Key Concept 2.3 Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication andExchange. Much of this trade resulted from the demand for raw materials and l________ goods. Land and water routes linked many regions of the E_________Hemisphere, while somewhat later separate networks connected the peoples and societies of the Americas.

I. Land and water routes became the basis for transregional trade, communication and exchange networks in the Eastern Hemisphere, while somewhat later separate networks connected the peoples and societies of the Americas.NOTE: Students should know how factors including the climate and location of the routes, the typical trade goods, and the ethnicity of people involved shaped the distinctive features of the following trade routes.A. Eurasian ________RoadsB. Trans-Saharan c_________routesC. Indian Ocean sea lanesD. Mediterranean sea lanes

II. New technologies facilitated long-distance communication and exchange.A. New technologies (such as yokes, saddles or stirrups) permitted the use of domesticated pack animals (such as horses, o______, l_______ or ca_______) to transport goods across longer routes.

• Add east weast point from ap curriculum

Innovations in maritime technologies, as well as advanced knowledge of the monsoon winds, stimulated exchanges along maritime routes from East Africa to East Asia.  Teach one illustrative example of innovations in maritime technologies, either from the list below or an example of your choice: • Lateen sail • Dhow ships

CONTRAST Med ships to IO ships

Long banks of oars propelled the Roman warship swiftly through the water and into battle. Roman cargo ships featured the same distinctive square sails, but warships often had additional protective coverings to shield them from fire and missiles.

The earliest evidence for domesticated ________ in the region about 7th cent BCE; late centuries BCE special camel _________ developed.

Trans Saharan Tradegold, ivory trade, and salt sent north and east to population centers in North Africa, the Middle East and Europe in exchange for glassware, cloth, ceramics etc

Although there are Classical references to direct travel from the Mediterranean to West Africa most of this trade was conducted through nomads (middlemen), inhabiting the area and aware of passages through the

Trans Saharan Trade and CarthageCarthage founded c. 800 BCE,

one terminus for West African gold, ivory, and salt.

Even after fall of Carthaginian Empire Trade continued into Roman times.

III. Alongside the trade in goods, exchanges of people, technology, religious and cultural beliefs, food crops, domesticated animals and disease pathogens developed across far-flung networks of communication and exchange.A. The spread of crops, including rice and cotton from South Asia to the Middle East, encouraged changes in farming and irrigation techniques (such as the development of the q________t system in Persia).B. The spread of disease pathogens diminished urban populations and contributed to the decline of some empires (such as Rome or China)C. Religious and cultural traditions were transformed as they spread including Chinese culture, Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism.

AKA great vehicle bodhisattvas , revere e Buddha influence in China and Japan

Influential Trade Empires

Required examples of key states and empires (Student should know the location and names):• Southwest Asia: Persian Empires• East Asia: Qin and Han Empire• South Asia: Maurya and Gupta Empires• Mediterranean region: Phoenicia and its colonies, Greek city-statesand colonies, and Hellenistic and Roman Empires• Mesoamerica: Teotihuacan, Maya city-states• Andean South America: Moche

What Unit is this?

Unit 2 600 bce to 600 CE

What is the title? Hint it starts with a “c”

The Phoenicians were masters of the s_______. Their economy was based on trade. Rather than moving goods over the land in massive caravans, the Phoenicians built large sailing ships.

 

The Phoenicians (1500–300 b.c.)

The number and size of key states and empires grew dramatically by imposing political unity on areas where previously there had been competing states.Required examples of key states and empires (Student should know the location and names): ,. . . Mediterranean region: Phoenicia and its colonies, Greek city-states and colonies, and Hellenistic and Roman Empires

Hellenistic Era: Time period where Greek (and then Roman) culture spread and blended with civilizations conquered by A__________ the __________.

The Hellenistic period is the period of ancient Greek and eastern Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire in 30 BCE.

Greco-Buddhism,cultural syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism,

developed between the 4th century BCE and the 5th century CE

cultural consequence of a long chain of interactions begun by Greek forays into India from the time of Alexander the Great, carried further by the establishment of Indo-Greek rule in the area for some centuries, and extended during flourishing of the Hellenized empire of the Kushans.

