Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and...

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85 Keys, Cotter and Knuckle Joints UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE JOINTS Structure 5.1 Introduction Objectives 5.2 Key 5.3 Types of Key 5.4 Gib Head Key 5.5 Cotter and Cotter Joint 5.6 Sleeve Cotter Joint 5.7 Socket and Spigot Cotter Joint 5.8 Joining of Rods 5.9 Knuckle Joint 5.10 Summary 5.11 Answers to SAQs 5.1 INTRODUCTION There are many situations where two parts of machines are required to be restrained. For example two rods may be joined coaxially and when they are pulled apart they should not separate i.e. should not have relative motion and continue to transmit force. Similarly if a cylindrical part is fitted on another cylinder (the internal surface of one contacting the external surface of the other) then there should be no slip along the circle of contact. Such situations of no slip or no displacements are achieved through placing a third part or two parts at the jointing regions. Such parts create positive interference with the jointing parts and thus prevent any relative motion and thus help transmit the force. You will remember that the rivets in a riveted joint had exactly the same role as they prevented the slipping of one plate over the other (in lap joint) and moving away of one plate from there (in butt joint). The rivets provided positive interference against the relative motion of the plate. Knuckle joint is yet another to join rods to carry axial force. It is named so because of its freedom to move or rotate around the pin which joins two rods, a motion which naturally exists at finger joints or knee. A knuckle joint is understood to be a hinged joint in which projection in one part enters the recess is the other part and two are held together by passing a pin through coaxial holes in two parts. This joint can not sustain compressive force because of possible rotation about the pin. In this unit we will study other interfering parts for geometrically different jointing parts. Objectives After studying this unit, you should be able to understand what is a key, what are the types of key, how to draw a key, the parts that are joined by key, how are the keys made, what is a cotter,

Transcript of Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and...

Page 1: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

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Keys, Cotter and

Knuckle Joints UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE

JOINTS

Structure

5.1 Introduction

Objectives

5.2 Key

5.3 Types of Key

5.4 Gib Head Key

5.5 Cotter and Cotter Joint

5.6 Sleeve Cotter Joint

5.7 Socket and Spigot Cotter Joint

5.8 Joining of Rods

5.9 Knuckle Joint

5.10 Summary

5.11 Answers to SAQs

5.1 INTRODUCTION

There are many situations where two parts of machines are required to be restrained. For example two rods may be joined coaxially and when they are pulled apart they should not

separate i.e. should not have relative motion and continue to transmit force. Similarly if a

cylindrical part is fitted on another cylinder (the internal surface of one contacting the

external surface of the other) then there should be no slip along the circle of contact.

Such situations of no slip or no displacements are achieved through placing a third part or

two parts at the jointing regions. Such parts create positive interference with the jointing

parts and thus prevent any relative motion and thus help transmit the force. You will

remember that the rivets in a riveted joint had exactly the same role as they prevented the

slipping of one plate over the other (in lap joint) and moving away of one plate from

there (in butt joint). The rivets provided positive interference against the relative motion

of the plate.

Knuckle joint is yet another to join rods to carry axial force. It is named so because of its

freedom to move or rotate around the pin which joins two rods, a motion which naturally

exists at finger joints or knee. A knuckle joint is understood to be a hinged joint in which

projection in one part enters the recess is the other part and two are held together by

passing a pin through coaxial holes in two parts. This joint can not sustain compressive

force because of possible rotation about the pin. In this unit we will study other

interfering parts for geometrically different jointing parts.

Objectives

After studying this unit, you should be able to understand

• what is a key,

• what are the types of key,

• how to draw a key,

• the parts that are joined by key,

• how are the keys made,

• what is a cotter,

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Machine Drawing • what are the types of cotter,

• how to draw cotter joint,

• how to make a pin joint,

• how is a knuckle joint constructed, and

• how is a knuckle joint drawn.

5.2 KEY

A shaft rotates in its bearings and transmits torque. A shaft always carry upon at some

other part like gear or pulley. That part of the gear or pulley which sits on the shaft by

surrounding the shaft on all its circumference is called the hub. The hub and the shaft are

provided with a positive interfering part which is called a key.

The key is a prismatic bar inserted between the shaft and the hub so that it passes through

both or one of them. It may be tapered or of uniform cross section. When placed in

position the shaft and mating part rotate as a single unit without any slipping. The torque

then can pass from shaft to mating part and vice versa. Apparently if the key is to pass

through one or both the mating parts a proper groove, called keyway must be made.

5.3 TYPES OF KEY

Several of the keys used in practice are shown in Figure 5.1. In these figures 1 is shaft

and 2 is surrounding hub of the mating part and 3 is the key. The length of the key is

perpendicular to the plane of the paper and often is equal to the length of the hub. Shaft is

much longer.

Figure 5.1 : Types of Key

Round key is a cylinder and requires a hole to pass. Half of the hole is in the shaft and

other half in the hub. It is used when load is low and shaft diameter is small. Making of

hole is not easy and costly if made separately in two halves in two parts. Since the

cylindrical holes do not have sharp corners they still represent a better choice. Taper

round keys produce tighter joint. The taper may be as gentle as 1 : 100.

