Key Terms1. Sola Scripta (379)- Protestant doctrine that the Bible is the supreme authority in all matters of doctrine and practice. 2. Reformation (379)- A movement to reform and purify the Catholic Church that resulted in the creation of new religions denominations in Europe collectively known as Protestants 3. Printing Press (380)- Invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 1450's in Mainz, Germany. Its use changes the process of education. Makes religious and classical text easily accessible to people eager to learn about it. Lists of laws are made into books and spread, thus making the law more enforceable. Standardizes language making it more accessible. Compared to the internet were the intellectual community may spread their ideas. Also remade maps of the New World and charts making it more accurate.4. Gutenberg (380)- The European inventor of the printing press, which allowed books to be printed quickly and economically. He used his invention to print copies of the Bible. This innovation aided the spread of Renaissance and Reformation ideas throughout Europe.5. Christian Humanism (382)- The application of the principles of humanistic education, particularly philology, to the documents of Christianity. It resulted in a program of reform through better education.6. Thomas More (382)- English statesman who opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded, wrote Utopia 7. Erasmus (383)- Greatest of the Northern Humanists, wrote "In Praise of Folly" which satirized what he felt were problems in the Church, translated the New Testament into Latin8. Polyglot Bible (383)- first printed polyglot of the entire Bible, initiated and financed by Cardinal Francisco Jimnez de Cisneros(14361517) and published by Complutense University). It includes the first printed editions of the Greek New Testament, the complete Septuagint, and the Targum Onkelos. Of the 600 printed six-volume sets, only 123 are known to have survived to date.9. Simony (386)- buying and selling of offices10. Nepotism (386)- passing on church offices to family members11. Pluralism (386)- holding multiple church positions12. Indulgences (387)- Remission of temporal punishment in Purgatory due to ones sins. Originally granted for performing pious acts, but later acquired through a grant to the church treasury. In the sixteenth century, indulgences were sold to raise money for the papacy; a critical issue in the Lutheran reform.13. John Tetzel (387)- German Dominican friar whose preaching on indulgences, considered by many of his contemporaries to be an abuse of the sacrament of penance, sparked Martin Luthers reaction14. 95 Theses (387)- Written by Martin Luther in 1517 and is widely regarded as the initial catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. The disputation protests against clerical abuses, especially the sale of indulgences.15. Penance and Confession (387)- The church stated that all people had to be cleansed of their sins before entering heaven. Penance: the performance of acts of contrition assigned after confession. Many citizens believed the requests of the church were too rigorous. Indulgences were seen as a substitute for penance and confession.16. Charles V (389)- HRE Emperor who ordered Luther to recant at the Diet at Worms17. Sola Fide (389)- A fundamental principle of Luthers theology: justification of Christians by faith alone. 18. Frederick of Saxony (389)- Elector of Saxony who worked for constitutional reform of the Holy Roman Empire and protected Martin Luther after Luther was placed under the imperial ban in 152119. Seven Sacraments (389)- There are seven sacraments in the Church: Baptism, Confirmation or Chrismation, Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony." These seven sacraments were codified in the documents of the Council of Trent (1545-1563) 20. Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (389)- Martin Luther writing taht specified that secular government can reform church21. Diet of Worms (392)- This was when Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, and Pope Leo X, called upon Luther to recant. He refused, saying that unless they could prove him wrong using scripture, he could not, because "it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience."22. Ulrich Zwingli (392)- This man brought religion reform to Zurich, in the Holy Roman Empire. He believed that the Church should try to get back to its early purity. He believed in equality of believers, justification by faith alone, and emphasized the scripture. He attacked indulgences and penance, clerical celibacy, and praying to the Virgin/icons/images/saints. 