KEY KNOWLEDGE KEY SKILLS Participate in, analyse · respiratory systems work together in bringing...

© Cengage Learning Australia 2011

KEY KNOWLEDGE KEY SKILLS

The structure and

function of the heart

and lungs

The way the

cardiovascular and

respiratory systems

work together in

bringing oxygen to

working muscles

including breathing,

gaseous exchange and

the transportation of

blood around the body.

Participate in, analyse

and report on

physiological changes

occurring under rest

and different exercise

conditions at the

cardiovascular,

respiratory and

muscular systems.

Respiratory structures


Breathing in = Inspiration

Active

• intercostals and diaphragm both contract

• ribs move upwards and outwards

• diaphragm moves downwards

• lung space increases causing decreased lung

pressure

• air moves into the lungs.

Breathing out = Expiration

Passive

• intercostals and diaphragm relax

• ribs drop and diaphragm return to dome-like

relaxed state

• lung space decreases causing increased lung

pressure

• air moves out of the lungs.

Minute ventilation (VE) = respiratory rate x tidal

volume

Tidal volume = amount of air inhaled and exhaled

per breath (L)

Respiratory rate = breath taken per minute

Pulmonary diffusion occurs in the lungs and as having two main functions:

•to provide blood with oxygen before being transported to muscles and other cells

•to remove carbon dioxide from blood returning from the muscles and other cells

Movement of gases at the alveoli is two-way:

•oxygen moves from the alveoli into the blood

and

•carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the alveoli.

Most oxygen is transported by the red blood cells combined with hemoglobin (Hb) and when the

two combine they form oxyhaemoglobin:

haemoglobin + oxygen = oxyhaemoglobin

Hb + O 2 = HbO2

Transfer & transport of gases


CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM

Components:

Heart

Blood vessels

Blood

Pulmonary and systemic circuits

Functions:

Circulate blood

Deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells

Get rid of waste products e.g. carbon dioxide, heat

Regulate body temperature

Blood clotting

The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart,

blood vessels and blood.

The heart is made up of:

Two upper chambers – the atria

Two lower chambers – the ventricles


Blood – composition•Red blood are produced in bone marrow and contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to body

tissues and muscles .

•White blood cells fight infection. They are produced in bone marrow, lymph tissue and the spleen.

•Platelets are cells that help form blood clots to stop bleeding. They are produced in bone marrow.

•Blood plasma carries nutrients and also removes waste products.

Plasma is 90% water and contains fibrinogen, which assists platelets in blood clotting.

Blood – functions•Transportation of gases, fuels, and minerals•Protection•Maintaining the body’s state of equilibrium (homeostasis) via enzyme and hormone regulation

Cardiac Output (Q) = stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (BPM)


The Blood is made up of four components…

Red Blood Cells

Carry oxygen

White Blood Cells

Fight infections

Cell fragments

called…

…platelets

Help with blood clotting

A straw-coloured

liquid called…

…plasma

Carries dissolved

substances:

Carbon dioxideOther wastes

Food moleculesHormones

•Arteries carry blood away from

the heart (oxygenated blood)

•Veins return blood to the heart (deoxygenated blood)

•Capillaries “connect” arterioles

and venules &

are the smallest blood vessels

Blood vessels

Blood flow through capillaries is

controlled by small muscular rings

known as pre-capillary

sphincters and these can stop

blood flowing into capillaries and

redirect it to other parts of the

body.


Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against the blood vessel walls

Carbon dioxide and other wastes diffuse from the cells to the

blood

Oxygen, food molecules and hormones diffuse from the blood to the

cells

Capillaries are adapted for … …exchange of materials.

…only one cell thick

…allow plasma to leak in and out

(They are just large enough for a red blood cell to squeeze through)

This means that blood in the capillaries moves very… SLOWLY

Gaps between cells in capillary wall…

Wall of capillary is very thin…

The capillaries are very narrow.

Cells in Body Tissues

1. What are some sports that would benefit from the cardio-respiratory systems

being advanced?

2. What are some differences you’d expect between a highly-trained endurance

athlete vs a non-trained person?

3. What happens to the following during exercise? (and why?)

- Q (cardiac output), HR and SV?

- VE, RR and TV? (inspiration and expiration)

3. Why would a lot of sport teams use altitude training for pre-season fitness?

What are some other methods for improving cardio-respiratory fitness?

4. What adaptations could occur?

5. How would this help performance?

Discussion


KEY KNOWLEDGE KEY SKILLS Participate in, analyse · respiratory systems work together in bringing...

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