Saddle key is shown in Figure 5.1(b). It sits on the curved surface of shaft and fits in the

rectangular slot of hub. No keyway in the staff is required and frictional force between

the seat of key and surface of the shaft is responsible for transmission of the torque.

Either for transmission of light torque or holding the mating part in position during

assembly such saddle key is used.

Key on Flat is similar to saddle key on three sides except at the bottom where it is flat.

It will of course require a flat narrow surface machined on the shaft, while it fits into the

keyway made in the hub. Such flat region machined on the surface of the shaft does not

affect the strength because much material is not removed no corners are created as will

happen if keyway is machined.

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Keys, Cotter and

Knuckle Joints Flat key or rectangular key Figure 5.1(d) and square key Figure 5.1(f) are essentially

same and used universally between shaft and any mating part like gear and pulley.

Very large torque or power can be transmitted by both but square key is often preferred

for equal strength in shear and crushing.

Splines Figure 5.1(e) can be regarded as keys integral with the shaft. The shafts are

weakened by creating keyways whose depth could be as large as 1/4 of diameter of the

shaft. Hence, splines are created on the shaft surface fit into the grooves made in the

mating part. Splines are routinely used when mating parts are required to slide on the

shaft. Examples are change gear boxed in automobile. The cross section of the splines may be rectangular, triangular or involute. A spline normally has larger width (w) and

smaller height (h) as shown in Figure 5.1(e). There may be four, six or 10 splines and

both w and h reduce with increasing number of splines. w and h for permanent splined

connections are respectively 0.28d and 0.09d for four splines, 0.278d and 0.056d for six

splines and 0.17d and 0.05d for 10 splines. For sliding the dimensions increase.

The keys are normally prismatic with either rounded or flat ends. The flat key with

rounded ends is shown in Figure 5.2(a). No doubt it can also have flat ends as shown in

Figure 5.2(b). The keyways for flat or square keys are made with end mill, which will

end in semicircular ends. The keyways can also be made with discutters which can not be

used with rounded end keys. The rounded end keyways are shown in Figure 5.2(c).

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 5.2

The jib headed key as shown in Figure 5.1(g) is in fact a rectangular cross section

prismatic bar with taper (1 : 100) along the length and having a jib head at largest cross

section. It is inserted in the keyslot and head helps both in insertion and extraction of the

key. The jibhead, being a projection on the shaft, presents a hazard of collecting loose

garments or cottonwaste, hence should be protected. It may be pointed out here that a

taper key is not preferred in precise machines because it causes varying information of

the moting hub.

Woodruff key as shown in Figure 5.1(h) is a segment of a disc whose rounded part enters

the corresponding shape cut in the shaft. The key provides the advantage of easy

assembly and disassembly but weakens the shaft due to deep groove. The key is cut from a disc of radius R = 0.4 D with w = 0.2 D. Its total depth is 95% of radius and radius is

0.4 D. Three fourths of depth is in shaft.

SAQ 1

On a shaft of diameter 200 mm a flanged-hub is to be placed. The diameter of the

hub is 300 mm while its length is 200 mm. The flange is 500 mm diameter with a

width of 50 mm. The shaft and flanged hub are shown in Figures 5.3(a) and (b).

Draw the necessary views connecting the shaft with different keys.

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Machine Drawing

Figure 5.3

5.4 GIB HEAD KEY

For convenience of insertion and extraction one end of a sunk rectangular flat key is

sometimes provided with a jib head. Such keys normally have taper in height but have

uniform thickness. The taper is generally 1 : 100, only in the upper surface. The keys are

provided with heavy rotating mass for which accuracy of outer surface does not matter

much, like heavy pulleys.

The depth of the key at the end is taken as D/6 and width as D/4. The height and the

length of the gib head are respectively 0.3D and 0.25D. D in this case is the diameter of

the shaft. Figure 5.4(a) shows a gib key and Figure 5.8(b) shows it fitted with the shaft.

(a) (b)

Figure 5.4

SAQ 2

On a 35 mm diameter shaft carries a pulley of 900 mm diameter whose hub tapers

from 75 mm at the arm to 70 mm at the edge and is 80mm long. Four arms, elliptic in section taper from a1 = 26 mm to a = 20 mm and b1 = 12 mm to b = 30 mm.

Show the assembly of pulley with gib headed key and with part of the shaft whose

diameter increases to 45 mm from 35 mm suddenly with a radius of 5 mm at the

corner. The width of the pulley is 100 mm with a crown of 3 mm. Rim thickness at

edges, 8 mm.

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Keys, Cotter and

Knuckle Joints 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT

A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform thickness but tapers in width. The taper may be

very small like 1 : 100 but may be as large as 1 : 30. The cotter passes through slots made

in two coaxial parts and thus prevent the relative motion between them. The cotter can

pass through two specially made ends of two coaxial bars which may be circular in

section or rectangular or it may pass through sleeve put on the plain ends of rod

(two cotters will be needed). We shall now see both types of joints. The cotter joints are

used only to transmit axial pull between two rods and they are not made to rotate.

5.6 SLEEVE COTTER JOINT

Two plain cylindrical ends are made to butt each other and a single sleeve covers both.