23. John Calvin (393)- This French theologian was the leading French Protestant Reformer and very important to the second generation of the Christian Reformation. He deeply influenced Protestantism elsewhere in Europe and in North America. The Calvinist form of Protestantism is has had a great impact on the development of the modern world, and included the Huguenots. One thing he specifically believed was that God knows before a person is born whether they are going to heaven or hell.24. Zurich (393)- Zwingli wanted to reform and establish the Protestantism25. Predestination (394)- A fundamental principle of Calvins theology: the belief that all Christians are predestined to either heaven or hell from the act of creation 26. Institutes of Christian Religion (394)- John Calvins masterpiece, a summary of biblical theology that became the normative statement of the Reformed faith. It was first published in 1536 and was revised and enlarged by Calvin in several editions before the definitive edition was published in 1559.27. Francis I (394)- First of five monarchs of the Angoulme branch of the House of Valois. A Renaissance patron of the arts and scholarship, a humanist, and a knightly king, he waged campaigns in Italy(151516) and fought a series of wars with the Holy Roman Empire (152144).28. Catherine of Aragon (395)- First wife of King Henry VIII of England (reigned 150947). The refusal of Pope Clement VII to annul Henrys marriage to Catherine triggered the break between Henry and Rome and led to the English Reformation.29. Mary Tudor (395)- First queen to rule England (155358) in her own right. She was known as Bloody Mary for her persecution of Protestants in a vain attempt to restore Roman Catholicism in England.30. Edward VI (396)- king of England from 1461 until October 1470 and again from April 1471 until his death in 1483. He was a leading participant in the Yorkist-Lancastrian conflict known as the Wars of the Roses.31. Thomas Cranmer (396)- the first Protestant archbishop of Canterbury (153356), adviser to the English kings Henry VIII and Edward VI. As archbishop, he put the English Bible in parish churches, drew up the Book of Common Prayer, and composed a litany that remains in use today. Denounced by the Catholic queen Mary I for promoting Protestantism, he was convicted of heresy and burned at the stake.32. Thomas Cromwell (396)- Principal adviser (153240) to Englands Henry VIII, chiefly responsible for establishing the Reformation in England, for the dissolution of the monasteries, and for strengthening the royal administration. At the instigation of his enemies he was eventually arrested for heresy and treason and executed.33. Anabaptist (399)- a Protestant sectarian of a radical movement arising in the 16th century and advocating the baptism and church membership of adult believers only, nonresistance, and the separation of church and state.34. New Piety (401)- a new virtue that may include religious devotion, spirituality, or a mixture of both. 35. Imitation of Christ (1427) (401)- Basic Christian practice, the attempt of a disciple to follow the example of the Lord. It is also the title of a widely influential book on the spiritual life attributed to Thomas Kempis (15th cent.).36. Ignatius Loyola/Jesuits (403)- a Roman Catholic order of religious men founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola, noted for its educational, missionary, and charitable works, once regarded by many as the principal agent of the Counter-Reformation, and later a leading force in modernizing the church. 37. Counter-Reformation (404)- Catholic response to repel Protestantism 38. Council of Trent (404)- Ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic church (154563), highly important for its sweeping decrees on self-reform and for its dogmatic definitions that clarified virtually every doctrine contested by the Protestants. Despite internal strife, external dangers, and two lengthy interruptions, the council played a vital role in revitalizing the Roman Catholic church in many parts of Europe.39. Peace of Augsburg (406)- First permanent legal basis for the existence of Lutheranism as well as Catholicism in Germany, promulgated on September 25, 1555, by the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire assembled earlier that year at Augsburg.40. Hapsburg-Valois Wars (410)- a series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 that involved, at various times, most of the city-states of Italy, the Papal States, most of the major states of Western Europe (France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, England, and Scotland) as well as the Ottoman Empire. Originally arising from dynastic disputes over the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Naples, the wars rapidly became a general struggle for power and territory among their various participants, and were marked with an increasing number of alliances, counter-alliances, and betrayals.41. Cardinal Richelieu (410)-42. Mary Queen of Scots (414)- Queen of Scotland (154267) and queen consort of France (155960). Her unwise marital and political actions provoked rebellion among the Scottish nobles, forcing her to flee to England, where she was eventually beheaded as a Roman Catholic threat to the English throne.43. Huguenots (414)- French Calvinists led by Henry of Navarre. Huguenots were victims of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre44. St. Bartholomews Day Massacre (414)- Slaughter of numerous Protestants in Paris in 1572 during the French wars of Religion. 