Kenyang Orthography Guide

8/4/2019 Kenyang Orthography Guide

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kenyang-orthography-guide 1/22

JDMX@MF NQSGNFQ@OGX FTHCD

Tanyi Eyong Mbuagbaw

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1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................4

2. ALPHABET .....................................................................................................................4

2.1 Consonants ............................................... ....................................................... ........................................................ 4

2.2 Vowels..... ....................................................... ....................................................... ................................................... 6

3. TONE...............................................................................................................................6

3.1 Tonal Contrast ........................................................... ............................................................ ................................. 6

3.2 Grammatical Functions of Tone ........................................................... ........................................................... ..... 7

3.3 Representation of Tone in the Orthography............... ................................................................... ...................... 7

4. WORD DIVISION............................................................................................................9

4.1 Subject Marker...... ........................................................... ............................................................... ....................... 9

4.2 Noun Phrase ...................................................... ........................................................... ......................................... 10

4.2.1 Associative Phrase.......... ................................................................ .............................................................. ... 10

4.2.2 Compound Nouns....................................................... ...................................................... ............................... 10

4.3 Reduplication ........................................................... .............................................................. ............................... 12

4.4 Verb Phrase............................ ....................................................... .................................................................... .... 12

4.4.1 Tense............................................................... ................................................................. ................................ 12

4.4.2 Aspect...................................................... ....................................................... ................................................. 13

4.4.3 Infinitive ...................................................... ....................................................... ............................................. 13

4.4.4 Negation ....................................................... ....................................................... ............................................ 14

4.5 Conjunctions and Subordinators ............................................................ ........................................................ .... 14

5. PUNCTUATION AND CAPITALISATION.....................................................................15

5.1 Full Stop ............................................................. .......................................................... ......................................... 16

5.2 Question Mark................................................... ....................................................... ............................................ 16

5.3 Exclamation Mark...................... ................................................................ ....................................................... ... 16

5.4 Comma ................................................. ....................................................... .......................................................... 16

5.5 Colon and Semicolon.......................................................... ............................................................ ...................... 18

5.6 Quotation Marks .................................................... ....................................................... ....................................... 18

5.7 Capitalisation .................................................... ....................................................... ............................................. 19

5.8 Summary .................................................... ....................................................... .................................................... 20

References ....................................................... ................................................................ ......................................... 21

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JDMX@MF NQSGNFQ@OGX FTHCD

1. Introduction

Sgd oqdrdms vnqj cdrbqhadr sgd nqsgnfqògx ne Jdmx`mf+ ` A`msnhc k`mft`fd ronjdm hmsgd L`mxt `mc Ldld Chuhrhnmr ne sgd Rntsg,Vdrs Oqnuhmbd+ Qdotakhb ne B`ldqnnm-Jdmx`mf g`r sgqdd l`hm ch`kdbsr9 Toodq Jdmx`mf+ Knvdq Jdmx`mf `mc Jhsvhh- ToodqJdmx`mf `mc Knvdq Jdmx`mf `qd rhst`sdc hm L`mxt Chuhrhnm+ `mc Jhsvhh hm LdldChuhrhnm-

Hssl`mm '0824.25( otakhrgdc sgd ehqrs qdrd`qbg vnqj hm Jdmx`mf+ oqnctbhmf ` fq`ll`q`mc ` bnkkdbshnm ne enkjs`kdr `mc oqnudqar- Hm 0872+ Sxgtqrs b`qqhdc nts ` rnbhnkhmfthrshbrstcx ne Jdmx`mf `mc Cdmx` `mc `m`kxrdc sgd ognmnknfx ne Jdmx`mf- Lat`fa`v `mcOtmbgdr '088/( oqnonrdc sgd ehqrs sdms`shud Jdmx`mf `kogàds `mc nqsgnfqògx- Sgd trdne sgdrd l`sdqh`kr nudq shld ax Jdmx`mf rod`jdqr rgnvdc sg`s sgdqd vdqd bdqs`hmhm`cdpt`bhdr hm sgd nqsgnfqògx `mc bdqs`hm qduhrhnmr vdqd mddcdc- Hm 0885 sgd RHKKhmfthrshbr Cdo`qsldms+ snfdsgdq vhsg rod`jdqr sq`hmdc hm qd`chmf mc vqhshmf Jdmx`mf+b`qqhdc nts qdrd`qbg nm sgd Jdmx`mf snmd rxrsdl- Eqnl ` khmfthrshb onhms ne uhdv+ rnldne sgd oqnakdlr oqdrdmsdc ax sgd Jdmx`mf rod`jdqr vdqd pthsd hmsdqdrshmf- Sgdnqsgnfqògx oqnakdlr vdqd hm svn `qd`r9 Ehqrs+ sgdqd v`r sgd oqnakdl ne l`qjhmf snmd+vghbg sgd Jdmx`mf rod`jdqr entmc cheehbtks- Rdbnmckx+ sgdqd vdqd oqnakdlr bnmbdqmhmfgnv adrs sn qdoqdrdms bdqs`hm vnqc bnmehftq`shnmr- Jdmx`mf khsd`q`bx rstcdmsr edks sg`ssgdqd vdqd snn l`mx snmd l`qjr sn kd`qm `mc rn sgdhq sd`bgdqr qdptdrsdc ` qdctbshnm hm sgdmtladq ne snmdr sg`s sgd rstcdmsr g`c sn kd`qm sn qd`c- Sgd sd`bgdqr v`msdc nmkx svn snmdl`qjr+ m`ldkx sgd ghfg `mc qhrhmf nmdr- Sgdrd snmdr+ `bbnqchmf sn sgd sd`bgdqr+ bntkc

d`rhkx ad hcdmshehdc ax sgd rstcdmsr- E`bdc vhsg sghr rhst`shnm+ Bgqhr I`bjrnm+ K`qqxRdfthm+ `mc H hmudrshf`sdc sgd rhst`shnm `mc bnmbktcdc sg`s sgd nqsgnfqògx chc mddcqduhrhnm-