Two slots are made in the sleeve, each coinciding with the slot in the rod end. The rod

end may be enlarged to compensate for the slot.

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.5 shows a cotter, a rod with enlarged end and a sleeve. Two cotters are need to

join two rods. The internal diameter of the sleeve match with the external diameter of the

rod and the slot matches with the cotter. Figure 5.6 shows two rod ends pushed in a

sleeve with a slight clearance at butting ends to accommodate cotters. The two views of

sleeve cotter joint are drawn in Figure 5.7.

Figure 5.6

Figure 5.7 : Two Views of Sleeve Cotter Joint

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Machine Drawing 5.7 SOCKET AND SPIGOT COTTER JOINT

One end of a rod carries a socket while other end of another rod carries a spigot. The

socket is a hollow and spigot a solid cylinder with a collar. The socket also has a collar.

The spigot the socket and the cotter are shown in Figure 5.8.

Figure 5.8 : Cotter, Socket and Spigot

Figure 5.9 shows the spigot inserted into socket with their slots for receiving the

cotter aligned.

Figure 5.9 : Socket and Spigot Assembled

SAQ 3

Draw the elevation and side view of cotter joint from three parts shown in

Figure 5.8.

SAQ 4

A rectangular fork ahead of a square section bar carries slot for a cotter and a gib

as shown in Figure 5.10. A square bar carries a slot at its end similar to that in the

fork and also shown in the above Figure. Assemble the four parts and draw

elevation, plan and side view of the assembly.

Figure 5.10

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Keys, Cotter and

Knuckle Joints 5.8 JOINING OF RODS

If a problem is put before us to create a joint between two round bars to carry axial load

and use a pin to join them then a number of solution may come up. Some are shown in

Figure here.

Figure 5.11 shows how two rods can be joined with the help of a pin which passes

through holes. The ends are finished flat through half the diameter to match to form a

perfect cylinder when flats are placed in contact. Draw this joint in two views by taking

diameter of rod as 25 mm and diameter of pin as 10 mm.

Figure 5.11 : A Pin-Joint between Two Circular Section Rods

Figure 5.12 : A Pin Joint between Two Plates

Figure 5.13 : Another Pin-Joint between Two Plates

Figure 5.14 : A Knuckle Joint Joining Two Rods

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Machine Drawing Figures 5.12 and 5.13. show the joints between the plates. Note how the changes are

introduced from Figures 5.12 to 5.13. It is also suggested that the plate ends can be cut

along broken lines.

Example 5.1

Draw the joint shown in Figure 5.13 for plate 10 mm thick and two parts 1 (a) and

(b) each is 10 mm thick in plate1. The width of the plate is 25 mm and length can

be any thing. Redraw the two views of above drawing by cutting along broken

lines producing plates 15 mm wide. The pin diameter is 10 mm.

Figure 5.15 : Two View of the Joint of Figure 5.13

Figure 5.16 : Two Views of Modified Joint of Figure 5.13

5.9 KNUCLE JOINT

In earlier figures we developed a knuckle joint. That is a joint which connects two rods.

The parts that create the joint are made integral with the rods, i.e. they become the rod

ends. One is called fork which provides the recess and other is called eye which fits into

the recess. The ends are shaped properly to avoid sharp corners or sharp changes in the

radii. You must have noticed that in Figures 5.15 and 5.16 there is nothing to stop the pin

from sliding. Some restrictions like head in the pin and a stopper at the other end must be

provided. These can be seen in Figure 5.14 in which pin is marked 3. A collar with a hole

through which a taper pin or a split pin is pressed is used as a stopper. The collar is

marked 4 and taper pin as 5. Altogether there are five parts in a knuckle joint. These five

parts are shown separately in Figure 5.17.

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Keys, Cotter and

Knuckle Joints

Figure 5.17 : Five Parts of a Knuckle Joint

It is interesting to note that all dimension in a knuckle joint are related to diameter ‘d’ of

the rod. These rotations are shown in Figure 5.18 in which the five parts are assembled to

form the join.

You must draw the top view and side view. Parts of Figure 5.17 are assembled to make a

knuckle joint in Figure 5.18.

Figure 5.18 : A Knuckle Joint

All Dimensions in Terms of Rod Diameter d

Example 5.2

For two rods of diameter 25 mm draw elevation and plan of a knuckle joint. Show

partial section of elevation. For inside and outside surfaces of fork take respective

radii of 14 and 32 mm.

Figure 5.19 : Elevation and Plan of a Knuckle Joint

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Machine Drawing 5.10 SUMMARY

Various types of keys are used in practice out of which the square key is most common

for gears and pulleys. By drawings it has been shown how do the keys fit in the

assembly. The cotter is another element that produces temporary joints. Different types of

cotter joints and their elements have been shown in drawing. The reader should

reproduce each drawing.

5.11 ANSWERS TO SAQs

SAQ 1

Assume :

Square key – w = 50 mm, h = 50 mm

Saddle key – w = 60 mm, h = 25 mm

Key on flat – w = 60 mm, h = 25 mm

Splines – 4 rectangular, w = 56 mm, h = 18 mm

Woodruff – w = 40 mm, Radius of key = 80 mm, Keyway depth = 57 mm, Depth of the key = 76 mm

Round key – diameter = 50 mm

All the keys except woodruff will be equal to hub in length, i.e. 250 mm.

