KEY CONCEPTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING · PDF fileKEY CONCEPTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING ......

KEY CONCEPTS IN

ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING

Short Course on Environmental Planning

DCERP & HUMEIN Phils. Inc.

“

„

You‟ve got to be careful if you don‟t know

where you are going,

because you might not get there

- Yogi Berra





WHAT IS PLANNING (Common Sense)

Planning is a way of thinking oriented towards

the future that anticipates change and designs

solutions.

It is a systematic process of establishing ends

(goals, policies, outcomes) and means and

procedures to achieve the end.



WHAT IS PLANNING (Common Sense)

Generic Planning is „ubiquitous‟ – it can be done

by anyone anytime anywhere

But “professional” planning is governed by:

• Professional principles

• Standards

• Laws



PLANNING

Activity

Process

Discipline

Profession



Planning

PLANNING is the process of:

• Understanding the types of DECISIONS that need to be made

• Assessing OPPORTUNITIES and LIMITATIONS of the future

• Identifying the short-and-long-term consequences of alternative

choices designed to take advantage of these opportunities or

respond to these limitations.

• Relating alternative decisions to the GOALS and OBJECTIVES

established for an urban area, agency or firm.

• Expressing this information to decision makers in a readily

understandable and useful form.

• The primary purpose of planning is to generate information useful to

decision makers on consequences of alternative actions

PLANNING

sequence of deliberate

purposeful actions designed

to solve problems systematically,

by foreseeing and guiding change

through rational decisions,

reconciling public and private

aims, and arbitrating between

competing social, economic,

political and physical forces.



1

(Academic)

PLANNING

allocates scarce resources,

particularly land and other

resources, in such a manner as to

obtain the maximum practicable

efficiency and benefit, for

individuals and for society as a

whole, while respecting the needs

of Nature and the requirements of

a sustainable future.



2

(Academic)



ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING (Legal Definition)

refers to the multi-disciplinary art and science of

analyzing, specifying, clarifying, harmonizing,

managing and regulating the use and

development of land and water resources, in

relation to their environs, for the development of

sustainable communities and ecosystems

“

„ - RA 10587 Environmental Planning Act of 2013



ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING

Urban Development and

Settlements

Utilities and Social Services

Farming and Fisheries Critical Ecosystems and Natural Habitats

Land Use System

Transportation System

Water Resources System Cultural institutions, historic places to preserve



“PLACE-MAKING” – creating livable

human spaces

and natural

communities



SOME SHIFTS IN

CONTEMPORARY PLANNING

Before, Product-Oriented; now Process

Oriented. Planning process is as important as

planning output.

Before, All-Inclusive; now Strategic

Before, Compartmental due to administrative

boundaries; now Integrated (Trans-border)

Before, “Agency-led”; now “Community Based”

Before, “Top-Down”; now “Bottom-Up”

Before, Open Participation;

now Focused Participation



ATTRIBUTES OF

PLANNING PROCESS

SCIENCE AND ART

requires quantifiable tools

as well as subjective creativity

MULTI-DISCIPLINARY

requires the expertise of

various disciplines;

economics; engineering;

sociology; architecture;

law; geography etc.



ATTRIBUTES OF

PLANNING PROCESS

COMPREHENSIVE

covers all aspects of man/women

and his/her environment; physical,

social, economics, political

administration and the natural

environment.

DYNAMIC

changes overtime, technological

change; cultural norms and

traditions; not static; responsive to

new demands and needs of people



ATTRIBUTES OF

PLANNING PROCESS

PARTICIPATORY

values the engagement of

multiple stakeholders. CYCLIC / SPIRAL

Unending process; Always goes

back to where it started; Were

the problems solved? Goals and

objectives attained? At what level

of satisfaction? TIME BOUND

Plan must have a time

perspective; short, medium,

long range; Basis for plan

review and assessment.