45. Elizabeth I (416)- Established the Church of England (1559) and put an end to Catholic plots, notably by executing Mary Queen of Scots (1587) and defeating the Spanish Armada (1588). Her reign was notable for commercial growth, maritime expansion, and the flourishing of literature, music, and architecture46. John Knox (416)- This Scottish theologian was dead-set against women holding positions of power, saying that this went against God, justice, and nature. He wrote The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women in 1558, which reflected common and traditional views that women were inferior. In the sixteenth century, however, there were many powerful and successful female rulers, including Elizabeth I, Mary Queen of Hungary, Margaret of Parma, Jeanne d'Albret of Navarre, Mary Queen of Scots, and Catherine de Medicis. 47. War of the Three Henrys (418)- the last of the Wars of Religion in France in the late 16th century, fought between the moderate but devious King Henry III, the ultra-Roman Catholic Henri I de Lorraine, 3e duc de Guise, and the Huguenot leader Henry of Bourbon, king of Navarre and heir presumptive to the French throne (the future Henry IV).48. Politiques (418)- During the sixteenth-century French wars of religion, a group of Catholics who joined with Huguenots to demand a practical settlement of the wars. 49. Catholic League (418)- A military alliance (160935) of the Catholic powers of Germany led by Maximilian I, duke of Bavaria, and designed to stem the growth of Protestantism in Germany. In alliance with the Habsburg emperors, the Leagues forces, led by Johann Tserclaes, Graf von Tilly, played a key role in the Thirty Years War 50. Edict of Nantes (418)- The proclamation by Henry IV of France granting limited toleration to the Huguenots51. Spanish Armada (418)- The Spanish fleet sent in 1588 to transport troops from the Low Countries for an invasion of England; defeated by the English fleets of Elizabeth I 52. Philip II (419)- king of the Spaniards (155698) and king of the Portuguese (as Philip I, 158098), champion of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation. During his reign the Spanish empire attained its greatest power, extent, and influence, though he failed to suppress the revolt of the Netherlands (beginning in 1566) and lost the Invincible Armada in the attempted invasion of England (1588).53. Michel de Montaigne (423)- French writer whose Essais (Essays) established a new literary form. In his Essays he wrote one of the most captivating and intimate self-portraits ever given, on a par with Augustines and Rousseaus.54. Muscovy (425)- medieval principality that, under the leadership of a branch of the Rurik dynasty, was transformed from a small settlement in the Rostov-Suzdal principality into the dominant political unit in northeastern Russia55. Polish Diet (427)- This event marked the beginning of the period known as "Nobles' Democracy" or "Nobles' Commonwealth. When the state was ruled by the "free and equal" Polish nobility. The Lublin Union of 1569 constituted the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as an influential player in European politics and a vital cultural entity. By the 18th century the nobles' democracy gradually declined into anarchy, making the once powerful Commonwealth vulnerable to foreign influence. Eventually the country was erased from the map in 179556. Ivan the Great (427)- grand prince of Moscow (14621505), who subdued most of the Great Russian lands by conquest or by the voluntary allegiance of princes, rewon parts of Ukraine from PolandLithuania, and repudiated the old subservience to the Mongol-derived Tatars. He also laid the administrative foundations of a centralized Russian state.57. Ivan the Terrible (427)- grand duke of Muscovy (1533-47) and first tsar of Russia (1547-84). He conquered Kazan (1552), Astrakhan (1556), and Siberia (1581), but was defeated by Poland in the Livonian War (1558-82)after which his rule became increasingly oppressive58. Russian Boyars (427)- member of the upper stratum of medieval Russian society and state administration. In Kievan Rus during the 10th12th century, the boyars constituted the senior group in the princes retinue (druzhina) and occupied the higher posts in the armed forces and in the civil administration. They also formed a boyar council, or duma, which advised the prince in important matters of state. In the 13th and 14th centuries, in the northeastern Russian principalities, the boyars were a privileged class of rich landowners; they served the prince as his aides and counselors but retained the right to leave his service and enter that of another prince without losing their estates.59. Scandinavian Federation (427)- An NGO dedicated to closer cooperation between the Nordic countries and ultimately accomplishing the creation of a democratic federation of autonomous regions a united Nordic state. 