2. Alphabet

Sgd Jdmx`mf rdfldms`k `kogàds hr l`cd to ne svdmsx nmd bnmrnm`msr `mc mhmd unvdkr-Sgdx `qd qdoqdrdmsdc hm toodq `mc knvdq b`rdr9

@ `+ A a+ Ag ag+ Bg bg+ C c+ D d+ ü ø+ E e+ F f+ Fa fa+ Fg fg+ H h+ ´ À+ I i+ J j+ Jojo+ Ll+ M m+ Øœ+ Mx mx+ N n+ ± — + O o+ Q q+ R r+ S s+ T t+ ∏ ÿ+ V v+ X x-

2.1 Consonants

Sgd bnmrnm`ms ognmdldr `mc sgdhq `kknognmdr `qd oqdrdmsdc hm Sàkd H- @m `ssdlos hr `krnl`cd sn rgnv sgdhq trd hm u`qhntr onrhshnmr hm sgd lnqogdld '` lnqogdld hr sgd lhmhl`kchrshmbshud tmhs ne fq`ll`q(- Sgd bnmrnm`msr hm Jdmx`mf `qd `r enkknvr9

4



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Ldch`konrhshnm

Ehm`konrhshnm

.o. [p] O o puri@

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camwood

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sky

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ask 'u(

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dance

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take 'u( .c. Zc\ C c do@k

jump 'u(

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line

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buy 'u(

nkçk

fowl

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grind 'u( .f. Zf\ F f gu@

die 'u(

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vomit 'u(

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scabies

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red

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egg

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.dZ. [dZ] I i ji

excrete 'u(

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water pot

.jo. [kp] Jo jo kpç@k

gaze 'u(

Ekpçk

lump

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.fa. [gb] Fa fa gbç@k beckon 'u(

agbçname

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.e. [f] E e fu@

fn nts

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table

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.r. [s] R r sEn

burst 'u(

nsok

elephant

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.l. [m] L l mEn

swallow 'u(

nEmç

examination

nE@m

bite 'u(

.m. [n] M m na@

cook 'u(

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bicycle

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crack 'u(

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drink 'u(

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S`akd H9 Jdmx`mf Bnmrnm`msr

5



2.2 Vowels

Jdmx`mf g`r mhmd unvdk ognmdldr+ oqdrdmsdc 'vhsg sgdhq `kknognmdr( hm Sàkd HH- Sgdognmdldr `qd rgnvm `r sgdx nbbtq hm cheedqdms onrhshnmr ne sgd vnqc-

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Ehm`konrhshnm

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refuse 'u( nti@

head

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evening

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pot

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twenty

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cover 'u(

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ground

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neck

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native dish

Emÿæ

alm nuts

Sàkd HH9 Jdmx`mf Unvdkr

3. Tone

Sxgtqrs '0873( `mc Lat`fa`v '0883( hcdmshehdc entq a`rhb snmdr hm Jdmx`mf9 svn kdudksnmdr+ ghfg Z æ \ `mc knv Z ∆ \+ mc svn bnmsntq snmdr+ qhrhmf Z ¿ \ `mc e`kkhmf Z » \-Snmd v`r qdoqdrdmsdc kdwhb`kkx vhsghm lnqogdldr+ `mc fq`ll`shb`kkx vhsghm rdmsdmbdr-

3.1 Tonal Contrast

Hs hr e`hqkx d`rx sn ehmc Jdmx`mf vnqcr vgdqd sgd nmkx cheedqdmbd adsvddm sgdl hr snmd-Enq dw`lokd9

(1) [m$mu@] _cnf& [E$ Ba@] _edmbd&[m$mu$] _odqrnm& [E$ Ba$] _a`f&

[N$kç@k] _k`ccdq& [fa&] _fhud v`x&[N$kç$k] _envk& [fa] _gdqd&

6



Zti@] _sn rdkk&[ti$] _sn rbqta&

3.2 Grammatical Functions of Tone

Snmd `krn ok`xr `m hlonqs`ms qnkd hm sgd fq`ll`q ne sgd k`mft`fd- Bnlo`qd sgd enkknvhmfdw`lokdr9

(2) Oqdrdms odqedbshud [a$to$] _gd g`r rdms&Oqdrdms hlodqedbshud [a$to@] _gd rdms&Oqdrdms bnmshmtntr [a&õto@] _gd hr rdmchmf&

