Keystone Review
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Transcript of Keystone Review
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Keystone Review
GeneticsDNA
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• Homozygous—both alleles the same• Heterozygous—each allele different
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Types of Inheritance Dominant One trait completely masks/dominants the other trait when it is expressed. Can be homozygous or heterozygous dominant
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Types of Inheritance Recessive The recessive trait is seen when there are 2 copies present (homozygous recessive)
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• Both traits are equally dominant• Both show up at the same time• Use two different letters• R for red and W for white• RR red• WW white• RW red and white
Types of Inheritance Codominance
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Codominance
Black Feathered Chicken
White feathered chicken
Checkered feather chicken(my favorite!)
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Types of Inheritance--Incomplete Dominance
• Neither trait is dominant. • The traits “blend”
together to make a new color/trait.
• Use letters with slashes• R for red and R’ for white• RR = red• R’R’ = white• RR’ = pink
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Types of Inheritance Sex-linked • The trait is carried on the
sex chromosome (x-chromosome) so the inheritance is different for males and females.
• Males inherit one gene from mother on X chromosome and an unaffected Y from father.
• Females inherit an X from their father and an X from their mother
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• Trait controlled by 2 or more genes and produces a range of outcomes (examples: skin color, eye color, hair color, height)
Types of Inheritance Polygenic
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More than 2 forms of a gene control the trait.
Types of InheritanceMultiple Alleles
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• These mutations alter the composition or number of chromosomes in the organism.
• Usually have severe consequences for the organism.
• Usually occur during meiosis
Chromosomal Mutations
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• Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis I or II
• Results in monosomies and trisomies
Nondisjunction
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Translocation
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Deletion
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Duplication
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Point (Gene) MutationsOriginal DNA
THE CAT ATE THE FAT RAT.
Silent Mutation (DNA changes but protein does not)THE CAT ATE THE FAT RAT
Nonsense Mutation (inserts a stop)THE CAT ATE THE.
Missense Mutation (changes the protein)THE CAR ATE THE FAT RAT.
Frameshift Mutation (changes every amino acid after)THE CCA TAT ETH EFA TRA T.THC ATA TET HEF ATR AT.
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Frameshift Mutations
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DNAProtein Synthesis
Genetic Engineering
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DNA REPLICATION
Semi Conservative Replication
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Protein SynthesisTranscription Translation
• Information from the DNA (in the nucleus) is copied in the form of messenger RNA.
• Copies only the information for the protein that needs to be made
• The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosome.
Decodes the information from the mRNA
Occurs in the ribosomeNeeds tRNA and mRNA to
make the protein correctly according to the directions that were specified in the original DNA
Genetic code for each amino acid is the same in ALL organisms.
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Codon
Protein
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• Genetic engineering – the process of altering the genetic material of cells or organisms to allow them to make new substances or to change their traits.
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• Selective breeding – when humans select which organisms to breed to get a desirable trait (example – breed cows to get them to produce the most milk) This method used trail/error and was time consuming. Using genetic engineering we can now accurately get the desired results every time.
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Genetic Engineering
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Cloning – making a genetically identical copy of an organism
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• Gene therapy – attempting to treat a genetic defect in an organism by introducing a new gene for the missing/defective original gene
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Medicine:
• Create new medications (ex: human insulin made by bacteria, clotting factors for people with hemophilia)
• Figure out how genes function during development – look for ways things go wrong
• Look for cures for genetic diseases (cystic fibrosis – replace missing gene to help lessen symptoms)
• Continuing to research cures for cancer, AIDS, hemophilia etc
• Create new vaccines
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Forensics:
• Identify criminals • Identify human remains• Identify the parents of an individual• Trace human origins
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Agriculture:
• increase food supply by making crops more tolerant to environmental conditions
• make plants resistant to herbicides, pests and certain diseases
• improve nutritional value
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Keystone
Ecology Review
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Levels of Organization
• Ecosystem—biotic & abiotic
• Community—all biotic factors
• Pollution—only one group (species) of organisms
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Comparing Biotic and Abiotic FactorsBiotic—all living or once living organismsAbiotic—all non living factors
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Food Chain in an Antarctic Ecosystem• A food chain shows ONE possible feeding pathway.• The arrow always goes into the mouth of the eater
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Food Web in an Antarctic Ecosystem• A food web shows all possible feeding relationships in a
ecosystem
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Energy Transfer Through Trophic Levels• Only 10% of energy from each level is available to be
passed on to the next level. • Most of it gets used or lost as heat. That’s why more
organisms on bottom than top
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Energy Pyramid
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Symbiosis—close, long term relationship b/w to organisms (at least one benefits
Parasitism, mutualism, commensalism
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Parasitism
The parasite benefits while the host is hurt
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Mutualism
• Both organisms benefit
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Commensalism• One benefits while the other is neither hurt nor
helped
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Recycling Matter through the Ecosystem
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Water Cycle
• Key processes are– Evaporation– Transpiration– Precipitation
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Carbon CyclePhotosynthesis & Respiration are the two main steps
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Nitrogen Cycle• Nitrogen fixing bacteria change nitrogen gas into a useable
form for nitrogen for plants (& then animals) • Denitrification puts nitrogen gas back into the atmosphere
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Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphorous moves from phosphate deposited in rocks , to the soil, to living organisms and finally to the ocean
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Succession—gradual sequential regrowth of a community of a species in a area
Two Types:Primary
Secondary
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Primary SuccessionOccurs where the land has not supported any prior life, bare rock, newly formed islands (soil lacks nutrients or any life left behind)
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Secondary SuccessionOccurs where soil has previously existed and some life is still left behind.
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Ecological Succession at Glacier Bay
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• Carrying capacity— number of individuals the environment can sustain
• Limiting factor— any factor the restrains the growth of a population (space, sunlight, food, water, mates)
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Carrying Capacity of Reindeer in Pribilof Islands