of increased aeration. Whensuccessful, those who undergo the surgery report improvement in walking distance and quality of life house dust mites

mouldsOther people can get an asthma attack from something they swallow rather than breathe. Examples of these triggers include:

ASA* and other anti-inflammatory medications

nuts or shrimp preservatives found in some drinks or foodsWhile most people develop asthma as children, adults can become asthmatic by being exposed to allergens, irritants, oroccupational sensitizers for a long time. People who work with the following products may be at increased risk:

antibiotics

cotton and flax detergents

foams and paints

grains and cereals insulation and packaging materialsAsthma attacks can also be triggered by non-allergic irritants, such as:

laughing hard, crying, shouting smog and smoke strong smells (e.g., paint fumes, perfumes, cleaning products) suddenly breathing cold air

vigorous exercise

viral infections such as the common cold or the flu

asthma

The Facts on Asthma

Asthma is a chronic lung condition. Inflammation, increased mucus, and muscle tightening cause the airways to narrow, andas a result, air can't move through the lungs as well as it should, which makes it difficult to breathe.

For reasons we do not completely understand, asthma is becoming more common each year, especially in children. Accordingto the World Health Organization (WHO), about 300 million people in the world have asthma. Over 3 million Canadians sufferfrom this condition.

Causes of Asthma

The cause of asthma is poorly understood, but it may be partly inherited. Everyone's lungs are sensitive to different thingssuch as pollen, air pollution, or strong chemicals. In simple terms, people with asthma have lungs that are more sensitive thanaverage.

There are 3 processes in the lungs that produce asthma symptoms. First, the inner linings of the airways become inflamed.They swell up, leaving less room for air to pass through. Second, the muscles around the airways can tighten, closing themfurther. Finally, the airways produce mucus in response to the inflammation, clogging the shrunken tubes.

Asthma is in part an allergic response. It may be triggered by some external substance that particularly irritates your lungs.These triggers are often small protein particles called allergens. Some people are sensitive to more than one trigger. Commonallergens include:
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animal dander

cockroach particles

grass, tree, and ragweed pollenIf you haveasthma, you need to do what you can to reduce your exposure to asthma triggers.

Asthma triggers can aggravate yourasthma symptoms-- coughing, wheezing, and difficulty catching your breath. While theres

noasthma cure, there are steps you can take to keep your asthma in control and prevent an asthma attack (worsening of

asthma symptoms).

Identify Triggers for Asthma Prevention

Certainasthma triggerscan set off the cascade of asthma symptoms. Some asthma triggers may include:

Air pollution

Allergies

Cold air

A cold or flu virus

Sinusitis

Smoke

Fragrances

Its vital to learn to identify your asthma triggers and take steps to avoid them.

Keep track of your asthma symptoms in an asthma diary for several weeks, detailing all the environmental and emotional

factors that are associated with your asthma. When you have anasthma attack, go back to yourasthma diaryto see which

factor, or combination of factors, might have contributed to it. Some common asthma triggers are not always obvious, such as

molds and cockroaches. Ask your asthma specialist about allergy skin testing -- or RAST testing -- to determine to which

allergens you have become sensitized. You can then take measures to minimize your exposure to those allergens.

If you have exercise-induced asthma or are planning vigorous exercise or exercise in cold, humid, or dry environments, prevent

exercise-induced asthma by following your doctor's advice regardingasthma treatment(usually by using anasthma

inhalercontaining the drugalbuterol).

Allergies and Asthma Prevention

If you haveallergies and asthma, its important to minimize your exposure to allergens (substances to which you are allergic).

Allergen exposure can temporarily increase the inflammation of the airways in a person with asthma making them more

susceptible to an asthma attack. Avoiding or minimizing contact with the substance you are allergic to can help prevent an

asthma attack.

For more detail, see WebMDs articleAsthma Prevention When You Have Allergies.

Avoid Smoke to Prevent Asthma

Smoke and asthma are a bad mix. Minimize exposure to all sources of smoke, including tobacco, incense, candles, fires, and

fireworks. Do not allowsmokingin your home or car, and avoid public places that permit smoking. If you smoke cigarettes, gethelp to quit successfully. Smoking always makes asthma wors

chromic bronchitis

What are the symptoms of chronic bronchitis?

