CHAPTER 16 Kevin Toney

Religion

European prosperity causes Catholic Church to benefit

-Indulgences:- People sin, are in debt- Pay money to get out of “debt”- People then get to heaven

Indulgence Problems

Is it a black mark?

Martin Luther thinks so.

He disagrees with indulgences

Martin Luther

These questions on the Catholic church, lead to Protestant reformation.

Protestant reformation:- If you have faith, you’re going to

heaven- Based on traditions and the Bible

John Calvin (1509-1564)New ‘religion’- Calvinism

- God decides if you get to go to heaven before you are born

- Wore simple black clothes, avoided ‘showy’ living, worshiped in churches without statues, instruments, stained glass windows.

Catholic Reformation

The society of Jesus:“Jesuits”

Founded by Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)

- Helped win back adherents by teaching

- Missionaries oversees

Big Differences?

Not really.How do we know?

-Witch hunts were a dramatic way to tell that most of the different religions were basically the same.

Witch HuntsOccurred in Europe.

- Suspicion of women acting oddly led to the belief that they were a witch.

- Belief in supernatural spirits

Science Revolution

Time of scientific development

Works in science and mathematics

Questions on the universe spark ‘arguments’

Isaac Newton

Law of gravity:Every

object obeys a law in which there is an unseen force pulling it to the earth

John Locke

Father of Liberalism

- Influenced Enlightenment Thinkers

Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness

NOT Ben Franklin

CopernicusStated that the sun

was the center of the universe, not the earth

He delays the publication of his theory until the end of is life, in fear of death

The Bourgeoisie

Economy changes in Europe causing growing cities

- Paris 1500: over 100,000 people- Paris and London 1700: over 500,000- Twenty other European cities have

over 60,000 people

Economy

Dutch pioneered chartering joint-stock companies.

Effects:Gives Dutch East and West India

Companies monopolies over trade in East and West Indies

Basically sparks the stock market.

Women

Status and work were closely tied to their husbands’

Could inherit the throne (royalty)

Chose their own spouses.Late marriage ageAbout 1/10 births to unmarried woman

Holy Roman Empire

One of the most notable ‘city-states’ in Germany

Dreamt of a European empire comparable to those of Asia’s

Frustration occurs

The English Civil War

Causes:King Charles IHe can’t get parliament to raise

taxesHe gets loans from the wealthyRebellion in ScotlandForms new parliament, raises

taxes to form armyParliament and King disagree,

WAR

The English Civil WarEffects:

King Charles I loses on battlefield, still refuses to compromise

a “Rump” parliament orders him executed

Oliver Cromwell takes over

No more moneyEuropean rulers are in debt due to war

What do they do?They promote alliances with commercial

eliteTrade thrives where:

-gov. taxes and regulation were NOT excessive

-Courts enforce contracts and collect debts-Military power were ready to defend

Do that ^^ and you get money