Sgtr+ he vd cn mns l`qj snmd `cdpt`sdkx+ sgd ld`mhmf b`m ad `lahftntr- Sgd cnvmrsdo`qqnv ld`mr sg`s sgd ghfg snmd hr knvdqdc-

3.3 Representation of Tone in the Orthography

Sgd fq`ll`shb`k etmbshnmr ne snmdr chrbtrrdc ànud l`jd hs mdbdrr`qx sn qdoqdrdms sgdlhm sgd Jdmx`mf nqsgnfqògx- Knmf`bqd '08539025,6(+ Mhc` '0853a915,6(+ `mc Vhdrdl`mm'0878905( `fqdd sg`s vgdm snmd bg`mfdr èedbs udqa sdmrdr `mc oqnmnlhm`k rtaidbsr+ sgdxrgntkc ad l`qjdc hm sgd nqsgnfqògx- Hm sgd 088/ nqsgnfqògx+ snmdr vdqd l`qjdc hm sgdnqsgnfqògx `r enkknvr- Rhmbd sgd knv snmd g`r ` ghfgdq eqdptdmbx sg`m sgd ghfg snmd+ sgdknv snmd v`r kdes tml`qjdc+ enkknvhmf sgd snmd dbnmnlx oqhmbhokd ne Vhkkh`lrnm '0873(-Sgd nsgdq sgqdd snmdr vdqd l`qjdc `r ghfg ' @ (+ e`kkhmf ' (+ `mc qhrhmf ' & (-

Sgd Rnbhdsx enq Jdmx`mf Khsdq`stqd 'RJK( rs`qsdc oqnctbhmf khsdq`stqd hm 088/ èsdq sgdKhmfthrshbr Cdo`qsldms ne RHK+ X`ntmcdæ òoqnudc sgd hmhsh`k sdms`shud nqsgnfqògx- Hm0880+ sgd B`m`ch`m Hmsdqm`shnm`k Cdudknoldms @fdmbx 'BHC@(+ ehm`mbdc sgd ehqrssd`bgdqr sq`hmhmf rdlhm`q- @ants 44 sd`bgdqr gùd mnv qdbdhudc sq`hmhmf nm gnv sn sd`bgJdmx`mf hm sgdhq qdrodbshud rbgnnkr `mc bnlltmhshdr+ `kk trhmf sgd hmhsh`k nqsgnfqògx-

@esdq sgd sd`bgdqr& rdlhm`q hm 0880+ sd`bghmf v`r rs`qsdc hm u`qhntr rbgnnkr `mcbnlltmhsx bdmsqdr- Adfhmmhmf hm 0884+ vd adf`m qdbdhuhmf eddca`bj eqnl sd`bgdqr `mcrtodquhrnqr- Nmd ne sgd lìnq oqnakdlr v`r sg`s ne snmd l`qjhmf- L`mx sd`bgdqr rg`qdcsgd uhdv sg`s sgdx chc mns rdd sgd cheedqdmbd adsvddm ` cnvmrsdoodc ghfg `mc ` ghfg snmdnm sgd nmd g`mc+ `mc `m tml`qjdc knv snmd `mc ` e`kkhmf snmd nm sgd nsgdq g`mc-

@bbnqchmf sn sgdhq rtffdrshnmr+ sgd cnvmrsdoodc ghfg rgntkc gùd addm l`qjdc `r ghfg+vghkd sgd e`kkhmf snmd rgntkc gùd addm kdes tml`qjdc+ khjd sgd knv snmd- Enkknvhmf sgdrdrtffdrshnmr+ gnvdudq+ vntkc b`trd hlonqs`ms udqa`k bnmsq`rsr sn ad mdtsq`khrdc+ `mcsgdqdax hmbqd`rd sgd kdudk ne `lahfthsx hm sgd vqhssdm enqlr- Sgd qd`rnm v`r sg`s sgde`kkhmf snmd `mc sgd tml`qjdc knv l`qj ` bdqs`hm bnmsq`rs hm sgd udqa rsdl- Sgd r`ldrhst`shnm nbbtqr adsvddm sgd ghfg snmd `mc sgd cnvmrsdoodc ghfg- Gdqd `qd rnlddw`lokdr hm '2(9

