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Key ConceptsKey Concepts
Factors influencing weather Factors influencing weather
Factors influencing climate Factors influencing climate
Effect of climate on distribution of biomes Effect of climate on distribution of biomes
Characteristics of major biome types Characteristics of major biome types
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Biogeography: Climate, Biomes, and Terrestrial BiodiversityBiogeography: Climate, Biomes, and Terrestrial Biodiversity
G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment
13th Edition
Chapter 6
G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment
13th Edition
Chapter 6http://www.waverly-shellrock.k12.ia.us/srhigh/Departments/Science/APES/LivingWorldUnit_files/frame.htm
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Continental ShiftContinental Shift• http://education.sdsc.edu/optiputer/flash/pangea
_4.htm
• http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/egeo/flash/2_1.swf
• (http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/egeo/flash/2_6.swf)
• http://education.sdsc.edu/optiputer/flash/plates1.htm
• http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/ess05_vid_plateintro/
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Convergent Plate BoundaryConvergent Plate Boundary• Places where plates
crash or crunch together are called convergent boundaries.
• Earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains are often associated with this type of plate boundary
• Ex) This is how the Andes formed
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Divergent Plate BoundaryDivergent Plate Boundary
• Places where plates are coming apart are called divergent boundaries.
• When Earth's brittle surface layer (the lithosphere) is pulled apart, it typically breaks along parallel faults that tilt slightly outward from each other. As the plates separate along the boundary, the block between the faults cracks and drops down into the soft, plastic interior (the asthenosphere).
• The sinking of the block forms a central valley called a rift. Magma (liquid rock) seeps upward to fill the cracks. In this way, new crust is formed along the boundary. Earthquakes occur along the faults, and volcanoes form where the magma reaches the surface.
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Transform Boundary (Faults)Transform Boundary (Faults)• Places where plates
slide past each other are called transform boundaries.
• The plates on either side of a transform boundary are merely sliding past each other and not tearing or crunching each other.
• Ex) San Andreas Fault
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Additional LinksAdditional Links• http://education.sdsc.edu/optiputer/flash/plates
2.htm
• Ocean Floor Spreading
• World in 50 Million Years
• http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/ess05_int_tectonic/
• http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/ess05_int_boundaries/
• http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/ess05_vid_wegener1/
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Weather and Climate: A Brief IntroductionWeather and Climate: A Brief Introduction• Weather – current conditions or physical properties in the
Troposphere, the lowest level of atmosphere. Include (1) temperature, (2) pressure, (3) humidity, (4) precipitation, (5) sunshine, (6) cloud cover, and (7) wind direction and speed
• Front – boundary between two air masses with different temperatures and densities
• Warm front – boundary between warm air mass advancing on cold
• Cold front – leading edge of advancing cold air mass• High & Low pressure air masses
Fig. 6-2 p. 111
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Weather and Climate: A Brief Introduction cont.Weather and Climate: A Brief Introduction cont.
• Wind – always blows from high pressure to low pressure regions
• Wind - regulates global temperatures, transports nutrients; transports harmful pesticides, toxic metals, viruses, bacteria, fungi (coral reef killer), algae (red tides)
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Hurricanes (Cyclones)Hurricanes (Cyclones)
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Rising winds exitfrom the storm athigh altitudes.
The calm centraleye usually is about
24 kilometers(15 miles) wide.
Moist surface windsspiral in towards thecenter of the storm
Gales circle the eye at speedsof up to 320 kilometers
(200 miles) per hour.
HurricanesHurricanes Hurricanes – extreme
tropical storms that occur in Atlantic ocean. These storms are called typhoons in the Pacific ocean and cyclones in the Indian ocean.
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Weather and Climate: A Brief Introduction cont.Weather and Climate: A Brief Introduction cont.