LEVELS OF PLANNING

Narrow: Perspective, Concept, Framework,

Moderate:Framework Structure, Developmental

Broad: Integrated, Comprehensive, Detailed

Scope or Coverage of Planning



LEVELS OF PLANNING

Short Term: 1-3 years e.g. expenditure plan

Medium Term: 3-7 years e.g. development plan

Long Term: 10 years e.g. CLUP

30-50 years e.g. Masterplan

Timeframe/Duration of Plan

*Time-horizon of the envisaged future varies according to the type and level of planning



WHY DOES PLANNING

HAVE TO BE ETHICAL?

Niccolo Machiavelli‟s amoral ‟ philosophy

of expediency in The Prince (1532):

“The ends justify the means.” “Whatever it takes to kill the cat.”

Correct Ethics: “The ends and the means have to justify each other.” Consistency and Connectedness between Intention and Action.

Correct Science: Need for Congruence

between Objectives and Outcomes. Compatibility between Goals and Methods.



PLANNING AND THE STATE

Planning seeks to direct and to

control the form of the built

environment in the interest of

society as a whole; power is

necessary to carry out plans.

STATE‟s main instrument is the GOVERNMENT:

Sphere of power.

Planning in the public domain is conflictive and therefore

political, involves compromises between contending groups



Planning cannot be isolated from the political context of

the city or region because policy decisions affect local

interests.

At times, planning becomes a practice of what is

feasible politically instead of what is technically efficient

and effective (Campbell & Fainstein 1997:1).

Macro-level policies have impact on micro-level site, and

these policies will influence people‟s lives if not affect them

adversely.

PLANNING AND THE STATE



PLANNING AND THE MARKET

MARKET / BUSINESS SECTOR :

generates goods, jobs, and incomes for economic survival

The planner has to operate alongside the market, directly

influencing and frequently assisting its functioning, but in a

manner that takes account of both public and private

interests

Without town planning, land would be apportioned between

competing uses by the price mechanism and interaction of

supply and demand



PLANNING AND THE MARKET

The market, operating alone, does not provide the most

appropriate location for what are generally described as

the non-profit making uses of land (e.g., open spaces,

roads and bridges, etc.)

However, correct siting of these lands can make land

uses more profitable

Thus, planning assists the market in becoming more

efficient.



PLANNING AND CIVIL SOCIETY: Why does planning have to be

“participatory”?

Civil Society

sphere of citizen groups, civic

institutions, civic values;

facilitates political and social

interaction by mobilizing groups

to participate in economic,

social, political activities





Process-oriented means engaging and involving

people in various phases/stages

• People are important because they ultimately execute

the Plan; they are the main actors of development.

• Hence, Experts have to plan “with” the people and not

“for” the people.

• Participation and sharing help people overcome

inertia and believe that change is possible. “Change We

Need, Yes We Can!”





• It is necessary to build consensus to legitimize and carry

out the Plan; Plan provides alternative solutions that

have to be acceptable to the people.

“Social Acceptability”

• Because Planning decisions create tangible impact,

(roads, parks, etc.), plan often involves matters in

which the people have large emotional stakes





• Planning often has large financial consequences on

the part of the public. Plans are directly linked to taxes

and property values; people eventually pay for the plan.

• Citizens who might know more about their locality tend

not to defer to external planners; they have to be involved

in the process of planning or else they become a major

force of resistance.



WHAT IS "URBAN PLACE"

There is no commonly-agreed international definition of what

constitutes “urban”; it varies from country to country as the

United Nations has left it to individual countries.

• Sweden = at least 200 population

• United States = at least 2,500 population, densely settled.

• India = at least 5,000, with 75% of adult males

employed in non-agricultural work

• Switzerland = at least 10,000 population

• Japan = at least 30,000 population



WHAT IS "URBAN PLACE"

• Some countries revise definitions of urban settlements to

suit specific purposes; China revised its census

definitions with criteria that vary from province to province

causing their urban population to swell by 13 percent in

1983.