(3) [ba@ti@] _Sgdx rnkc-& 'O0([ba@õti@] _Sgdx `qd rdkkhmf-& 'OQNF(

7



[ma@ ¯E@] _Sgdx `sd-& 'O0([ma@õ¯E@] _Sgdx `qd d`shmf-& 'OQNF(

[ba@kwE@n] _Sgdx edkk-& 'O0(

ba@õkwE@n] _Sgdx `qd e`kkhmf-& 'OQNF(

[ba@to] _Sgdx sgqdv-& 'O0([ba@to$] _Sgdx `qd sgqnvhmf-& 'OQNF(

[ba@kç] _Sgdx v`kjdc-& 'O0([ba@kç$] _Sgdx `qd v`kjhmf-& 'OQNF(

[ba@so] _Sgdx v`rgdc-& 'O0([ba@so$] _Sgdx `qd v`ghmf-& 'OQNF(

Hm nqcdq sn rnkud sgdrd oqnakdlr+ Bgqhr I`bjrnm+ `m RHK ldladq vnqjhmf vhsg sgd L`mxtsd`l rtffdrsdc sg`s sgd fqùd `bbdms eqnl Eqdmbg bntkc ad trdc sn l`qj sgd oqnfqdrrhud`rodbs hm Jdmx`mf- Vd sqhdc sghr oqnonr`k+ `mc hs g`r vnqjdc rtbbdrretkkx Sgtr+ hmrsd`cne l`qjhmf entq snmdr+ vd l`qj nmkx sgqdd `mc trd sgd fqùd `bbdms sn hmchb`sdoqnfqdrrhud `rodbs hm sgd qduhrdc nqsgnfqògx- Sd`bghmf sgd fqùd `bbdms `r sgdoqnfqdrrhud `rodbs l`qjdq b`trdr mn oqnakdl enq odnokd trdc sn sgd nkc nqsgnfqògxadb`trd sgd fqùd `bbdms v`r oqduhntrkx mns trdc hm sgd nkc nqsgnfqògx- Lat`fa`v'0886( hmsqnctbdc sghr mdv rxrsdl ne l`qjhmf snmd hm Jdmx`mf Oqhldq 0-

@ Sd`bgdqr.rtodquhrnqr rdlhm`q+ nqf`mhrdc hm L`qbg+ 0887+ v`r ` sns`k rtbbdrr vgdm sgdsd`bgdqr qdbdhudc sq`hmhmf vhsg sgd mdv oqhldq- Sgd mdv rxrsdl ne l`qjhmf snmd `mc`rodbs v`r r`shre`bsnqx sn ansg sgd sd`bgdqr `mc rtodquhrnqr- Sgdx qdl`qjdc sg`s sghrnqsgnfqògx v`r d`rhdq sg`m sgd ehqrs nmd adb`trd sgd mtladq ne snmd l`qjr v`r qdctbdceqnl entq sn sgqdd+ `mc sgd fqùd `bbdms v`r nmkx trdc vhsg sgd oqnfqdrrhud `rodbs- Adknvhr ` bg`qs bnmsq`rshmf sgd nkc `mc mdv snmd nqsgnfqòghdr-

'3( Snmdr.@rodbs Nkc Nqsgnfqògx Mdv Nqsgnfqògx[ @ ] @ @

[ õ ] # @

[ $ ]

[ & ] & &

[ ^ ]

OQNF # $

Sàkd HHH9 Qdoqdrdms`shnm ne Snmd hm Nkc `mc Mdv Nqsgnfqòghdr

Nmd ne sgd l`hm bg`mfdr vhsg sgd mdv nqsgnfqògx hr sg`s cnvmrsdoodc ghfg snmdr+hmchb`sdc ax sgd l`bqnm ' #( `qd qdok`bdc ax dhsgdq ` ghfg snmd 'hm ` mnm,oqnfqdrrhudrdmsdmbd( nq ` fqùd `bbdms 'hm ` oqnfqdrrhud rdmsdmbd(+ `r hm '4(-

8



(5) Nkc Nqsgnfqògx Mdv Nqsgnfqògx Fknrr

A æ jø æ twç.# 2O MDF bnld

A æ jøæ sv—æ - _Sgdx rgntkc mns bnld-&

@ ag≠◊ j≠◊ mxE#.

2R MDF d`s@ag≠ ◊ j≠ ◊ mxøæ - _Gd chc mns d`s-&

Llø¿ rç#N Etçk.

0R fn-OQNF uhkk`fdLlø¿ q— ∆ œ øs—j- _H `l fnhmf sn sgd uhkk`fd-&

@† na# nEnyE@.

2R bnnj-OQNF ennc@¿ m ∆ mømxøæ - _Gd hr bnnjhmf ennc-&

@mnsgdq hlondqs`ms bg`mfd hr sg`s e`kkhmf snmdr `qd mnv kdes tml`qjdc 'khjd knv snmdr(+

`r hm '5( adknv-

(6) Nkc Nqsgnfqògx Mdv Nqsgnfqògx Fknrr

Rø æ q— » j øagÀ-0O fn-O0 atrg

Røæ q—j øagÀ- _Vd vdms sn sgd atrg-&

A`¿ rn» mcøm-1O v`rg-O0 bknsgdr

A ¿ rn mcøm- _Xnt v`rgdc bknsgdr-&

@r ldmshnmdc ànud+ sgd nudqvgdklhmf qdronmrd sn sgdrd bg`mfdr hm vqhshmf snmdr g`raddm onrhshud-

4. Word Division

@qshbkdr+ mdf`shnm l`qjdqr+ sdmrd l`qjdqr+ `mc lnc`k `twhkkh`qhdr vdqd vqhssdm rdo`q`sdkxhm sgd 088/ nqsgnfqògx `r sgdx qd hm Dmfkhrg+ `mc mn `ssdlos v`r l`cd sn cdsdqlhmdsgd nqsgnfqòghb vnqc hm Jdmx`mf eqnl sgd m`shud rod`jdq&r onhms ne uhdv- Bdqs`hmoqnakdlr `qnrd `r sn vgdsgdq bdqs`hm Èbkhshb sxodÍ dkdldmsr g`c sgd rs`str ne ` vnqc nqmns-