Tornadoes – occurs when there are violent updrafts and downdrafts.
http://esminfo.prenhall.com/science/geoanimations/animations/Tornadoes.html
http://access.ncsa.illinois.edu/Stories/supertwister/tornado/tubecone_popup.htm
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ClimateClimate Climate – general weather
over long period of time Average Temperature Average Precipitation Regional climates are
effected by Global Air Circulation caused by: (1) uneven heating of Earth’s surface, (2) seasonal changes in T & P, (3) rotation of the Earth (coriolis effect), (4) long term variation in solar energy, and (5) Properties of air and water
Climate – general weather over long period of time
Average Temperature Average Precipitation Regional climates are
effected by Global Air Circulation caused by: (1) uneven heating of Earth’s surface, (2) seasonal changes in T & P, (3) rotation of the Earth (coriolis effect), (4) long term variation in solar energy, and (5) Properties of air and water
See Fig. 6-4 p. 124See Fig. 6-4 p. 124
Fig. 6-6p. 115
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SeasonsSeasons
Fig. 6-8 p. 116
Seasonal variations affected by tilt of Earth’s axis
Long term climate variations affected by wobble of Earth’s axis (22,000 year cycle) and change in tilt ranging from 24.5º to 22.1º every 44,000 years.
Seasonal variations affected by tilt of Earth’s axis
Long term climate variations affected by wobble of Earth’s axis (22,000 year cycle) and change in tilt ranging from 24.5º to 22.1º every 44,000 years.
http://esminfo.prenhall.com/science/geoanimations/animations/01_EarthSun_E2.html
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Air Circulation – Hadley CellsAir Circulation – Hadley Cells
Fig. 6-9 b & c p. 117Fig. 6-9 b & c p. 117 Fig. 6-11 p. 118Fig. 6-11 p. 118
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AP Env. Sci. October 19AP Env. Sci. October 19• 1) Turn in Plate Tectonics Lab
• 2) Finish Notes on Weather
• 3) Climatograph Activity – Use Computers
• 4) Research Biomes Project
• 5) HW: Quiz on Weather and Plate Tectonics
• 6) Return test on Units 3 & 4
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AP Env. Sci. October 20AP Env. Sci. October 20• 1) Turn in Plate Tectonics Lab
• 2) Finish Notes on Weather
• 3) Review Climograph Activities
• 4) Video on Biomes
• 5) HW: Quiz on Weather and Plate Tectonics
• 6) Test Corrections – Units 1 & 2 (in class only)
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Short-Term Climate Changes: ENSOShort-Term Climate Changes: ENSO
Fig. 6-14 p. 119
El Nino-Southern Oscillation: 1) prevailing westerly winds weaken, 2) surface water along N. and S. American coasts becomes warmer, 3) upwellings suppressed causing sharp decline in some fish species; causes major weather changes that can impact an area for several years, 4) E. to W. currents slow and sometimes reverse to W. to E.
El Nino-Southern Oscillation: 1) prevailing westerly winds weaken, 2) surface water along N. and S. American coasts becomes warmer, 3) upwellings suppressed causing sharp decline in some fish species; causes major weather changes that can impact an area for several years, 4) E. to W. currents slow and sometimes reverse to W. to E.
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La NinaLa Nina
Fig. 6-14 p. 119
La Nina: cooling counterpart to El Nino; More hurricanes, colder winters in Canada/N.E., warmer/drier winters in S.E and S.W., wetter winters in Pacific N.W., torrential rains in S.E. Asia, lower wheat yields Argentina, more wildfires Florida
.
La Nina: cooling counterpart to El Nino; More hurricanes, colder winters in Canada/N.E., warmer/drier winters in S.E and S.W., wetter winters in Pacific N.W., torrential rains in S.E. Asia, lower wheat yields Argentina, more wildfires Florida
.