• Land Re-classification by legislative fiat can label as urban

many areas even though they are essentially "rural‟ in

character.



PHILIPPINE DEFINITION

National Statistics Office

- operational rather than conceptual definition

Urban and Rural Areas - the same concepts used in the

1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, 2000 censuses were followed in

classifying areas as urban.

According to these concepts, an area is considered

URBAN if (1970-2003):

URBAN P L A C E

In their entirety all cities and municipalities having a

population density of at least 1,000 persons per km2 1




Poblaciones or central districts of municipalities and

cities which have a population density of at least 500

persons per km2

Poblaciones or central districts (not included in above),

regardless of the population size which have the following:

URBAN P L A C E

At least six (3)

of the following

2

3

Street

pattern

At least six (6)

establishments




URBAN P L A C E

At least six establishments

Commercial

Manufacturing

Recreational

Personal services




URBAN P L A C E

At least three of the following:

A town hall, church or chapel

with religious services at least

once a month

A public plaza, park or

cemetery

A market place or building

where trading activities are

carried on at least once a

week

A public building




URBAN P L A C E

Barangays having at least 1,000 inhabitants which meet

the conditions set forth in above, and where the occupation

of the inhabitants is predominantly non-fishing.

All areas not falling under any of the above classifications

are considered rural.

4



NEW OPERATIONAL DEFINITION NSCB RES #9 (SERIES 2003)

If a barangay has a population size of 5,000 or more,

then a barangay is considered urban, or

If a barangay has at least one establishment with a

minimum of 100 employees, a barangay is considered

urban, or

If a barangay has 5 or more establishments with a

minimum of 10 employees, and 5 or more facilities

within the two-kilometer radius from the barangay hall,

then a barangay is considered urban.

1

2

3

*All barangay in NCR are urban.



“URBAN PLACE” VS. “CITY”

“Urban” is determined by physico-spatial, economic,

demographic and cultural characteristics

While modern concept of “city” is defined by charter or

Legal Act after complying with income, territorial size,

population, referendum requirements.

Some “urban” areas are not cities and might not

qualify as cities, e.g. poblaciones, town centers,




City from civitat (community), civis (citizen), Old French „cite,‟

in ancient Greece, ‘polis‟ for city-state

It is an important permanent settlement

possessing the characteristics of size,

density and heterogeneity, whose people are

granted a substantial level of self-governance

by central authority by means of a Statute or

“Charter‟

“

„ - Modern concept of City




Both urban areas and cities are non-ubiquitous in

geographical space They reflect the level of a society‟s

development.

Common characteristics of “Urban Place” and “City” are

that they are aggregations of people to better realize

some activities and perform vital functions. Distinguishing

characteristics of urban are:

• Population size

• Population density

• Cultural heterogeneity

• Multiple Functions

• Level of Administration

➔ rural has relatively small population, usually kinship-based.

➔ rural population is dispersed, to be near farms and fisheries.

➔ rural culture is rather homogenous, with strong social controls.

➔ rural tends to be self-contained, focused on its own people &

economy ➔ rural is concerned only of its territory while urban administers

multiple jurisdictions.

MINIMUM REQUIREMENT TO

BECOME A CITY?

Income of at least PHP

100 million for the last

two consecutive years

Population of

150,000 or more

Contiguous territory of 100

km2 with contiguity not being

a requisite for areas that are

on two or more islands.

Plebiscite



1

2

2

3

Cert. by: Department of Finance (DOF)

Cert. by: National Statistics Office (NSO)

Cert. by: Land Management Bureau



The Local Government Code of 1991

(Republic Act No. 7160)

Highly Urbanized Cities

- Cities with a minimum population

of two hundred thousand

(200,000) inhabitants, as

certified by the National Statistics

Office, and with the latest annual

income of at least five hundred

million pesos (₱500,000,000) based on 2008 constant prices, as

certified by the city treasurer.

classifies all cities into one of three categories:

1





Independent Component Cities

- Cities of this type are

independent of the province, and

as such their charters ban

residents from voting for provincial

elective officials. Cities with a

minimum population of 150,000 and annual income of at least 350

million pesos (₱350,000,000) based on 2008 constant prices,

as certified by the City Treasurer.