Figure 5.20 : Three Views of Shaft and Hub Assembly with a Square Key

Figure 5.21 : Shaft and Hub Assembly with a Woodruff Key

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Keys, Cotter and

Knuckle Joints

Figure 5.22 : Shaft and Hub Assembly with Round Key

Figure 5.23 : Splined Shaft and Hub Assembly

The shaft and hub assembly has been drawn for following four cases :

Figure 5.20 : Shaft and hub assembly with square key.

Figure 5.21 : Shaft and hub assembly with woodruff key.

Figure 5.22 : Shaft and hub assembly with round key.

Figure 5.23 : Shaft and hub assembly for splines.

You are advised to draw similar assemblies for saddle key and key on flat.

SAQ 2

Gib key dimensions

356 mm, 0.6 0.6 35 21 mm

6 6

Dh H D= = = = = × =

35 359 mm, 12 mm

4 4 3 3

D Dw B= = = = = =

(a) A Rectangular Key with Gib Head

(b) Rectangular Key with Gib Head Fitted between a Shaft and a Pulley (Third Angle Projection)

Figure 5.24

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Machine Drawing SAQ 3

The two views are drawn in Figure 5.25.

Figure 5.25 : Spigot Socket Cotter Joint Assembly Square

SAQ 4

Figure 5.26 shows three views of assembled gib and cotter joint.

Figure 5.26 : Gib and Cotter Joint with Fork End

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Page 35: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

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Page 36: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

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Page 37: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

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Page 38: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

TOPICS OF “ENGINEERING GRAPHICS ” (Mechanical Portion)

( C ) ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS FROM GIVEN ISOMETRIC VIEW

( D ) ISOMETRIC VIEW/PROJECTIONSFROM GIVEN ORTHOGRPHIC VIEWS

Without Sections With Sections

View i.e. drawing Projections

Topic no. Topic Content No. of Lectures 07

05

Page 39: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

TYPES OF LINES USED IN

ENGINEERING DRAWING

APPLICATIONS OF LINES ON DRAWING

G2CUTTING PLANE

LINE (IN T.V)

CONTINUOUS THICK

A

A

G1CUTTING PLANE

LINE (IN F.V)G1

B CONTINUOUS THIN (WAVY)

B

C SHORT ZIGZAG THIN

C

DDD CONTINUOUS

THIN

D

ESHORT DASH

MEDIUM (DOTED LINE )

E

F LONG CHAIN THIN (CENTER

LINE)

F

40 30

2515

0

60

Page 40: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

Trimmed and untrimmed drawing sheetsizes are commercially designatedas A0(Maximum size), A1, A2, A3, A4 & A 5 (Leastsize).

In Engineering Graphics’ term work, allthe 4 sheets willbe of A2 (approximately ½Imperial) size

The following two systems are adopted fordimensioning purposes on orthographicviewsaswell as onpictorial view.

Dimensioning Techniques

Page 41: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

20

35

ALIGNED SYSTEM

(FOR A2 TO A5SHEET SIZE)

UNIDIRECTIONALSYSTEM

(FOR LARGE SIZED SHEETS)

35

20

ARROW HEADS(H x 3H) 3H

H

Page 42: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

ORTHOGRAPHIC PREOJECTIONS

(MULTI VIEW REPRESENTATIONS i.e. F.V.,

T.V. & S.V. – L.H.S.V OR R.H.S.V) FROM

ISOMETRIC VIEW

PLANES OF PROJECTIONS

QUADRANTS

VISION DIRECTIONS

Page 43: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

SCALING OF A DRAWING (Full Size 1:1,

Reduced 1:2or Enlarged 5:1 )

VIEWES

METHODS OF PROJECTIONS WITH

THEIR SYMBOLS

Page 44: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

(AS PER BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS FOR ENGINEERING DRAWING.)

SCALING OF A DRAWING

RECOMMENDED SCALES

1. FULL SCALE e.g. 1: 1

In certain cases the engineering components maybe very large or very small for drawing purposes,hence the corresponding scale may be preferredfrom the following

Page 45: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

3. ENLARGED SCALE e.g. 50:1, 20:1, 10:1, 5:1, 2:1

2. REDUCED SCALE e.g. 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:5,

1:10, 1:20,

1:15, 1:100,

1:200, 1:500,

1:1000, 1:2000,

1:5000,

1:10000

Page 46: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

SYMBOLS USED ON ENGINEERING DRAWING SHEET

FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

THIRD ANGLE METHOD OF

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

M/c. PARTS ARE NEVER ASSUMED IN SECONDOR IN FOURTH QUADRANT, AS THE VIEWSMAY OVERLAP ON ONE ANOTHER ABOVE XYOR BELOW XY RESPECTIVELY.

Page 47: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

HP

VP

PP

ISOMETRIC VIEW

OF

FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS (FOR L.H.S.V.)

Z1X

Y

Y

X

OBJECT IN FIRST

QUADRANT (FOR L.H.S.V.)