60. Gustav I Vasa (428)- founder of the Vasa ruling line, who established Swedish sovereignty independent of Denmark.61. Thirty Years War (430)- A major conflict involving principally Austria, Denmark, France, Holland, the German states, Spain, and Sweden, that devastated central Europe, esp large areas of Germany (1618-48). It began as a war between Protestants and Catholics but was gradually transformed into a struggle to determine whether the German emperor could assert more than nominal authority over his princely vassals. The Peace of Westphalia gave the German states their sovereignty and the right of religious toleration and confirmed French ascendancy62. Ferdinand II (431)- Holy Roman emperor (161937), archduke of Austria, king of Bohemia (161719, 162027), and king of Hungary (161825). He was the leading champion of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation and of absolutist rule during the Thirty Years War.63. Christian IV (432)- king of Denmark and Norway (15881648), who led two unsuccessful wars against Sweden and brought disaster upon his country by leading it into the Thirty Years War. He energetically promoted trade and shipping, left a national heritage of fine buildings, and won repute as a plucky, hard-drinking man of grim wit and great resource.64. Gustavus Adolphus (432)- king of Sweden (161132) who laid the foundations of the modern Swedish state and made it a major European power.65. Peace of Westphalia (435)- European settlements of 1648, which brought to an end theEighty Years War between Spain and the Dutch and the German phase of the Thirty Years War. The peace was negotiated, from 1644, in the Westphalian towns of Mnster and Osnabrck. The Spanish-Dutch treaty was signed on Jan. 30, 1648. The treaty of Oct. 24, 1648, comprehended the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand III, the other German princes, France, and Sweden. England, Poland, Muscovy, and Turkey were the only European powers that were not represented at the two assemblies

Essential Questions:1. What were the causes of Protestant and Catholic Reformations? What was the nature of each?Problems with the Churchi. Babylonian Captivityii. Great Schism iii. Conciliar Movement1. create a church council more powerful than popeCorruption of Churchiv. Absenteeism1. Pluralisma. holding more than one office2. Simonya. sale of offices3. Nepotisma. favoring family for office positionsv. Moral declines1. Papal affairsvi. Ignorance1. Priests were illiterate2. Abuse of Indulgences2. How did changes in religious doctrine and practice affect society, culture, and ideas? A. Reformi. Basic and lasting changes in education and the image and role of women.ii. It implemented the educational ideas of humanism. (study original sources in the original language).iii. The Reformation created a loss of religious unity in Western Europe. Political divisions resulted as well. Rulers often chose a religion for their nations. While some states remained Catholic, others became Protestant. iv. For more than 100 years after the Reformation, wars sparked by religion raged in Europe. In the 1500s religious civil wars occurred in Germany, France, and England. v. The Reformation brought even more persecution to Jews. 1. Protestants and Catholics forced Jews to leave their homes, live in separate neighborhoods, and even murdered them. 2. Religious fanatics led people to accuse others (especially women) of being witches. 3. Thousands were put to death for this reasonb. Counter-Reformi. The purpose of the Counter Reformation was a reform movement in the Catholic Church to strengthen the Church and keep Catholics from converting to Protestantism. ii. Pope Paul III called the Council of Trent in 1545 to guide the reform movement. The council, which met on and off for 20 years, reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs and worked to end abuses in the Church. 1. It also ended the sale of indulgences and created the Index a list of banned books.iii. Ignatius Loyola founded the Society of Jesus or the Jesuits. 1. Jesuits were a religious order that emphasized strict moral and spiritual life and they saw themselves as the defender of the Catholic Church. 2. They spread Catholicism to Asia, Africa, and the Americas. iv. Inquisition was when the Church used a court made up of Church officials to root out heresy by force. Trials were held, often using torture, to find people suspected of having beliefs that differed from Church teachings.v. 3. What impact did the religious wars have on the relationship between church and state and the balance of power? A. French Warsvi. Cause1. Religious conflicts2. Nobles, towns and provinces are trying to resist centralizationvii. Impact1. Edict of Nantes clarified situation with Huguenotsa. granted limited toleration Spanish Religious Wars (Dutch Revolt)viii. Cause1. Philips prevention of the spread of Protestantism2. Tax money going to Spain ix. Impact1. Southern Netherlands remained part of Spain2. Spanish acknowledged independence to Northern Provinces30 Years Warx. Cause1. Habsburgs surrounded Francea. wanted to get rid of Protestantsb. centralize authority2. Desire to recapture Netherlands by Spain3. Defenestration of Praguexi. Impact1. Peace of Westphaliaa. German rulers can choose Calvinismb. Winning countries gain land