4.1 Subject Marker

Hm sgd mdv nqsgnfqògx+ sgd rtaidbs l`qjdq hr `ss`bgdc sn vg`sdudq enkknvr hs adb`trdkhmfthrshb`kkx+ sgd rtaidbs l`qjdq hr ` udqa`k oqdehw rhlhk`q hm m`stqd sn sgd mntm bk`rroqdehw nm mntmr- Bnlo`qd sgd enkknvhmf dw`lokdr hm sgd mdv `mc nkc nsgnfqògx-

'6( Nkc nqsgnfqògx Mdv nqsgnfqògx Fknrr

L æ mæ md»ll—-

2O GNQS eddc bghkc

L`æ mmd ll—- _Kds sgdl eddc sgd bghkc-&

9



A`æ ag≠◊ j≠◊ sv—æø æ xtæ -2O MDF bnld xdrsdqc`x

A æ ag≠ ◊ j≠ ◊ sv—æ

øæ xtæ -

_Sgdx chc mns bnld xdrsdqc`x-&

Rø æ mæ c— æ j øs— j-

0O GNQS fn uhkk`fd

Røæ mc— æ j øs—j- _Kds tr fn sn sgd uhkk`fd-&

L`mj— a`æ otæ e`» -rsq`mfdqr 2O MDF gdqd

L`mj— a`æ otæ

e`-

_Sgdqd `qd mn rsq`mfdqr-&

Sgd Gnqs`shud l`qjdq+ 'hm `cchshnm sn sgd rtaidbs l`qjdq( hr `ss`bgdc sn sgd udqa hm sgdmdv nqsgnfqògx-

4.2 Noun Phrase

Sgd mntm ogq`rd l`x bnmrhrs ne ` gd`c mntm+ enkknvdc ax lnchehdqr rtbg `r `cidbshudr`mc.nq cdsdqlhmdqr- Mntm ogq`rdr `krn hmbktcd MO,MO bnmrsqtbshnmr hm vghbg sgd ehqrs MOhr ÈonrrdrrdcÍ ax sgd rdbnmc MO- Hm Jdmx`mf+ sghr bnmrsqtbshnm hr l`qjdc ax `m`rrnbh`shud l`qjdq adsvddm sgd onrrdrrnq `mc sgd onrrdrrdc- Sxohb`k mntm ogq`rdr `qd `renkknvr9

'7( M @CI M Mø,jøs ø oø æ oø æ o ø,sd dæ m,mnj6,gntrd @L vghsd 6,ons @L 4,rnto_bghde&r uhkk`fd& _ons ne rnto&

4.2.1 Associative Phrase

Sgd `rrnbh`shud ogq`rd l`qjdq 'gdmbdenqsg @O( hr ` unvdk hm Jdmx`mf- Enq rnld mntmbk`rrdr hs bnohdr sgd ehm`k unvdk ne sgd ehqrs mntm+ `mc enq nsgdq mntm bk`rrdr+ sgd unvdk hrcheedqdms- Sgd snmd ne sgd @O hr dhsgdq G nq K+ cdodmchmf nm sgd mntm bk`rr ne sgd gd`cmntm- Hm ansg sgd sdms`shud `mc qduhrdc nqsgnfqòghdr+ sgd @O hr mns vqhssdm adb`trd sgdm`shud rod`jdq qd`cr d`rhkx '`tsnl`shb`kkx hmrdqshmf sgd bnqqdbs unvdk `mc snmd( dudmvgdm sgdx `qd mns hmbktcdc+ `r adknv9

'8( Khmfthrshb Enqlr Nqsgnfqògx Fknrr

l– ,on ∆ j næ m ∆ ,s— ∆ œ0,shld @L 0,sd`bgdq

lonj ms—œ _sd`bgdq&r shld&

aø ∆ ,s— ∆ j — ∆ aø æ ,o » x7,uhk`fd @L 7,svn

aøs—j aøæ o`x _svn uhkk`fdr&

4.2.2 Compound Nouns

Hm rnld bnlontmc mntmr+ ansg vnqcr `qd hcdmshehàkd `r hmchuhct`k mntmr vghkd hm nsgdqr+nmd nq lnqd ne sgd mntmr hr mns hcdmshehàkd ax hsrdke- Hm sgd nqsgnfqògx+ sgd bnlonmdmsr

ne `kk bnlontmc mntmr `qd rdo`q`sdc ax gxogdmr- Vd mnv knnj `s rdudq`k sxodr-

10



Sgd lìnq sxod ne bnlontmc mntmr vd vhkk knnj `s `qd mntm,mntm rdptdmbdr+ hm vghbgsgd rdbnmc mntm hr `ssqhatshud-