Page 48: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

Fig. 2(c) shows turning of the planes H.P & P.Pwith their respective hinges, consideringV.P asfixed plane.

b) F.V is within L & H, T.V is within L & D,While L.H.S.V is within H & D.

It may benoted that :-(a) F.V. (X directional view) is on V.P, T.V. (Y

directional view) is on H.P, while L.H.S.V (Z1directional view) is on P.P

c) The symbol for Ist angle methodof projectionsis placedasshownon fig. 2(c)

Page 49: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

Fig. 2(c)

X Y

H.P

T.V.

L

V.P

F.V.L.H.S.V.

D

P.P

H

Page 50: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

AIM: Fig. 2(a) shows the Pictorial(ISOMETRIC) view of a cutblock. Draw its followingorthographic views using Ist anglemethodof projections.

I. Front View

II. Top View

III. R. H. S.View

Page 51: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

X

Fig 2(b)

P.P

Z2

V.P

H.P

Z2

Fig 2(a)

X

Y

YY

Page 52: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

Note : I st angle means, the blockis assumedin

front of V. P, above H.P and inside P.P,

as in fig. 2(b) where the F.V. is

projected on V.P, seenin X direction,

T.V. is projected on H.P, seen in Y

direction & R.H.S.V. is projected on

P.P, seenin Z2 direction

Page 53: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

It may be noted that :-

a) F.V. (X directional view) is on V.P, T.V. (Ydirectional view) is on H.P, while R.H.S.V (Z2directional view) is on P.P

Fig. 2(c) shows turning of the planes H.P & P.P withtheir respective hinges, considering plane V.P asfixed plane.

b) F.V is within L & H, T.V is within L & D, WhileR.H.S.V is within H & D.

c) The symbol for Ist angle methodof projections isplaced as shown on fig. 2(c)

Page 54: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

Fig. 2(c)

H.P

T.V.

L

F.V.

V.P

X YR.H.S.V.

D

P.P

H

Page 55: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

AIM: Fig. 3(a) shows the Pictorial

(ISOMETRIC) view of a cut block.

Draw its following orthographic views

using III rd angle methodof projections.

I. Front View

II. Top View

III. Left Hand Side View

Page 56: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

H.P

P.P

X

Y

Z1

X

Y

V.P

Fig 3(b)

Y

Z1X

Fig 3(a)

Plane H.P turned up(above V.P)

Plane P.P turned side way(towards left side of plane V.P)

Page 57: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

Note : III rd angle means, the blockis

assumed behind V.P, below H.P and

inside P.P, as in fig. 3(b) where the F.V.

is projected on V.P, seenin X direction,

T.V. is projected on H.P, seen in Y

direction & L.H.S.V. is projected on

P.P, seenin Z1 direction

Page 58: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

c) The symbol for III rd angle methodof projectionsis placed as shown on fig. 3(c)

b) F.V is within L & H, T.V is within L & D, WhileL.H.S.V is within H & D.

Fig. 3(c) shows turning of the planes H.P & P.P withtheir respective hinges, considering plane V.P asfixed plane.

It may be noted that :-

a) F.V. (X directional view) is on V.P, T.V. (Ydirectional view) is on H.P, while L.H.S.V (Z1directional view) is on P.P

Page 59: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

T.V.

4

D6

L.H.S.V

2

F.V.

L

X Y

Fig. 3(c)

Page 60: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

AIM: Fig. 4(a) shows the Pictorial

(ISOMETRIC) view of a cut block.

Draw its following orthographic

views using III rd angle method of

projections.

I. Front View

II. Top View

III. Right Hand Side View

Page 61: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

X

Y

X

Y

H P.P

Z2

Fig. 4(b)

Planes H.P, V.P & P.P are assumed as transparent

Y

Z2Fig. 4(a)

X

H.P

V.P

Page 62: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

Note : III rd angle means, the blockis assumed

behind V.P, below H.P and inside P.P, as

in fig. 4(b) where the F.V. is projected

on V.P, seen in X direction, T.V. is

projected on H.P, seenin Y direction &

R.H.S.V. is projected on P.P, seenin Z2

direction.

Page 63: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

b) F.V is within L & H, T.V is within L & D,While R.H.S.V is within H & D.

c) The symbol for III rd angle method of projectionsis placed as shownon fig. 4(c)

Fig. 4(c) shows turning of the planes H.P&P.P withtheir respective hinges, considering planeV.P as fixed plane.

It may benoted that :-a) F.V. (X directional view) is on V.P, T.V. (Y

directional view) is on H.P, while R.H.S.V (Z2directional view) is on P.P

Page 64: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

YX

H.P

T.V.D

V.P

F.V.

L

Fig. 4(c)

P.P

R.H.S.V.

H

Page 65: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

Step by step procedure

Suggested to prepare

Orthographic views (First angle

method) for The simple

component Shown pictorially in

figure

Page 66: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

20

60

R40

ISOMETRIC VIEW X

Page 67: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

R40

20

100

80ø40

80

20

TOP VIEW

FRONT VIEWR.H.S.V

SCALE: 1:1

SYMBOL IS NOT MARKED

20 20

Page 68: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

FIGURE SHOWS ISOMETRIC VIEW OF ASIMPLE OBJECT(WITHOUT DIMENSIONS)SHOW ITS THREE ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS

Use First Angle Method

1. Front View

2. Top View

3. L.H.S.ViewA

B

a

b

3

c

2

1

Page 69: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

F.V

T.V

L.H.S.V.