The following are the most common symptoms for chronic bronchitis. However, each individual may experience symptoms

differently. Symptoms may include:

cough

expectoration (spitting out) of mucus

Chronic bronchitis may cause:
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frequent and severe respiratory infections

narrowing and plugging of the breathing tubes (bronchi)

difficult breathing

disability

Other symptoms may include:

lips and skin may appear blue

abnormal lung signs

swelling of the feet

heart failure

The symptoms of chronic bronchitis may resemble other lung conditions or medical problems. Consult your physician for a

diagnosis.

What are the causes of chronic bronchitis?

In acute bronchitis, bacteria or viruses may be the cause, but in chronic bronchitis there is no specific organism recognized as

the cause of the disease.

Cigarette smoking is cited as the most common contributor to chronic bronchitis, followed by:

bacterial or viral infections environmental pollution (chemical fumes, dust, and other substances)

Chronic bronchitis is often associated with other pulmonary diseases such as:

pulmonary emphysema

pulmonary fibrosis

asthma

tuberculosis

sinusitis upper respiratory infectionsHow is chronic bronchitis diagnosed?

In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, your physician may request the following:

pulmonary function tests - diagnostic tests that help to measure the lungs' ability to exchange oxygen andcarbon dioxide appropriately. The tests are usually performed with special machines that the person mustbreathe into, and may include the following:

spirometry - a spirometer is a device used by your physician that assesses lung function. Spirometry,the evaluation of lung function with a spirometer, is one of the simplest, most common pulmonaryfunction tests and may be necessary for any/all of the following reasons:

to determine how well the lungs receive, hold, and utilize air to monitor a lung disease

to monitor the effectiveness of treatment to determine the severity of a lung disease to determine whether the lung disease is restrictive (decreased airflow) or obstructive

(disruption of airflow)

peak flow monitoring (PFM) - a device used to measure the fastest speed in which a person can blowair out of the lungs. During an asthma or other respiratory flare up, the large airways in the lungs slowlybegin to narrow. This will slow the speed of air leaving the lungs and can be measured by a PFM. Thismeasurement is very important in evaluating how well or how poorly the disease is being controlled.

arterial blood gas (ABG) - a blood test that is used to evaluate the lungs' ability to provide blood with oxygenand remove carbon dioxide, and to measure the pH (acidity) of the blood.

pulse oximetry - an oximeter is a small machine that measures the amount of oxygen in the blood. To obtainthis measurement, a small sensor (like a Band-Aid) is taped onto a finger or toe. When the machine is on, asmall red light can be seen in the sensor. The sensor is painless and the red light does not get hot.

x-ray - a diagnostic test which uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal

tissues, bones, and organs onto film.


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computed tomography scan (Also called a CT or CAT scan.) - a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses acombination of x-rays and computer technology to produce cross-sectional images (often called slices), bothhorizontally and vertically, of the body. A CT scan shows detailed images of any part of the body, including thebones, muscles, fat, and organs. CT scans are more detailed than general x-rays.

Treatment for chronic bronchitis:

Specific treatment for chronic bronchitis will be determined by your physician based on:

your age, overall health, and medical history

extent of the disease

your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies

expectations for the course of the disease

your opinion or preference

Treatment may include:

oral medications

bronchodilators for inhaled medications

oxygen supplementation from portable containers

lung reduction surgery to remove damaged area of lung

lung transplantation

Tuberculosis

(TB, Consumption)

In this factsheet:

The Facts on Tuberculosis

Causes of Tuberculosis

Symptoms and Complications of Tuberculosis Diagnosing Tuberculosis

Treating and Preventing Tuberculosis

The Facts on Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common infections in the world. About 2 billion people are infected with TB and nearly 3million people are killed by it each year. In Canada, there are about 1,600 new cases of TB every year.

The bacterium that causes TB is called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Someone can become infected and yet not have anysymptoms of the active disease - this is calledinactive TB.

For someone with a healthy immune system, there's only a 10% lifetime chance of the TB bacteria reactivating and causing theactive symptoms of TB. If the immune system has been weakened because of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) or other

illnesses, the risk of moving from an inactive infection to an active symptomatic disease increases to 10% per year.

Babies, preschool children, and seniors are also at greater risk due to weaker immune systems.

Causes of Tuberculosis

Only people who have active TB infections can spread the TB bacteria. Coughing, sneezing, even talking can release thebacteria into the surrounding air, and people breathing this air can then become infected. This is more likely to happen if you'reliving in close quarters with someone who has TB or if a room isn't well ventilated.