2





Component Cities

- Cities which do not meet the

preceding requirements are

deemed part of the province in

which they are geographically

located. If a component city is

located along the boundaries of

two or more provinces, it shall be

considered part of the province of

which it used to be a municipality.


3



WHAT IS A "REGION"?

REGION

refers to a city or central place plus the outlying

territories that are functionally integrated with it

It is based on natural/physical as well as

economic/political relationships between urban areas

and its surrounding rural territories.



WHAT IS A "REGION"?

Economic linkages

• Extent of urban influence on non-urban areas. e.g.

journeys to work

• Extent of urban dependence on non-urban territories for

food, water and labor supplies, etc.

• Production and consumption functions: Industries,

commerce, trade

Infrastructure linkages

• Major Transport nodes

• Utility trunks – water purification plants, power supply

• Areas performing sink-functions of city, e.g. landfill, MRF,

STP



WHAT IS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS? HUMAN SETTLEMENTS: Settlement inhabited by human

“

„

“Any group of people living in a particular place, a form of human

habitation with a social purpose, where man/woman lives in community, where he/she transforms the natural environment into a man-made

environment, composed of physical, spatial, and organizational elements whose main purpose is the satisfaction of the needs of the people… An

ecosystem composed of natural and man-made elements which interact in complex ways within their population dynamics, environmental

dimensions and spatial constraints and alternatives”

UN Conference on Habitat, Vancouver, 1976

EKISTICS:

the science of human settlements CITY:

An urban town of significant size and importance

URBAN DESIGN:

Design of the urban environment



EKISTICS The science of human settlements

The theoretical pioneer of Area Development Planning

A holistic attempt to study human settlements in its five elements

and the relationships between these elements



DOXIADIS

Ekistics: The Science of

Human Settlements

Dr. Konstantinos A. Doxiadis

(1913-1975)

“Ekistics grid” – system for recording planning data and

ordering planning process

Coined the term “ecumenopolis” or

world-wide city



DOXIADIS

Designed Islamabad (1959),

Rawalpindi, and Lahore, in Pakistan

Contribution:

State problems of modern

urbanization with scientific clarity and

proposed a rational method of

addressing those problems

Approached town planning as a

science which would include

contributions from planner, urban

designer, sociologist, geographer,

economist, demographer, politician,

sociologist, anthropologist, ecologist,

etc.

Became Town Planning Chief of

Greater Athens and later Greek

Minister of Housing and

Reconstruction



HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS

EKISTICS NAMES OF UNITS - POPULATION SCALE

• A hamlet : a

neighborhood, a small

village

• A community : a town

• A city : an urban area

• A metropolis

• A conurbation : a

composition of cities,

metropolises and urban

areas

• A megalopolis :

merging of two or more

metropolis with a

population of 10 million

or more, a 20th century

phenomenon

• Anthropos – 1

• Room – 2

• House – 5

• House Group (Hamlet) – 40

• Small Neighborhood (Village) – 250

• Neighborhood – 1,500

• Small Polis (Town) - 10,000

• Polis (City) – 75,000

• Small Metropolis – 500,000

• Metropolis – 4 million

• Small Megalopis – 25 million

• Megalopolis – 150,000 million

• Small Eperopolis – 750 million

• Eperopolis – 7,500 million

• Ecumenopolis – 50,000 million

HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS



PRINCIPLES OF

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING

Balance with Nature Preserve and integrate natural

habitat, make visible the processes

that sustain life

Integrity, Unity and „Centrality‟ Means there is some sort of a center

that represents the core values of

the local populace. Overall

„Sense of Place‟



PRINCIPLES OF


Balance with Tradition There are cultural symbols that give „meaning‟ and

significance to the public

Appropriate Technology Use environment-friendly materials to protect people from

the elements, rain, noise, wind and so on

Human Scale Easy orientation for users. „Legibility of form‟ or „coherence‟

means a mental image of physical setting can be used to

move around



PRINCIPLES OF


Conviviality A sense of security and pleasantness „vitality of street life

means street are not dominated by vehicles, but also serve

as venues for social interaction; availability of places to rest,

observe and meet

- Place for individuals (intra-personal)