B

a

bc

32

1

b

3

A

Page 70: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

FIGURE SHOWS ISOMETRIC VIEW OF ANOBJECT(WITHOUT DIMENSIONS) SHOW ITSTHREE ORTHO GRAPHIC VIEWS

Use Third Angle Method

1. Front View

2. Top View

3. L.H.S.View

1. Front View

2. Top View

3. L.H.S.ViewA

a

b

3 c

2

1

Page 71: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

FRONT VIEWL.H.S VIEW

TOP VIEW

A

ab

3

c

2 1

Page 72: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

Aim : Figure shows isometricview, of a simple machinecomponent.

Draw its following Orthographicviews, & dimension them.1. Front View2. Top View3. R.H.S. View

Use First Angle Method of projection

Page 73: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

Figure, is the isometric view

X

Figure

L = 75+25=100H = 10+30=40D=50

Page 74: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

10

10

F.V.

25 75

40

T.V.ORTHOGRAPHIC

VIEWS

F.V L=100H=40

T.V L=100D=50

S.V D=50H=40

Page 75: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

30

10

25 SQ

15 SQ

Ø30,Depth 1040 SQ

ISOMETRIC

ORTHO. VIEWS

Page 76: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

25 Sq

4015

453535

15 Sq

40 Sq

Ø30

5

10

30

10

510

R.H.S.V.

F.V.

T.V.

Page 77: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

Figure shows the isometricview of a vertical shaft support.

Draw its all the three views,using first angle method ofprojections.

Give the necessary dimensionsasper aligned system.

Exercise :-

Page 78: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

ISOMETRIC VIEW Ø40

Ø64

24

50

Page 79: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

1414

48

70

24

10

Ø40

50

Ø64

30

140

L.H.S.VFRONT VIEW

TOP VIEW

Page 80: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

Isometric view of a rod support is

given.

Draw its all the three orthographic views, using first angle method of

projections.

Give all the dimensions.

Exercise :-

Page 81: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

ISOMETRIC VIEW

16 20

R22

40

X

Page 82: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

TOP VIEW

R22

2040

10

FRONT VIEWRIGHT SIDE

VIEW

1402080

SCALE: 1:1

303066

26

30

Page 83: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

10

20R20

R8

30

ISOMETRIC

ORTHO. VIEWS

Page 84: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

4530 8

20 25

16

R8

R2030

20

10

100

Page 85: Keys, Cotter and UNIT 5 KEY, COTTER AND KNUCKLE Knuckle … · 2021. 2. 12. · 89 Keys, Cotter and 5.5 COTTER AND COTTER JOINT Knuckle Joints A cotter is a metallic strip of uniform

SECTIONING OF A

MACHINE COMPONENT

BY ANY ONE SECTION

PLA NE ,OUT OF THREE

FOLLOWING MENTIONED

SECTION PLANES

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(1)BY A VERTICAL SECTION PLANE(PARALLEL TO PRINCIPLE V.P.)

Hence ,

(a)The real or true shape of the section is

observed in its F.V.

(b)Section plane will be seen as a cutting

plane line (similar to center line ,thick at

ends) with corresponding horizontal vision

direction arrows at the center of thick ends in

its T.V. & S.V.

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(2)BY A HORIZONTAL SECTION PLANE

Hence,

(a)The real or true shape of the section is observed in

its T.V.

(b) The cutting or section plane will be observed as a

cutting plane line (similar to center line ,thick at

ends) with the corresponding vertically downward

vision direction arrows at the center of the thick

ends in its F.V. and in S.V.

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(3) BY A SECTION PLANE , NORMAL TOBOTH H.P. AND V.P.(i.e. parallel to profile plane or side view plane)

Hence,

(a)The real or true shape of the section is observed in

its S.V.

(b) The cutting or section plane will be observed as a

cutting plane line (similar to center line ,thick at

ends) with the corresponding vertically downward

vision direction arrows at the center of the thick

ends in its F.V. and in T.V.

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50

15

15

Figure shows isometric viewof amachine component. Drawits

(1)Front view, Top view & L.H.SView, using 3rd angle methodof projections.

(2)Sectional Front view, Topview & L.H.S.V., using 3rd

angle method of projections.

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10

50 50

604030

1525

5

30

50

15

Front View

Top View

L.H.S.View

1.Ortho. Views (No sectioning)

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A

B

Retained split of the machine parts

It will be nearer to V.P.in 1st angle method &against the verticalplane in 3rd anglemethod.

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50 50

604030

1525

5

10

30

Top View

Sectional Front View - ABL.H.S. View

A B

A

B

2.(With sectioning)

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2020

60

A

A

X

Figure shows the pictorialview of a machine component.Draw its following views asper First angle method ofprojections

(1) Front view from X direction.

(2) Sectional top view-AA(3) L.H.S. View

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20

Sketch shows the assumed cut model (retained part ofthe machine component / split against the observer) dueto horizontal section plane passing through AB.

X

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120

6028

Ø30, 7deep Ø20

2020

14

F.V.