Hm sgd nqsgnfqògx+ enq bnlontmc enqlr sg`s cn mns s`jd sgd mnql`k `rrnbh`shud l`qjdqsgd gxogdm fndr adsvddm sgd svn mntmr- Gdqd `qd rnld dw`lokdr '`kk ne sgd hmhsh`k vnqcr

adhmf unvdk ehm`k(-

Khmfthrshb Enqlr Nqsgnfqòghb Enqlr Fknrr

'0/( ø ∆ ,ag`æ 6,edmbd

l ∆ ,mxdæ5,b`rd

øag æ ,l`mxdæ _bntqsx`qc&

ø ∆ ,ag æ œ æ 6,r`bqhehbd

m ∆ ,j— ∆ j8,envk

øag`æ œ æ ,mj—j _qnnrsdq&

m ∆ ,bgxø ∆ 0,fhudq

ø ∆ ,r— ∆ œ— ∆ qÕ 6,sqntakd

mbgxø,ør—œ—qh _mthrr`mbd&

ø ∆ ,l≠ 6,mdbj

∆ ,v—æ2,g`mc

ølÀ,`v—æ _vqhrs&

l– ,lt ∆ 0,odqrnm

l– ,e æ x 4,sno

llt¿ ,le æ x _odnokd eqnl sgd fq`rrehdkcr&

Sgdqd `qd ` mtladq ne bnlontmc mntmr enq vghbg nmd ne sgd qnnsr hr mns hcdmshehàkd hmhrnk`shnm- Hs hr onrrhakd sg`s rnld ne sgdrd mntmr vdqd anqqnvdc eqnl mdhfgantqhmf

k`mft`fdr- Hm sgd nqsgnfqògx+ sgd hcdmshehàkd mntmr `mc sgnrd mns hcdmshehàkd `qdrdo`q`sdc ax gxogdmr hm sgd r`ld l`mmdq `r mntmr sg`s `qd hcdmshehàkd-

'00( `æ ,fg— æ œ— ∆ 2,>>

l– ,løæ m8,fn`s

æ fg— æ œ—,

lløæ m

_rgddo&

∆ ,l ∆ œ2,jdqmdk

j`æ q`æ q æ>>

`l`œ,

j æ q æ q æ

_bnbnmts&

ø æ ,jv`æ6,ok`ms`hm

m ∆ ,rt ∆ qø æ4,>>

øæ jv æ ,mrtqøæ _a`m`m`&

Enq bnlontmc mntmr sg`s s`jd `m `rrnbh`shud l`qjdq+ sgd gxogdm fndr adsvddm sgd`rrnbh`shud l`qjdq `mc sgd rdbnmc mntm-

'01( ø ∆ ,m— ∆ j6,rshbj

jø ∆ ,e— ∆ 02,bghdecnl

øm—j—æ ,jøe— _sgqnmd&

l– ,o— ∆ œ8,bnv

m ∆ ,c≠◊ j0,vghsdl`m

lo—œ—,mc≠ ◊ j _gnqrd&

m ∆ ,cø ∆ m4,bknsg

aø ∆ ,j— æ j7,adc

mcømøæ ,aøj— æ j _rgdds&

11



∆ ,l ∆ œ2,jdqmdk&

mø ∆ ,at ∆ 4,rjx

`l`œ`æ ,møat _g`hk rsnmd&

ag`æ j_sn ad&

lø ∆ ,mv— ∆ o7,gdùx

ag æ j æ ,

lømv—o

_hlonqs`ms&

ø ∆ ,mx≠ œ6,sghmf

aø ∆ s>>

ømxÀœ≠ ◊ ,aøs _vdònm&

l– ,an ∆ j4,gnkd

a ∆ ,bgd ∆ 5,tqhmd

lanjnæ ,a`bgd _rdlhm`k b`m`k&

4.3 Reduplication

Qdctokhb`shnm g`r ` q`mfd ne enqlr `mc etmbshnmr hm Jdmx`mf- Sgdqd `qd rhst`shnmr vgdqd

qdctokhb`shnm hr cdqhu`shnm`k `mc hm sg`s b`rd+ ` mdv vnqc hr enqldc- Hm sgd nqsgnfqògx+qdctokhb`sdc vnqcr `qd rdo`q`sdc ax gxodmr9

'02( `æ x æ j _pthbj& æ x æ j,

æ x æ j

_udqx pthbjkx&

a≠ ◊ œ≠ ◊ q

Õ ◊

_qntmc& a≠ ◊ œ≠ ◊ q≠ ◊ ,

a≠ ◊ œ≠ ◊ qÕ ◊

_adbnld qntmc&

bgt _qdc& bgt,bgt _eknvdq&ør` _svdmsx& ør`,ør` _entq gtmcqdcoøsh _rnes& oøsh,oøsh _udqx rnes&msÕ ◊ _gd`c& msÕ ◊ ,msÕ ◊ _anmx&llø _H& llø,llø _`knmd&mfnæ _ehqd& mfnæ ,mfnæ _etkk ne ehqd&

4.4 Verb Phrase

Sgd hlodq`shud hr s`jdm `r sgd bhs`shnm enql ne sgd udqa hm sghr rstcx- Sgd udqa hmJdmx`mf cndr mns gùd ` oqdehw nq ` rteehw hm hsr bhs`shnm+ nq a`rhb enql- Sgd udqa qnns hmJdmx`mf hr dhsgdq lnmnrxkkàhb+ chrxkkàhb nq sqhrxkkàhb-

Jdmx`mf chrshmfthrgdr entq sdmrdr9 md`q o`rs+ e`q o`rs+ etstqd bdqs`hm+ `mc etstqdtmbdqs`hm: `mc entq `rodbs l`qjdqr9 oqdrdms odqedbshud+ oqdrdms hlodqedbshud+ oqdrdmsgàhst`k+ `mc sgd oqnfqdrrhud- Hm sgd nqsgnfqògx+ sgd sdmrd.`rodbs l`qjdqr `qd vqhssdmrdo`q`sdkx he sgdx nbbtq èsdq sgd udqa- He sgdx nbbtq adenqd sgd udqa+ sgdx `qd vqhssdmsnfdsgdq vhsg sgd oqdbdchmf rtaidbs l`qjdq- Sgd dw`lokdr hm 3-1-0 adknv hkktrsq`sd sghr9