The convergence of Greco-Roman culture and Buddhist beliefs affected the development of unique sculptural developments.

The Buddha, in Greco-Buddhist style, 1st-2nd century CE, Gandhara (Modern Pakistan). (Standing Buddha (Tokyo National Museum)).

________’s Missionary Activities

The Spread of Christianity during 200-400 A.D

Major Developments: 200 CE to 600 CECollapse of empire; Han china, western portion of Roman empire, Gupta

Collapse of empire was more severe in _______ Europe than it was in the ________Med or China

SIMILARITIESSeveral common factors caused H, R and G empires to fall:· Attacks from ___________ or migratory groups Their migration was probably caused by drought and lack of pasture, and the invention and use of the s__________facilitated their attacks on all three established civilizations. · Deterioration of political institutions - All three empires were riddled by political ___________during their latter days, and all three suffered under weak-willed rulers. Moral decay also characterized the years prior to their respective falls. · Protection/maintenance of __________- which had grown so large that their military had trouble guarding them. A primary example is the failure of the Great Wall to keep the Huns out of China. The Huns generally just went around it. · __________that followed the trade routes - Plagues and epidemics may have killed off as much as half of the population of each empire.

COMMON CONSEQUENCES____________was disrupted but survived, keeping intact the trend toward increased long-distance contact. Trade on the ________ _________even increased as conflict and decline of political authority affected overland trade. (ooh ccot pt)

The importance of ____________increased as political authority decreased. In the west religion, particularly______, developed authority in many areas of people's lives. ________also spread quickly in China, presenting itself as competition to Confucian traditions.

DIFFERENCES in the effect of the fall

The fall of the Gupta probably had the least impact, partly because political unity wasn't the rule anyway, and partly because the traditions of _________ and the ________system continued on after the empire fell.

The fall of the Han Dynasty –takes several 100 years before next dynasty—but tho discredited, __________traditions continued to give coherence to Chinese society. Nomads (as usual) adopted Ch ways

The most devastating fall of all occurred in the _______ part of the Roman Empire. Roman civilization depended almost exclusively on the ability of the government and the military to control territory. Even though __________emerged as a major religion, it appeared so late in the life of the empire that it provided little to unify people as Romans after the empire fell. Instead, the areas of the empire fragmented into small parts and developed unique characteristics, and the Western Roman Empire never united again.

Hsiung-nu—pastoral nomads originate in the ________ lived in areas that sedentary agriculture could not cuz not enuf rain, incursions into China, Gupta and Rome, played major role in rise and fall of empires in civilized cores—courage culture, kin-related bands, honor, vendettas, men dominate, short legged horses, some social stratification

The Fall . . . The Roman, Han, Persian, Mauryan, and Gupta empires created political, cultural, and administrative difficulties that they could not manage, which eventually led to their decline, collapse and transformation into successor empires or states.

A. Through excessive mobilization of resources, imperial governmentscaused environmental damage (such as deforestation,desertification, soil erosion or silted rivers) and generated socialtensions and economic difficulties by concentrating too muchwealth in the hands of elites.

B. External problems resulted from security issues along their frontiers,including the threat of invasions. (such as between HanChina and Xiongnu; Gupta and the White Huns; or betweenRomans, and their northern and eastern neighbors)

2

3

7

6

8

94

1

Teach one illustrative example of cities, either from the list below or an example of your choice:• Persepolis , • Chang’an • Pataliputra• Athens• Carthage• Rome• Alexandria• Constantinople • Teotihuacan

2

3

7

6

8

94

1

Teach one illustrative example of cities, either from the list below or an example of your choice:• Persepolis (8) , • Chang’an (7) • Pataliputra•(6) Athens (3)• Carthage (2) Rome (4)• Alexandria (5)• Constantinople (9) • Teotihuacan (1)

5

The AMERICAsUNIT ONE:

In Mesoamerica: O________ (about 1400-400 BCE)

In Andean South America: C________ (about 900-200 BCE)

UNIT TWO

In Mesoamerica: T________ and M_________

In Andean South America: M________

Oh Crap, those messy Mayans and make it go UP (meso) DOWN (Andes)

Draw arrows to the correct places for the 6 Neolithic Civilizations

_________

Olmec is a syllabic writing system used in the Olmec heartland from 900 BC- AD 450.