Sectional T.V.

L.H.S.V.

A AA A

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20

60

30

XA

BFigure shows the pictorial view

of a machine components.Draw its following views,using 3 rd angle method ofprojections.

(1) Front view from arrow X

(2) Top View

(3) Sectional R.H.S.V - AB

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B

A

Retained split of the machine parts

Retained split, will benearer to V.P. in 1st

angle method &against the verticalplane in 3rd anglemethod.

No hatching inthis area as notcontained in thesection plane

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80

2020 20

60

90

40

A

A

AF.V.

T.V.

SEC.R.H.S.V

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HALF SECTION

SPECIALSECIONS

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A

C

B

HALF SECTIONAL F.V.- AB HALF SECTIONALLEFT S.V.-BC

TOP VIEW

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REMOVED & REVOLVED SECTIONS

SPECIAL SECTIONS

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REMOVEDSECTION

REVOLVEDSECTION

REMOVEDSECTION

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REVOLVED SECTION

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REMOVED SECTION

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REMOVED SECTIONS

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ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

ANINTRODUCTION

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Orthographic Projections

• Orthographic Projections are a collection of 2-D drawings that work together to give an accurate overall representation of an object.

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Defining the Six Principal

Views or Orthographic

Views

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Which Views to Present?

General Guidelines• Pick a Front View that is most descriptive

of object • Normally the longest dimension is chosen

as the width (or depth)• Most common combination of views is to

use: – Front, Top, and Side View

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Glass Box Approach

• Place the object in a glass box

• Freeze the view from each direction (each of the six sides of the box) and unfold the box

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Glass Box Approach

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Glass Box Approach

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Glass Box Approach

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Glass Box Approach

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Glass Box Approach

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Glass Box Approach

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Third-angle Projection

First-angle Projection

First and Third Angle Projections

• First Angle• Third Angle

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Conventional Orthographic Views

Height

Depth

Width

Front View

Top View/Plan

Right Side View

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Lines on an engineering drawing signify more than just the geometry of the object and it isimportant that the appropriate line type is used.

Line Thickness

For most engineering drawings you will require two thickness', a thick and thin line. The general recommendation are that thick lines are twice as thick as thin lines.

A thick continuous line is used for visible edges and outlines.

A thin line is used for hatching, leader lines, short centre lines, dimensions and projections.

Line Styles

Other line styles used to clarify important features on drawings are:

Thin chain lines are a common feature on engineering drawings used to indicate centre lines. Centre lines are used to identify the centre of a circle, cylindrical features, or a line of symmetry.

Dashed lines are used to show important hidden detail for example wall thickness and holes..

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• Visible lines takes precedence over all other lines

• Hidden lines and cutting plane lines take precedence over center lines

• Center lines have lowest precedence

Precedence of Lines

0.6 mm

0.3 mm

0.6 mm

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For Example:

1. Visible2. Hidden3. Center

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Dimensioning

A dimensioned drawing should provide all the information necessary for a finished product or part to be manufactured. An example dimension is shown below.

Dimensions are always drawn using continuous thin lines. Two projection lines indicate where the dimension starts and finishes. Projection lines do not touch the object and are drawn perpendicular to the element you are dimensioning.All dimensions less than 1 should have a leading zero. i.e. .35 should be written as 0.35

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Types of Dimensioning

• Parallel Dimensioning• Parallel dimensioning consists of several

dimensions originating from one projection line.

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•Superimposed Running Dimensions

•Superimposed running dimensioning simplifies parallel dimensions in order to reduce the space used on a drawing. The common origin for the dimension lines is indicated by a small circle at the intersection of the first dimension and the

projection line.

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•Chain Dimensioning

•Combined DimensionsA combined dimension uses both chain and parallel dimensioning.

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Dimensioning of circles

• (a) shows two common methods of dimensioning a circle. One method dimensions the circle between two lines projected from two diametrically opposite points. The second method dimensions the circle internally.

• (b) is used when the circle is too small for the dimension to be easily read if it was placed inside the circle.

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Dimensioning Radii

• All radial dimensions are proceeded by the capital R.

(a) shows a radius dimensioned with the centre of the radius located on the drawing.

(b) shows how to dimension radii which do not need their centres locating.

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Tolerancing

• It is not possible in practice to manufacture products to the exact figures displayed on an engineering drawing. The accuracy depends largely on the manufacturing process. A tolerance value shows the manufacturing department the maximum permissible variation from the dimension.

• Each dimension on a drawing must include a tolerance value. This can appear either as:

• a general tolerance value applicable to several dimensions. i.e. a note specifying that the General Tolerance +/- 0.5 mm.

• or a tolerance specific to that dimension

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Drawing layout

All engineering drawings should feature a title block.

The title block should include:

Title:- title of the drawingName:- name of the person who produced the drawingChecked:- before manufacture, drawings are usually checkedVersion:- many drawings are amended, each revision must be notedDate:- the date the drawing was produced or last amendedNotes:- any note relevant to the drawingScale:- the scale of the drawingCompany name:- name of the companyProjection:- the projection system used to create the drawing

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“ASPECTS OF WOOD JOINTS “

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Joinery is a part of woodworking that involves joining together pieces of wood, to create furniture, structures, toys, and other items. Some wood joints employ fasteners, bindings, or adhesives, while others use only wood elements. The characteristics of wooden joints - strength, flexibility, toughness, etc. -derive from the properties of the joining materials and from how they are used in the joints. Therefore, different joinery techniques are used to meet differing requirements. For example, the joinery used to build a house is different from that used to make puzzle toys, although some concepts overlap.