1982–83 1997–98
Year
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
El Niño conditions
La Niña conditions
+3
+2
+1
0
-1
-2
Tem
per
atur
e/C
han
ge (
°F)
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AP Env. Sci. October 21AP Env. Sci. October 21• 1) Quiz on Weather, Climate, & Atmosphere
• 2) Video on Owls
• 3) Begin Notes on Biomes
• 4) Test Corrections – Units 1 & 2 (in class only)
• 5) Tomorrow: Owl Pellet Lab
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AnimationAnimation
• http://esminfo.prenhall.com/science/geoanimations/animations/26_NinoNina.html
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Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect
Fig. 6-17 p. 121
UV converted to IR (heat) by H2O, CO2, CH4, N2O, and CFCs; natural effect enhanced by humans. Alters precipitation patterns, shifts crop areas, raises average sea levels, shifts habitats.
UV converted to IR (heat) by H2O, CO2, CH4, N2O, and CFCs; natural effect enhanced by humans. Alters precipitation patterns, shifts crop areas, raises average sea levels, shifts habitats.
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Rain Shadow EffectRain Shadow Effect
MicroclimatesMicroclimates
Fig. 6-19 p. 122Fig. 6-19 p. 122
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Biomes: Climate and Life on LandBiomes: Climate and Life on Land
Relationship between latitude and altitude Relationship between latitude and altitude
Succulent plants Succulent plants
Evergreen plants Evergreen plants
Deciduous plants Deciduous plants
Coniferous plants Coniferous plants
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Biomes: Latitude and AltitudeBiomes: Latitude and Altitude
Fig. 6-22 p. 124Fig. 6-22 p. 124
Refer to Fig. 6-20 p. 123Refer to Fig. 6-20 p. 123
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Chapter 6Major Ecosystems of the WorldChapter 6Major Ecosystems of the World
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Good Website for BiomesGood Website for Biomes
• http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/index.php
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Desert Biomes Tropical deserts Temperate Deserts Cold DesertsRefer to Fig. 6-25 p. 127
Desert Biomes Tropical deserts Temperate Deserts Cold DesertsRefer to Fig. 6-25 p. 127
Grassland, Tundra, and Chaparral Biomes
Tropical grasslands Temperate grasslands Polar grasslands (Arctic
tundra) Permafrost Alpine tundra ChaparralRefer to Figs. 6-29, 6-30, and 6-32 pp.
130-133
Grassland, Tundra, and Chaparral Biomes
Tropical grasslands Temperate grasslands Polar grasslands (Arctic
tundra) Permafrost Alpine tundra ChaparralRefer to Figs. 6-29, 6-30, and 6-32 pp.
130-133
Forest Biomes Tropical rainforest Tropical deciduous forest Temperate deciduous forest Evergreen coniferous forest
(boreal forest) Temperate rain forestRefer to Figs. 6-34, 6-37, 6-38, and 6-
40 pp. 135-140
Forest Biomes Tropical rainforest Tropical deciduous forest Temperate deciduous forest Evergreen coniferous forest
(boreal forest) Temperate rain forestRefer to Figs. 6-34, 6-37, 6-38, and 6-
40 pp. 135-140
Mountain Biomes Mimic latitude Snow line Islands of biodiversity
Mountain Biomes Mimic latitude Snow line Islands of biodiversity
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Overview of Chapter 6Overview of Chapter 6
• Earth’s Major Biomes– Tundra, Boreal Forests, Temperate Rainforest,
Temperate Deciduous Forests, Grasslands, Chaparral, Deserts, Savanna, & Tropical Rainforests
– Vertical Zonation
• Aquatic Ecosystems– Freshwater ecosystems– Estuaries
• Marine Ecosystems• Interaction of Life Zones and Humans
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Earth’s Major BiomesEarth’s Major Biomes
• Biome– A large, relatively distinct terrestrial region with a similar
climate soil, plants, and animals, regardless of where it occurs in the world
– Nine major biomes
• Location of each biome is primarily determined by:– Temperature (varies with both latitude and elevation)– Precipitation
• Biomes can also be defined by– Winds, rapid temperature changes, fires, floods, etc.
