Key Design Issues...Key Design Issues • What is the driver for remediation – drinking water,...

Key Design Issues

• What is the driver for remediation – drinking water, surface water,bioaccumulation in fish, etc.– multi-pathway “indirect” exposure may lead to very stringent criteria

• What PFAS compounds will be regulated by the time a remediation systemis operational?– Likely more that at the time of design

• PFAS is probably not the only contaminant present needing treatment, insome cases it is not the driver for the remediation, but a complication

Remediation Technologies

Source ITRC’s Remediation Technologies and Methods for PFAS – Fact Sheet

PFAS Remediation Technologies for Soil

• Excavation and disposal– Incineration– landfill

• Ex-situ thermal treatment– Performed on-site or off-site– Requires > 1,000 °C for destruction

• Capping• Immobilization/Sorption/Stabilization

– Soil amendments, reduce leachability– Carbon and/or minerals

• Encapsulation• Soil Washing

– Field trials commencing

Emerging• Catalytic/electro-

catalytic reactions• Fungi and associated

enzymes

Remediation Technologies for Water

• Adsorption– Carbon (GAC & PAC)– Ion exchange Resins

• Membrane Filtration– Nanofiltration– Reverse osmosis

Emerging

• Advanced / Enhancedadsorption andimmobilization

• RemBind• matCARE• Nanoparticles• Coagulation• Chemical oxidation /

reduction• Pyrolysis (plasma arc)

• Precipitationsedimentation

• PerfluorAd• In-situ bio-

augmentation• Foam

Fractionation• Monitored natural

attenuation (MNA)Groundwater• Pump & Treat• Permeable Reactive Barrier

Proven

Additional GHD Research

• PFAS bench scale studies - using real world impacted water– Absorption studies– UV oxidation studies– Carbon/IX/Silica usage

• Developing new treatability studies– Soil washing (with GHD Australia)– Evaluation of Landfill liners with PFAS impacted soils– Evaluation of concrete coating to mitigate leaching

• Partnering with universities as an industrial partner for research grants• Pre-treatment bench scale tests

Take Home Messages

• Remediation of PFAS is challenging and the pressure for remediationis outpacing the research and time to prove emerging technologies

• Understanding the risks and urgency to implement a remedy or interimremedy while toxicological data and regulations are still developing

• There are Proven Technologies that are effective but have limitations,particularly in addressing all PFAS in one step

• Emerging technologies promising but need more testing and researchdone

www.ghd.com

Granular Activated Carbon for

PFAS Removal from Water

Adam Redding, PhD

Technical Director [email protected]

© Calgon Carbon Corporation 2018 | Slide 2

Calgon’s Experience with PFAS Removal

• Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) and Calgon’s Equipment Line are proven treatment solutions for PFAS removal.

• Over 45 installations for PFAS removal across the United States. • Offer complete solution including activated carbon, equipment, on-site

installation and exchange services, reactivation and financing.

Removing PFAS for 15 Years

Unrivaled technical service

Laboratory & field testing for tailored

solutions

Applications Engineers and R&D team

dedicated to solving customer problems

Proven products and solutions for drinking water, wastewater,

remediation and POET

Carbon reactivation to thermally destroy PFAS and enable the reuse of

activated carbon

What is Granular Activated Carbon

(GAC)?


GRANULAR EXTRUDED POWDER

CLOTH

Forms of Activated Carbon

Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)

will be the focus this discussion


Contaminants Move Through the

Inside of the Granule & "Adsorb"

GAC PERFORMANCE FOR PFAS

REMOVAL


Two Types Of Column Testing:

Accelerated Column Test (ACT)

or

Rapid Small Scale Column Test

(RSSCT)

Bench Scale Column Tests


• Simulated EBCT of 10 minutes • Center Township, PA groundwater

• Water was spiked to contain: • 920 ppt of PFOA • 800 ppt of PFOS • 1.4 ppm background TOC

Operating Parameters

GAC Comparison Test Conditions

These conditions represent high levels of PFOA/

PFOS and organic matter


• Multiple PFAS, variety of chain lengths ‒ Each compounds spiked to approximately 200 ppt

• Background TOC – 0.16 ppm

• Simulated EBCT – 10 minutes

Research RSSCT Study: Comparison of GAC Types for PFAS Removal


PFOA Removal vs Simulated Days RSSCT Breakthrough Curves


PFOS Removal vs Simulated Days RSSCT Breakthrough Curves


PFHxS Removal vs Simulated Days RSSCT Breakthrough Curves


PFBS Removal vs Simulated Days RSSCT Breakthrough Curves


PFAS Removal by FILTRASORB®

RSSCT Breakthrough Curves


Conclusions:

• Re-agglomerated bituminous coal GAC (FILTRASORB) significantly outperformed: • Lignite • Enhanced Coconut • Enhanced Coconut (Blend)

FILTRASORB significantly

outperformed the other product

types

• FILTRASORB was able to remove PFBS and PFHxS to non-detect

• Breakthrough occurred very quickly for Lignite and both Enhanced Coconuts

• Rapid PFBS breakthrough observed for Lignite and both Enhanced Coconuts

FILTRASORB was still effective for

the shorter chain compounds (C4,

C6)

EFFECTIVENESS OF

REACTIVATION


What is Reactivation? • Granular activated carbon has a finite bed life

until the treatment objective is no longer reached.

• Reactivation is a process to restore the entirety of GAC’s adsorption capacity while providing cost savings.

• The process is carried out at reactivation centers* throughout the world.

• Generally, GAC furnaces reach temperatures up to 1800ºF.

• Adsorbed material is thermally destroyed and further treated through a series of abatement technologies.