Once a person is infected, the bacteria will settle in the air sacs and passages of the lungs and, in most cases, will becontained by the immune system.

Your chances of becoming infected are higher if you come from - or travel to - certain countries where TB iscommon. People who are at greater risk for TB infection include the elderly, homeless people, people with substance use
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problems, individuals who have spent time in a correctional facility, and people with weakened immune systems from HIV orAIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). Of course, the odds increase if you have close or frequent contact withsomeone who has active TB symptoms. This is especially true for health care workers who may be exposed to patients withactive TB.

The following factors may play a role in promoting active disease in someone who has an inactive TB infection:

diabetes

head or neck cancer illnesses that suppress the immune system, such as HIV or AIDS

kidney disease long-term steroid use malnutrition medications that suppress the immune system, such as anticancer medications (e.g., cyclosporine, tacrolimus)*

pregnancy

radiotherapy

Symptoms and Complications of Tuberculosis

There are no symptoms associated with inactive TB. This means that someone may have acquired the TB bacteria and yetshow no signs or symptoms of infection. Symptoms only appear when the TB infection becomes active.

Symptoms develop gradually, and it may take many weeks before you notice that something's wrong and see your doctor.Although the TB bacteria can infect any organ (e.g., kidney, lymph nodes, bones, joints) in the body, the disease commonlyoccurs in the lungs.

Common symptoms include:

coughing that lasts longer than 2 weeks with green, yellow, or bloody sputum weight loss fatigue

fever

night sweats

chills

chest pain shortness of breath

loss of appetite

The occurrence of additional symptoms depends on where the disease has spread beyond the chest and lungs. For example,

if TB spreads to the lymph nodes, it can cause swollen glands at the sides of the neck or under the arms. When TB

spreads to the bones and joints, it can cause pain and swelling of the knee or hip. Genitourinary TB can cause pain in

the flank with frequent urination, pain or discomfort during urination, and blood in the urine.

cold

Understanding Common Cold -- Symptoms

What Are the Symptoms of a Cold?

Symptoms of a cold can be felt about 1-4 days after catching a cold virus. They start with a burning feeling in the nose or throat,

followed by sneezing, a runny nose, and a feeling of being tired and unwell. This is the period when you are most contagious --

you can pass the cold to others -- so it's best to stay home and rest.

For the first few days, the nose teems with watery nasal secretions. Later, these become thicker and darker. You may get a

mildcough. It won't get much worse, but it is likely to last into the second week of your illness. If you suffer fromchronicbronchitis, a cold will make it worse.
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Understanding the Common Cold

Find out more about the common cold:

Basics

Symptoms

Treatment

Prevention

Dark mucus does not necessarily mean that you have developed a bacterial infection, but if you are coughing up dark material -

- or feeling a lot of distress low down in yourlungs-- you may have a bacterial infection. These symptoms can also be caused

by a cold virus other than a rhinovirus.

Usually there is nofever; in fact, fever and more severe symptoms may indicate that you have theflurather than a cold.

Cold symptomstypically last for about three days. At that point the worst is over, but you may feel congested for a week or

more.

Except in newborns, colds themselves are not dangerous. They usually go away in four to 10 days without any special

medicine. Unfortunately, colds do wear down your body's resistance, making you more susceptible to bacterial infections.

If your cold is nasty enough, seek medical attention. Your doctor likely will examine your throat andears. He or she

may take a throat culture by brushing the throat with a long cotton-tipped swab. This will show whether you have a

bacterial infection, which requires treatment with antibioticsTuberculosis (TB) - symptoms, treatment and prevention

This is an infection caused by a bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis most commonly affects the lungs. In about 30% of cases the disease affects other partsof the body, such as lymph glands, bones or kidneys. Initial infection of the lung usually occurs duringchildhood and goes unnoticed. However, a few bacteria continue to survive at the site of infection.Later in life, the infection can reactivate and a serious lung infection occurs.

Symptoms

tiredness

fever

night sweats

weight loss

cough

blood-stained sputum

chest pain

swollen lymph glands.The diagnosis of tuberculosis is suspected on clinical examination, chest X-ray and by skin testing.The diagnosis is confirmed when Mycobacterium tuberculosis is grown from sputum or tissuespecimens.