http://daac.ornl.gov/NPP/npp_home.shtml#
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Map of BiomesMap of Biomes
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TundraTundra
• Treeless biome in the far north with harsh, cold winters and extremely short summers
• Precipitation– 10-25 cm/yr
• Temperature– Short growing season– 50-160 days
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TundraTundra
• Nutrient poor soils with little organic material– Permafrost present
• Low species richness– Veg is mostly grasses
and sedges– Very simple food web
• Low primary productivity
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Boreal Forests (Taiga)Boreal Forests (Taiga)
• A region of coniferous forests in the northern hemisphere– Just south of tundra
• Covers 11% of earth’s land• Growing Season
– A little longer than tundra
• Precipitation– ~ 50 cm/yr
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Boreal Forests (Taiga)Boreal Forests (Taiga)• Soils are acidic and mineral poor• Vegetation comprised of drought resistant
conifers– White spruce– Balsam fir– Eastern larch
• Mostly small animals and migrating birds
• Some large animals are present– Wolves, bear, moose
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Temperate RainforestTemperate Rainforest
• Coniferous biome with cool weather, dense fog and high precipitation– Ex: Northwest US
• Precipitation– > 127 cm/yr– Heaviest in winter
• Temperature– Winters are mild– Summers are cool
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Temperate RainforestTemperate Rainforest• Soils are nutrient-poor, but high in organic material
(dropped needles)– Cool temperatures slow decomposition
• Dominant Vegetation– Large evergreen trees– Old-growth forest
• Variety of cool climate animal life• Very high species richness• Heavily logged
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Temperature Deciduous ForestsTemperature Deciduous Forests
• Forest biome that occurs in temperate areas with a moderate amount of precipitation
• Precipitation– 75-150 cm/yr
• Temperature– Seasonality– Hot summers and cold
winters
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Temperate Deciduous ForestTemperate Deciduous Forest
• Topsoil is rich in organic material and underlain by clay
• Vegetation is primarily deciduous– Oak, maple, beech
• Animals– Deer, bear and small animals
• Most of this biome land area has been regenerated after farming & timber harvest
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GrasslandGrassland
• Grasslands with hot summers, cold winters and too little precipitation to support trees
• Precipitation– 25-75 cm/yr
• Tall grass prairies• Short grass prairies• 90% of this biome has been lost
to farmland
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GrasslandGrassland• Soil has thick,
organic material rich organic horizon
• Periodic fires keep the dominant vegetation grasses
• Animals– Once covered with bison- no longer true– Smaller animals
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ChaparralChaparral
• Also called a Mediterranean Climate– Ex: Southern California– Ex: Greece
• Temperature– Mild, moist winters– Hot, dry summers
• Frequent fires
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ChaparralChaparral• Soil is thin and often
not fertile
• Vegetation– Dense growth of
evergreen shrubs– Lush during the
growing season
• Animals– Mule deer,
chipmunks, many species of birds
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DesertsDeserts
• Biome where lack of precipitation limits plant growth
• Temperature– Can very greatly in 24-hr
period, as well as yearly (based on location)
• Precipitation– < 25 cm/yr
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DesertsDeserts
• Soils low in nutrients and high in salts• Vegetation sparse
– cactus and sagebrush
• Animals are very small to regulate temperature
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SavannaSavanna
• Tropical grassland with widely scattered trees
• Temperature– Varies little throughout the
year
• Precipitation– Seasons regulated by
precipitation, not temperature
– 76-150 cm/yr
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SavannaSavanna• Soil low in nutrients due to leaching
• Vegetation– Wide expanses of grass– Occasional Acacia trees– Have fire adaptive
characteristics
• Animals– Herds of hoofed
animals– Large predators-
lions, hyenas, etc.
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Tropical RainforestTropical Rainforest
• Lush, species-rich biome that occurs where climate is warm and moist throughout the year
• Precipitation– 200-450 cm/yr
• Very productive biome
• Most species-rich biome
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Tropical RainforestTropical Rainforest
• Ancient, weathered, nutrient-poor soil– Nutrients tied up in
vegetation, not soil
• Vegetation– 3 distinct canopy layers
• Animals– Most abundant insect,
reptiles and amphibians on earth