- Place for friendship (inter-personal)

- Place for Neighborhood and Community (meta-personal)

- Place for Higher Community Domain (societal)



PRINCIPLES OF


Efficiency Particularly Connectivity and „Accesibility‟ of how swiftly one can

get to one‟s needs

Balanced Movement Minimum conflict between pedestrians and vehicles; major

transport routes are interlinked around the place for a person not

to lose his/her way

Opportunity Matrix Economic and livelihood activities

Regional Integration Compatibility of land uses and patterns with broader scales of

community



PRESENT-DAY ISSUES IN HUMAN

SETTLEMENTS

Urban Blight

deterioration of buildings/streets in older areas of large

cities

hastened by uncontrolled rural-to-urban migration,

people flock to cities in search for better life

results from economic polarization

slums and shantytowns usually surround old industrial

districts

when taxes are not paid by inner city residents,

LGUs do not have resources to improve urban

cores



PRESENT-DAY ISSUES IN

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

Visual Blight

visual pollution that undermine overall beauty &

architecture of the city

oversized billboards, superfluous signages, political

banners, disorderly utility lines

pose serious hazards to life, limb and property

especially during natural hazards

distracting the attention of motorists

Amorphic

Sprawl

scattered development, low-density fragmented use of

land for consumptive urban purposes at a scale

expanded faster than what population growth requires

and occurring along margins of existing metropolitan

areas in a generally amorphic (formless) manner

distances become too great for walking, forcing

dependence on cars



PRESENT-DAY ISSUES IN

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

Sub-

urbanization

process of suburbanizing, population movement from

cities to suburbs

represents a desire to escape perceived ills and

problems in the central city

companies moved out of inner cities together with

their employees and educated middle class

consumes more land resources and expands human

ecological footprint what what is necessary

Leapfrog or

Checkerboard

Development

discontinuous pattern of urbanization, with patches of

developed lands that are widely separated from each

other and from the boundaries of recognized

urbanized areas

costliest development with respect to providing urban

services (power, water)



VISUAL BLIGHT

SUBURBANIZATION & AMORPHIC SPRAWL

LEAPFROG

DEVELOPMENT

URBAN BLIGHT



URBAN DESIGN Is concerned with the arrangement,

appearance, and functionality of whole

towns and cities

‣ shape and form of city blocks

‣ uses of urban public space

‣ articulation of physical features

in four dimensions

Creates places for people while

respecting/enhancing natural environment

and use of resources efficiently

In between planning and architecture; a

disciplinary subset of landscape

architecture and urban ecology

Articulation of urban plans in 4 dimensions



IMAGE OF THE CITY

a collective image map of a city, a collective picture of what

people extract from the physical reality of a city.

Five (5) basic elements which people use to construct their

mental image of a city:

Paths: connectors; channels along which the observer

moves

Edges: elements that delineate; linear elements not

considered as paths

by: Kevin Lynch

1

2



IMAGE OF THE CITY

Districts: medium to large sections of a city; recognizable

as having some common, identifying character; areas

which have uniformity

Nodes: points, strategic spots which an observer can

enter; junctions and concentrations; highlighted points of

space (e.g. pocketparks, intersections)

Landmarks: point references considered to be external to

the observer; physical elements that may vary widely in

scale; e.g. monuments & gateways

by: Kevin Lynch

3

4

5



IMPORTANT PLANNING TERMS

SECTOR is an element or sub-system of a whole having

coherent functions and subject to common-thematic type of

planning.