Spread occurs when infected airborne droplets (produced when a person with tuberculosis of the lung

coughs or sneezes) are inhaled. Tuberculosis affecting other parts of the body is rarely infectious.

Incubation period

(time between becoming infected and developing symptoms)

Symptoms, if they occur, are present about 4 to 12 weeks after an initial lung infection. The risk ofreactivation of the initial lung infection and the development of serious lung infection is greatest withinthe first year or two after initial infection but some risk persists for life.
http://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/cold-guide/understanding-common-cold-basicshttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/cold-guide/understanding-common-cold-basicshttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/understanding-common-cold-symptomshttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/understanding-common-cold-symptomshttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/understanding-common-cold-treatmenthttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/understanding-common-cold-treatmenthttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/understanding-common-cold-preventionhttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/understanding-common-cold-preventionhttp://www.webmd.com/lung/picture-of-the-lungshttp://www.webmd.com/lung/picture-of-the-lungshttp://www.webmd.com/lung/picture-of-the-lungshttp://firstaid.webmd.com/fevers-causes-symptoms-treatmentshttp://firstaid.webmd.com/fevers-causes-symptoms-treatmentshttp://firstaid.webmd.com/fevers-causes-symptoms-treatmentshttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/default.htmhttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/default.htmhttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/default.htmhttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/cold-guide/cold-symptoms-typeshttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/cold-guide/cold-symptoms-typeshttp://www.webmd.com/brain/picture-of-the-earhttp://www.webmd.com/brain/picture-of-the-earhttp://www.webmd.com/brain/picture-of-the-earhttp://www.webmd.com/brain/picture-of-the-earhttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/cold-guide/cold-symptoms-typeshttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/default.htmhttp://firstaid.webmd.com/fevers-causes-symptoms-treatmentshttp://www.webmd.com/lung/picture-of-the-lungshttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/understanding-common-cold-preventionhttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/understanding-common-cold-treatmenthttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/understanding-common-cold-symptomshttp://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/cold-guide/understanding-common-cold-basics


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Infectious period

(time during which an infected person can infect others)

The duration of the infection, which may last for years. People with infections but who have nosymptoms are still able to transmit the infection to others.

Treatment

People with tuberculosis should receive anti-TB drugs under the care of a doctor and/or the Chest

Clinic. Completing a full course of therapy (of at least six months) is essential.

Tuberculosis (TB) - symptoms, treatment and

preventionThis is an infection caused by a bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis most commonly affects the lungs. In about 30% of cases the disease affects other partsof the body, such as lymph glands, bones or kidneys. Initial infection of the lung usually occurs duringchildhood and goes unnoticed. However, a few bacteria continue to survive at the site of infection.Later in life, the infection can reactivate and a serious lung infection occurs.

Tuberculosis is a notifiable disease.

Symptoms tiredness

fever

night sweats

weight loss

cough

blood-stained sputum

chest pain

swollen lymph glands.The diagnosis of tuberculosis is suspected on clinical examination, chest X-ray and by skin testing.The diagnosis is confirmed when Mycobacterium tuberculosis is grown from sputum or tissuespecimens.

Spread occurs when infected airborne droplets (produced when a person with tuberculosis of the lungcoughs or sneezes) are inhaled. Tuberculosis affecting other parts of the body is rarely infectious.

Incubation period

(time between becoming infected and developing symptoms)


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Symptoms, if they occur, are present about 4 to 12 weeks after an initial lung infection. The

risk of reactivation of the initial lung infection and the development of serious lung infection is

greatest within the first year or two after initial infection but some risk persists for life.

Prevention of Tuberculosis

Preventive measures include strict standards for ventilation, air filtration, and isolation methods in

hospitals, medical and dental offices, nursing homes, and prisons. If someone is believed to have

been in contact with another person who has TB, preventive antibiotic treatment may have to be

given. Infected persons need to be identified as soon as possible so that they can be isolated from

others and treated.

An antituberculosis vaccine, bacille Calmette-Gurin, or BCG vaccine, was developed in France in

1908. Although there is conflicting evidence as to its efficacy (it appears to be effective in 50% of

those vaccinated), it is given to over 80% of the world's children, mostly in countries where TB is

common; it is not generally given in the United States. Federal health officials in the United States

have stated (1999) that a new vaccine is essential to TB prevention. It is hoped that the determination

of the complete DNA (genome) sequence ofMycobacterium tuberculosis, achieved in 1998, will

hasten the development of an effective vaccine.