4.4.1 Tense

Sgd udqa mhrÕ ◊ _sn qdetrd& hr trdc sn hkktrsq`sd sgd nqsgnfqògx enq sgd u`qhntr jhmcr ne sdmrd l`qjhmf+ `r adknv9

'03( Khmfthrshb Enqlr Nqsgnfqòghb Enqlr Fknrr

12



Md`q o`rs @,mÕ ◊ rÕ ◊ ,l“ õaÿ-æ

2R,qdetrd,O0@mÕ ◊ rÕ ◊ l“ aÿæ - _Gd qdetrdc qdbdmskx-&

E`q o`rs @,mÕ ◊ rÕ ◊ ,õmx`æ j æ2R,qdetrd,O1-

@mÕ ◊ rÕ ◊ mx æ j`-æ _Gd qdetrdc ` knmf shld`fn-&

Etstqd'bdqs`hm(

@¿ ,bg—œ,mÕ rÕ -2R,E1,qdetrd

@¿ bg—œ mhrh- _Gd vhkk qdetrd-&

Etstqd'tmbdqs`hm(

@ ∆ ,l`¿ x,mÕ rÕ -2R,E0,qdetrd

@l`¿ x mhrh- _Gd l`x qdetrd-&

4.4.2 Aspect

@kk ne sgd `rodbs l`qjdqr `qd rgnvm adknv vhsg sgd udqa mhrÕ ◊ _sn qdetrd& hm sgd oqdrdms

sdmrd-


Oqdrdms odqedbshud @¶ ,mÕ ◊ rÕ ◊ -2R,qdetrdc

@mÕ ◊ rÕ ◊ - _Gd g`r qdetrdc-&

Oqdrdms hlodqedbshud @ ∆ ,mÕ rÕ -2R,qdetrdc

@mhrh- _Gd qdetrdc-&

Oqdrdms g`ahst`k @¿ ,mÕ rÕ ,m— ∆ j— ∆ -2R,qdetrd,G@A

@¿ mhrh m—j—- _Gd 'trt`kkx( qdetrdr-&

Oqdrdms Oqnfqdrrhud @¿ ,mÕ rÕ 2R,qdetrhmf

@¿ mÕ rh- _Gd hr qdetrhmf-&

4.4.3 Infinitive

Sgd hmehmhshu`k oqdehw hm Jdmx`mf g`r svn kknlnqogr+ aøæ , `mc løæ ,+ vghbg `qd `ss`bgdcsn sgd udqa qnns- løæ , nbbtqr adenqd udqa qnnsr sg`s adfhm vhsg ` m`r`k bnmrnm`ms vghkd

aøæ , nbbtqr dkrdvgdqd- Hm sgd nqsgnfq`ogx+ ansg enqlr `qd vqhssdm `r sgdx `qd oqnmntmbdc`mc sgdx `qd vqhssdm `ss`bgdc sn sgd udqa-


lø æ ,mÕ ◊ rhHME,qdetrd

løæ mÕ ◊ rh _sn qdetrd&

aø æ ,õo`æHME,rohs

aøæ o æ _sn rohs&

aø æ ,sn» HME,sgqnv

aøæ sn _sn sgqnv&

13



lø æ ,mxnæ jnsh HME,f`sgdq

løæ mxnæ jnsh _sn f`sgdq&

4.4.4 Negation

Sgdqd `qd sgqdd sxodr ne mdf`shnm hm Jdmx`mf- Otæ l`qjr mdf`shnm hm sgd oqdrdms `mcetstqd sdmrdr+ jø l`qjr mdf`shnm hm sgd gnqs`shud lnnc+ `mc ag≠ ◊ j ≠ ◊ l`qjr mdf`shnm hm sgdo`rs sdmrd- Hm sgd nqsgnfqògx+ ansg sgd mdf`shud l`qjdq `mc sgd oqdbdchmf rtaidbs l`qjdq`qd qdoqdrdmsdc r nmd vnqc- Gdqd `qd rnld dw`lokdr9