This is the earliest text written in America, helps us to understand the culture religion and politics of the Olmec

Ancestors of the _______ ; cultivators of the _______

The ___________ were a civilization that developed in the northern __________ highlands of Peru from 900 BC to 200 BC.

The site of Chavín de Huántar

UNIT TWO

• THOSE– Messy

MAYANS

Teotihuacán

The number and size of key states and empires grew dramatically by imposing political unity on areas where previously there had been competing states.Required examples of key states and empires (Student should know the location and names): ,. . . • Mesoamerica: Teotihuacan, Maya city-states

Cities served as centers of trade, public performance of religious rituals, and political administration for states and empires. Teach one illustrative example of cities, either from the list below or an example of your choice:• Persepolis , • Chang’an • Pataliputra• Athens• Carthage• Rome• Alexandria• Constantinople • Teotihuacan

Mayan

How about: Oh crap those messy Mayans

• Started building approx 100 BCE; lasted until sometime between the 7th and 8th centuries CE.

• At its zenith, Teotihuacan largest city in the pre-Columbian Americas.• more than 200,000inhabitants• multi-floor apartment compounds

One of the largest cities of the world

Moche (Mochica) societynorth Peruvian coastal desert

100-800 CE

Andean South America: Moche

The number and size of key states and empires grew dramatically by imposing political unity on areas where previously there had been competing states. Required examples of key states and empires (Students should know the location and names):

• Mesoamerica: Teotihuacan, Maya city-states

Royal Textiles

• Developed a powerful elite and specialized craft production

• instituted labor tribute* payments.

• new technologies in metallurgy, pottery, and textile production,

Concept 2.2, IIIC. Imperial societies relied on a range of methods to maintain the production of food and provide rewards for the loyalty of the elites.  Teach one illustrative example of such methods, either from the list below or an example of your choice: • Corvee • Slavery • Rents and tributes • Peasant communities • Family and household production

City-__________ of Mayan Civilization

The ruins of Palenque.

Classical era : 200-900 CE

Codex (Books)

Mayan Technology’s role in state building

Most lands occupied by the Maya were poorly drained lowlands with poor soil. To improve agricultural production, the Maya constructed terraces, which trapped silt carried by rivers and so retained rich earth for planting, thereby allowing their expansion and population growth.

RELIGIONS and Belief SystemsBelief Systems Chart

Unit II 2015-16

Belief System Basic Features Founder/imp people

Role of Women Spread/where apply by 600CE

Animsim/ Shamanism

traditional belief systems; both consider the entire universe to be alive and interconnected. Animism: belief that a soul or spirit exists in every object, even if it was inanimate; no separation between the spiritual and physical world; Shamanism refers to a range of beliefs and practices regarding communication with the spiritual world; shamans are intermediaries or messengers between the human world and the spirit worlds; used to heal and enlighten and obtain solutions to problems afflicting the community. Don’t really focus on god/s; oral practices

NA Priestesses, shaman Female sprits like dryads

origins in Paleolithic age found in many indigenous beliefs; blend with monotheistic (e.g. Easter) religions when they spread

Polytheism

Belief in a number of deities. Each god/goddess typically has responsibility for one area of life. Sun God often most prominent; some see gods as fierce, punishing, others see as more tolerant of human mistakes; oral tradition wide variety of practices; b/c practice complicated, rise of priestly class

NA

Goddesses, earth mother, fertility as reflected in statues of pregnant goddesses, or women with exaggerated female features. Oracles, priestesses

B/c first religious belief find in many places except where these other religions take hold; even when other religions spread, see blend

Hinduism

Brahman: supreme spirit permeates everything; many gods (like V, S, B) but all part of one; no central creed ; karma is the sum of a person's actions in this and previous states of existence, viewed as deciding their fate in future existences , soul repeatedly goes thru a cycle of being born in a body, dying and rebirth goal is to escape and become ne with universal soul, dharma is an individual’s duty; No single source of authority, oral tradition imp., worship is personal, corporate worship not as imp., caste system provides order Books: Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad –Gita Religion is matter of practice, more than belief.