Read more:tuberculosis: Prevention of Tuberculosis |Infoplease.comhttp://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/tuberculosis-prevention-tuberculosis.html#ixzz2WmY306vx

Infectious period

(time during which an infected person can infect others)

The duration of the infection, which may last for years. People with infections but who have nosymptoms are still able to transmit the infection to others.

Treatment

People with tuberculosis should receive anti-TB drugs under the care of a doctor and/or the ChestClinic. Completing a full course of therapy (of at least six months) is essential.

pneumonia

Causes of Pneumonia

The most common causes of pneumonia are infections caused by:

bacteria - the most common cause of pneumonia in adults

viruses - often responsible for pneumonia in children

mycoplasma - organisms that have characteristics of bacteria and viruses that cause milder infections opportunistic organisms - a threat to people with vulnerable immune systems (e.g., Pneumocystis

cariniipneumonia in people who have AIDS)Most types of pneumonia are transmitted in the same way as influenza or the common cold - by people's handsand by tiny droplets from their mouths and noses. In fact, the same viruses that cause colds and the flu can causepneumonia. If they infect the throat, sinuses, and upper respiratory tract, they cause a cold. If they reach the lungs, theycause pneumonia.

Bacteria that live permanently in many peoples' throats cause some of the more severe types ofpneumonia. Normally, the immune system keeps them in check. If someone is weakened by a throat virus, thesebacteria can trickle down into the respiratory tract. Bacterial pneumonia is most often caused by thebacteriaStreptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus).

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of pneumonia in infants and young children. It peaks

sharply around December and January and usually isn't a life-threatening disease, though some individuals can beseriously affected. Viruses cause about half of all cases of pneumonia.
http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/tuberculosis-prevention-tuberculosis.html#ixzz2WmY306vxhttp://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/tuberculosis-prevention-tuberculosis.html#ixzz2WmY306vxhttp://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/tuberculosis-prevention-tuberculosis.html#ixzz2WmY306vxhttp://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/tuberculosis-prevention-tuberculosis.html#ixzz2WmY306vxhttp://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/tuberculosis-prevention-tuberculosis.html#ixzz2WmY306vxhttp://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/tuberculosis-prevention-tuberculosis.html#ixzz2WmY306vxhttp://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/tuberculosis-prevention-tuberculosis.html#ixzz2WmY306vxhttp://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/tuberculosis-prevention-tuberculosis.html#ixzz2WmY306vxhttp://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/tuberculosis-prevention-tuberculosis.html#ixzz2WmY306vxhttp://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/tuberculosis-prevention-tuberculosis.html#ixzz2WmY306vxhttp://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/tuberculosis-prevention-tuberculosis.html#ixzz2WmY306vx


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Mycoplasma causes the illness called "walking pneumonia," so-called because people who have it are not confined tobed.

A fungus called Pneumocystis cariniiis usually seen only in people who have AIDS. This parasite is normally harmless,but in people with HIV it can cause an aggressive and often fatal pneumonia.

In addition to infectious diseases, people can get pneumonia from chemicals that enter the lungs and inflame

them. Aspiration pneumonia is caused by accidentally inhaling food, vomit, or digestive acid into the lungs. The inhaledsubstance may become infected, or it may inflame the lungs and cause them to fill with liquid.

A person who has a higher risk of pneumonia:

is under one year of age or over the age of 65

is a smoker

has a cold or flu

has a weak immune system due to cancer therapy, HIV infection, or other disease

is undergoing surgery

has a problem with alcohol use

has a chronic illness such as heart disease, lung disease, or diabetes

has a chronic lung disease, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Symptoms of pneumonia can vary depending on the cause of the pneumonia and the general health of the person whohas pneumonia.

Pneumonia always causes a cough, which often produces sputum. Red-brown, green, or yellow sputum may be asign of bacterial infection. Thin, whitish sputum is a possible indicator of mycoplasma or viral pneumonia.

In bacterial pneumonia, all or part of the lungs slowly fi ll with liquid in a process called consolidation. Some bacterial

lung infections develop over just a few hours. There's usually a high fever, sometimes going up to 40.9C (105F).

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