PROGRAM is a collection of complementary projects/activities

formulated to achieve the functions/objectives of a sector.

Programs describe in detail the kind and quantities of

resources to be used.

PROJECT is a self-contained unit of investment aimed at

developing resources and facilities within a limited area within

a given time period. A project deals with goods and services

significant to the accomplishment of national, regional and local

development plans.




CONCEPT PLAN is an output of the first stage activities in the

preparation of a development plan. It consists of an overall growth

pattern, strategy, sectoral policies and population and employment

target and forecasts.

DEVELOPMENT PLAN is a series of written statements

accompanied by maps, illustrations and diagrams which describe

what the community wants to become and how it wants to develop.

It is essentially composed of community goals, objectives,

policies, programs and a land use/physical development plan

which translates the various sectoral plans.

CONSULTATION is the process of obtaining technical advice or

opinion which may be or may not be followed.




VALUES – something that is prized or held dear, such as core

beliefs of person or group in which they have an emotional

investment

PRINCIPLES – axiomatic statements of how values are

related and ranked in relation to other values

NORMS – broad value-based notions that are stated in a

way that they can serve to regulate behavior




STANDARDS – principles and norms formulated in such a

way that they can be measured. Standards are accepted

criteria or established measures for determining or evaluating

performance.

GOALS – broad, long-term ends towards which a collectivity

should aim; always related to community/group situation or

organizational structure

OBJECTIVES – operational reformulation of goals so that they

can be doable / implementable for a defined period (e.g. project,

cycle, phase, etc.)….(Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic,

and Time-Bounded or SMART)



PLANNING THEORY



First Planners from the Ranks of the other

“Design Professions”

Concept of Comprehensiveness

Contribution of the

Social Sciences

Ideological Content of Ideas Relating to

Planning

Sources of Planning Theory



Concept of Utopianism

Ideology of city planning and the actual forms taken by planned cities and communities

Normative Planning

SOURCES OF PLANNING THEORY

First Planners from the Ranks of the other

“Design Professions”



Interdependence of parts that

make the whole

Necessity to put all relevant

separate sectoral perspectives


Concept of Comprehensiveness



As early as 1928: The need to draw on several arts and sciences.

1950s and 1960s: Social science

inputs into planning theory and

methods


Subsequent Contribution of the Social Sciences




Ideological Content of Ideas Relating to Planning Intellectual descent of contemporary planning thought: John Friedmann‟s four

“traditions” of planning thought from mid-18th century to present.

John Friedmann‟s four “traditions” of planning thought



Major Schools of Thought

in Planning

Planning as Social Physics (positivist Regional Science and Regional Economics)

– Planning aims to discover presumed natural laws or

regular occurrences in social phenomena

Planning and Social Darwinism

– Planning studies human societies as biological

organisms subject to the laws of natural evolution such

as competition, adaptation, predation, parasitism,

co-evolution, survival of the fittest, etc.




in Planning

Planning as Social Engineering

– Planning is a State function that aims to create

purposive change by directing human behavior through a

combination of persuasive and coercive strategies.

Instrumentalist View – Planning needs no theoretical mooring and has no inherent value apart from its being a pragmatic tool to bring about results.




in Planning

Planning as Communicative Action

– Planning aims to understand & describe social interaction among sectors for meaningful community discourse, harmonization of interests, and collaborative action (interpretive and trans-active)

Critical or Radical Planning

– Planning aims to smash myths and mobilize people to radically (radix, i.e. roots) change structures of domination & subjugation in society.




in Planning

Systems Theory of Planning

– Planning functions like a machine or computer

unit that utilizes information and feedback in an

iterative, cyclical, self-feeding fashion in order to

effectively describe, simulate, forecast, and

project societal



THANK YOU!

KEY CONCEPTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING · PDF fileKEY CONCEPTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING ......

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