* Calgon offers two different types of reactivation services--- Custom Municipal Reactivation (CMR) and Industrial Reactivation– at different facilities throughout the world


PFAS Customer – CMR @ NT Plant React

PFAS Customer – Lab React

700oC

PFAS Customer – Lab React @

1100oC

PFBA ppt 1.9 1.3J 1.6J

PFPeA ppt <0.43 <0.42 <0.43

PFHxA ppt <0.51 <0.50 <0.50

PFHpA ppt <0.22 <0.21 <0.22

PFOA ppt <0.75 <0.73 <0.74

PFNA ppt <0.24 <0.23 <0.23

PFDA ppt <0.27 <0.27 <0.27

PFUnA ppt <0.97 <0.95 <0.95

PFDoA ppt <.049 <0.47 <0.48

PFTriDA ppt <1.1 <1.1 <1.1

PFTeA ppt <0.26 <0.25 <0.25

PFBS ppt <.18 <0.17 <0.17

PFHxS ppt <0.22 <0.22 <0.22

PFHpS ppt <0.17 <0.16 <0.17

PFOS ppt <0.48 <0.46 <0.47

PFDS ppt <0.28 <0.28 <0.28

B: Compound was found in blank J: Result is less than the RL but greater than or equal to the MDL and the concentration is an approximate value

Leach Test Procedure: • Load reactivated carbon into

columns • Backwashed for ~8 BV with

NSF42 water (50 ppm TDS, 0.5ppm Cl-, pH 6.75)

• Soak 24 hours. • Sample 1 BV. • Repeat two more times

compositing all 3 samples • Analyze for PFAS per EPA 537

R&D Study: Effectiveness of Reactivation

Experimental Design & Results CMR Spent treating ppt

levels PFAS Lab React Spent treating ppb

levels PFAS


R&D Study: Effectiveness of Reactivation

Conclusions & Findings

• All PFAS in leachate at or below quantifiable limit.

• No leaching of PFOA or PFOS.

• No apparent difference between full-scale continuous reactivation and lab-scale batch reactivation.

• Batch reactivation at 700°C as effective as reactivation at 1100°C.


GAC - Final Takeaways

• Both long and short chain compounds. • Virgin and reactivated.

GAC is effective and proven for

removal of PFAS

• Reagglomerated bituminous coal GAC is the preferred product type.

• Field and lab data corroborate superior performance.

Not all GAC is created equal

• Column Testing > Isotherm • CURs determined for specific applications

Testing required to accurately

predict service life


Thank you for your time.

Questions?

1

October 16th, 2018

PFAS Treatment &

Disposal Solutions

2

US ECOLOGY OVERVIEW

Vision: To be the premier North American provider of environmental services where the highest caliber people work delivering sustainable solutions for our customers and long term value for stockholders and the communities in which we live and operate

Fully Integrated North

American Environmental

Services Provider

Unique and Irreplaceable

Assets with Robust Waste

Permits

Diverse, Blue Chip

Customer Base across a

Broad Range of Industries

with over 7,000 Customers

60 + year Commitment to

Health, Safety and the

Environment

Strong Financial

Performance

(4)

Mexico

Canada

(2)

(2)

United States

Treatment & Recycling

Disposal Sites

Service Centers

Headquarters

Retail Satellites

3

Field Services

3

RemediationManagement of remedial construction projects from start to finish

RetailEnd-to-end management of retail hazardous waste programs

Transportation & LogisticsTransport of waste from point of generation to ultimate disposal

Lab Packing ServicesSmall quantity chemical management services

Total Waste ManagementOutsourced management, tracking and reporting all waste streams for generators.

LTL / HHWHousehold hazardous waste collection and Less-than-Truck-Load container management

4

Environmental Services - Treatment & Recycling

4

Detroit, MIStabilization Facility

Robstown, TXThermal Recycling

Standalone Treatment Recycling

• Michigan (3)

• Ohio

• Pennsylvania

• Illinois

• Alabama

• Oklahoma

• Florida

• Michigan (Solvents)

• Ohio (Metals Recovery)

• Pennsylvania (Metals Recovery)

• Texas (Thermal)

• Mobile Solvent Recycling

Large network of treatment facilities - many

co-located with disposal facilities

Broad range of de-characterization and

de-listing capabilities

State-of-the-Art Air Handling Systems

Manage a wide range of liquid and solid

waste streams

5

Environmental Services – Disposal

5

Beatty, NVLandfill

• Idaho (Grandview)

• Michigan (Belleville)

• Nevada (Beatty)

• Quebec (Blainville)

• Texas (Robstown)

Hazardous Waste Disposal

Positioned throughout North America

Co-located with Treatment Facilities

Broad Range of Permits and Acceptance

Criteria

Infrastructure to Support Volume Transport

Rail and Truck Access

Radioactive Waste Disposal

• Washington (Richland)(Compact – Class A, B, C)

Grand View, IDLandfill

6

PFAS Treatment & Disposal

6

• Idaho (Grandview)

• Michigan (Belleville)

• Nevada (Beatty)

• Texas (Robstown)

Treatment & Disposal Locations

Based on current non-regulated status

Secure LF’s co-located with Treatment

Facilities

Treatment options for high/low

concentrations

Isolation of treated residuals from leachate

Rail and Truck Access

Waste Type Considerations

• C8 AFFF Concentrate

• Impacted Soil

• Impacted WWT Media

• Impacted Debris

7

Liner System Fully Isolates PFOA/PFOS

Batch Solidification

Leak-Proof Bag System

Roll-Off Hand-Off

Placement in Subtitle C Landfill

Isolated from Leachate

Key Design Issues...Key Design Issues • What is the driver for remediation – drinking water,...

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