No single founder

Dharma for gender Goddesses can be credited with beauty and wit

Originated in Indus valley with Aryan invasions maybe about 2000 BCE “Vedic era” By 600 spread to SE Asia, but mostly concentrated in India Not missionary

Judaism

Monotheistic—single omnipotent G--, has special reln with Jewish people cemented by covenant God made with Moses—righteous G-obey g-ds laws shows love and respect-promote ethics of prophets Place of worship synagogue, leader of religious community Rabbi, book: Torah—especially first 5 books, 10 commandments, waiting for messiah

Abraham is patriarch, God calls to lead to a new land Moses cements monotheism

Patriarchal , imp of Jewish mother

Begins ME (Abraham born in Ur, in Mesopotamia) to Egypt, back to homeland, Diaspora under Romans Does not actively seek converts so doesn’t spread as much (not missionary)

Buddhism

Individuals should attain enlightenment, reach nirvana, all existence is Dukka, w/o permanence and therefore suffering , equality, “honor others”, four noble truths Eliminate greedy desire, follow a middle path, 8-fold path No central authority, may collections of Buddhist teachings—Mahayana branch use sutras, stupas

Siddhartha Gautama, lived 566-496 BCE—awakening under a tree Ashoka converts

Women in monasteries, (Monastiacism!) text says all equal

Founded by SG 6th cent BCE in foothills of Himalayas, spread by monks, missionaries, trade and empire, silk roads imp. In China during Han (65CE) to Korea (thru China about 300s CE, In Japan in 6th cent(thru China) , also spreads to SE Asia—not India!

Towns in the Diaspora

The association of monotheism with Judaism was further developed with the codification of the Hebrew Scriptures, which also showed reflected the influence of Mesopotamian cultural and legal traditions. The Assyrian, Babylonian and Roman empires conquered various Jewish states at different points in time. These conquests contributed to the growth of Jewish diasporic communities around the Mediterranean and Middle East.

B. The core beliefs outlined in the Sanskrit scriptures formed the basis of the Vedic religions—often known as_____________ which contributed to the development of the social and political roles of a c__________ system and in the importance of multiple manifestations of B_________ to promote teachings about rein____________.

'As a man casts off his worn-out clothes and takes on other new ones, so does the [soul] cast off its worn out bodies and enter new ones.' (Bhagavad-Gita 2:22)

IV. Other religious and cultural traditions continued parallel to the codified, written belief systems in core civilizations.A. Shamanism and an__________ continued to

shape the lives of people within and outside of core civilizations, because of their daily reliance on the n__________ world.

B. A_______________ veneration persisted in many regions (such as in Africa, the Mediterranean region, East Asia or the Andean areas).

Spread of Religions

Points … B out, thru ChinaSE Asia what?C not in China, not yet

Spread of __________

• "[Sugar cane] was brought to the [Indian] subcontinent during the B.C.E., era but it was not until the Gupta period that someone in India discovered how to reduce the juice of the sugar cane into crystallized sugar and thereby began an industry that has played a significant role in history for more than a millennium."

• -Asia in Western and World History, by Ainslie T. Embree & Carol Gluck

Gupta Golden Age

Slavery in China

• Slaves (nuli 奴隸 ) comprised roughly 1% of the population, a proportion far less than the contemporary Greco-Roman world which relied on the labor of a large slave population. Slaves were classified into two categories: those who were privately owned, and those who were owned by the state

2

3

7

6

8

94

1

Teach one illustrative example of cities, either from the list below or an example of your choice:• Persepolis , • Chang’an • Pataliputra• Athens• Carthage• Rome• Alexandria• Constantinople • Teotihuacan

2

3

7

6

8

94

1

Teach one illustrative example of cities, either from the list below or an example of your choice:• Persepolis (8) , • Chang’an (7) • Pataliputra•(6) Athens (3)• Carthage (2) Rome (4)• Alexandria (5)• Constantinople (9) • Teotihuacan (1)

5

Which is which?

First Persian Empire ______________s– founded by Cyrus the Great (r. 558-530 BCE) created largest known empire

CLASSICAL CHINA• Qin Dynasty 221-

202 BCEHan Dynasty202 BCE to 220 CE

. . .