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Designing and building furniture you have to consider a lot of different aspects. Apart from the appearance of the whole furniture and the dimensions you have to know how to construct the derails. These details have to be part of your drawing, so you have to think about them before you actually go the workshop and start the production or project.

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Chaser

Clamp

Hand Saw and many more

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WORK BENCH

It should have a proper work bench in order to work comfortable and safe.

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The designer has to consider some aspects:

Strength

Appearance

Cost

Difficulty

Assembly

Quality

Disassembly

Material

Customer

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Good fit

Big gluing area

Direction of the wood

Interlocking

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In the mitter joint we can see that there is only end grain joined together.

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This joint is actually has a very big gluing and interlocking area.

The width of the fingers should be about 1/3 to ½ the thickness of the wood.

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Simple and strong, the mortise and tenon joint has been used for thousands of years by woodworkers around the world to join pieces of wood, usually when the pieces are at an angle close to 90°.

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It can be used to fix shelfes in a rack.

A dado is cut across, or perpendicular to, the grain and is thus differentiated from a groove which is cut with, or parallel to, the grain.

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TYPES OF COUPLING

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Content• What is coupling?• Types of Coupling

1)Rigid Coupling(A)Sleeve or Muff Coupling(B)Clamp or Split muff or compression

coupling(C)Flange Coupling

<1> Unprotected Type<2> Protected Type

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2)Flexible Coupling(A)Bushed pin type flange coupling(B)Universal Coupling(C)Oldham’s Coupling

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What is coupling?• A coupling is a

device used to connect two shafts together at their ends for the purpose of transmitting power.

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• It is used to connect two shafts which are perfectly in axial alignment. These couplings do not allow any relative rotation between the two shafts.

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Types of Rigid coupling1)Sleeve or Muff Coupling2)Clamp or Split Muff or

Compression Coupling3)Flange Coupling

(a) Unprotected type(b) Protected type

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Sleeve or Muff Coupling• This is the simplest form

of rigid coupling. It is made up of cast iron and very simple to design and manufacture. It consists of hollow cylinder(muff) whose inner diameter is same as diameter of shaft as shown in figure.

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Split Muff Coupling• In this coupling, the

muff or sleeve is made into two halves parts of cast iron and they are joined together by means of mild steel studs or bolts and nuts as shown in figure.

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Flange Coupling1) Unprotected Type

Flange Coupling:

This coupling is having two separate cast iron flanges as shown in figure an unprotected type flange coupling. Each flange is mounted on the shafts end and keyed to it. The two flanges are coupled together by help of bolts and nuts.

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The projected portion of one of the flange and corresponding recess on other flange are help to bring the shafts into line and maintain alignment

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2) Protected type flange coupling:a flange is provided with shroud which shelters the bolt heads and nuts as shown in figure is called protected type flange coupling. This coupling prevents catching clothes of workman.

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• This coupling is used to protect the driving and driven machine members against harmful effects produce due to misalignment of shafts, vibration, sudden shock load or shaft expansion.

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Types of Flexible Coupling

1)Bush pin type flange coupling

2)Oldham’s coupling3)Universal coupling or

Hooke’s joint

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Bush Pin Type Coupling • This is the modified form of

flange coupling. This type f coupling has a pins and it work as a coupling bolts. The rubber or leather bushes are used over the pins. The coupling is having two halves are dissimilar in construction as shown in figure. The pins are rigidly fastened by nuts to one of the flange and kept loose in the other flange.

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• This coupling is used to connect the small parallel misalignment and axial displacement. In this coupling rubber bush absorbs shock and vibration during its operation. This type of coupling is mostly used to couple an electric motor and machine.

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Oldham‒sやCoupling• It consists of two flanges with

slots and a central floating disc as shown in figure. The disc having two tongues at right angles. The one tongue is fitted into the slot of first flange and allows horizontal sliding relative motion with the other tongue is fitted into the slot of the second flange and allows for vertical sliding relative motion.

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• This right angle motions of tongues on the slots will accommodate lateral misalignment of shafts when they rotate.

• Oldham’s coupling is used in connecting two parallel shafts but not in alignment, and their axis are at small distance apart.

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Universal Coupling• Universal coupling consists

of two similar forks keyed on the ends of the two shafts as shown in the figure. These two forks are assembled to a central block by pin. A central block having two arms at right angle to each other. Universal coupling is used to connect two shafts whose axis intersect.

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• Universal coupling is also used to connect two shafts, where the angle between two shaft may be varied when they rotate. The universal coupling is widely used in automobile and machine tools.

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References

Elements Of Mechanical Engineering

-

H. G. Katariya

J. P. Hadiya

S. M. Bhatt

Books India Publications

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Prepared By

Sheth preet sanketkumar

M. E. 3, batch - c

170050119548