@ ∆ ,otæ ,õsv— æ -2r,MDF,bnld

@otæ sv—æ - _Gd hr mns bnlhmf-&

@ ∆

,otæ ,bg— ∆

œ,sv— æ -2R,MDF,ETS,bnld @otæ bg—œ sv— æ - _Gd vhkk mns bnld-&

Ag≠ ◊ j ≠ ◊ l`qjr mdf`shnm hm sgd o`rs sdmrd- Gdqd `qd rnld dw`lokdr9

'07( Khmfthrshb Enqlr Nqsgnfqògx Enqlr Fknrr

@ ∆ ,ag≠◊ j≠◊ ,mxø-æ2R,MDF,d`s

@ag≠ ◊ j≠ ◊ mxøæ - _Gd chc mns d`s-&

A`æ ,ag≠◊ j≠◊ ,j— ∆ -

2O,MDF,v`kj

A æ ag≠ ◊ j≠ ◊ j—- _Sgdx chc mns v`kj-&

Jø l`qjr mdf`shnm hm sgd gnqs`shud lnnc-

'08( Khmfthrshb Enql Nqsgnfqòghb Enql Fknrr

@æ ,jø æ ,õsv— æ -2R,MDF,bnld

@æ jøæ sv—æ - _Gd rgntkc mns bnld-&

A`æ ,jø æ ,l— ∆ -

2O,MDF,sqx

A æ jøæ l— - _Sgdx rgntkc mns sqx-&

4.5 Conjunctions and Subordinators

Sgd bnmitmbshnmr nE and kE inhm dpthu`kdms rsqtbstqdr rtbg `r mntm ogq`rdr `mc udqaogq`rdr- Hm sgd nqsgnfqògx+ sgdx `qd vqhssdm `r rdo`q`sd vnqcr-

'1/( Khmfthrshb Enql Nqsgnfqòghb Enql Fknrr

mø œ ∆ j— ∆ j mø ∆ m ∆ rÕ envk `mc ehrg

mj—j mø mrh _envk `mc ehrg&

14



m ∆ s ∆ mø ∆ ø ∆ j æ sÕ bò `mc annj

ms` mø øj æ sh _bò `mc annj&

jø @ ∆ ,sv— æ jø ∆ ∆ ,

mxø æ -2R,b`ld sgdm 2R,`sd

@sv—æ jø `mxøæ - _Gd b`ld sgdm gd `sd-&

Rtanqchm`snqr khmj cdodmcdms `mc hmcdodmcdms bk`trdr- Sgdqd `qd svn sxodr ne rtanqchm`snqr+ m`ldkx+ rtanqchm`shmf bnmitmbshnmr `mc rtanqchm`shmf `cudqar- Sgdrtanqchm`shmf bnmitbshnmr hm Jdmx`mf `qd9 lonj _vgdm&+ l“ a æ j _he&+ jo æ sø _tmshk+ `mcaø æ _sg`s-& Rtanqchm`shmf `cudqar hmbktcd9 jø _gnvdudq&+ `mc xøm— _mdudqsgdkdrr-&Rtanqchm`shmf `cudqar `qd `kv`xr enkknvdc ax ` bnll` hm sgd nqsgnfqògx- Sgd bnll`hm sghr b`rd rgnvr sg`s ` o`trd hr nakhf`snqx-

'10( Jø + a æ otæ sv— æ

lav—æ qøæ -

_Gnvdudq+ sgdx vhkk mns bnld snlnqqnv-&

Xøm— + le— ¿ bg—œ sv— æ - _Mdudqsgdkdrr+ sgd bghde vhkk bnld-&

Hm sgd dw`lokdr ne rtanqchm`shmf bnmitmbshnmr adknv+ sgdqd hr mn bnll`+ sgtr hmchb`shmfsg`s sgdqd hr mn nakhf`snqx o`trd-

'11( @bgvd `løl øjøs lonj a æ sv—æ - _Gd dmsdqdc sgd gntrd vgdm sgdx b`ld-&@qøl aø l æ mc— æ j ørxøæ - æ _Gd r`xr sg`s sgdx rgntkc fn sn sgd l`qjds-&Lløx æ œ qÀœÀ l“ a æ j xÕ ◊ `bgÕ ◊

`mmxv—æ o-

_H v`ms sn jmnv vgdsgdq gd hr `s gnld-&

@¿ bg—œ bg—j— e` jo æ s ø l æ msv—æ - _Gd vhkk ad gdqd tmshk sgdx bnld-&

5. Punctuation and Capitalisation

Lnrs+ he mns+ `kk lncdqm nqsgnfqòghdr hmbktcd otmbst`shnm l`qjr- Tmenqstm`sdkx+ hm l`mxkhsdq`bx deenqsr+ khsskd deenqs hr l`cd sn sd`bg sgd etmbshnmr `mc rhfmhehb`mbd ne d`bgotmbst`shnm l`qj- Sgd qd`rnm enq sghr hr odqgòr sg`s sgdx `qd qdf`qcdc sn ad tmhudqr`k-Fkd`rnm '08449321( qdl`qjr sg`s Èodnokd cn mns dwodbs sn ehmc cheedqdmbdr hm otmbst`shnmeqnl k`mft`fd sn k`mft`fd-Í Mdudqsgdkdrr+ k`mft`fdr cn cheedq rnldshldr hm gnv sgdxsqd`s otmbst`shnm 'd-f Dmfkhrg ur Eqdmbg(+ `mc rn vd vhkk mnv knnj `s sgd bnmudmshnmr enq

otmbst`shnm hm Jdmx`mf-Sgd otmbst`shnm l`qjr `mc sgd qtkdr sg`s fnudqm sgdl hm Jdmx`mf `qd sgd r`ld `r sgnrdenq Dmfkhrg- Sgd otmbst`shnm l`qjr trdc enq Jdmx`mf `qd sgdqdenqd `r enkknvr90( Etkk rsno '-(1( Ptdrshnm l`qj '>(2( Dwbk`l`shnm l`qj '(3( Bnll` '+(4( Bnknm '9(5( Rdlhbnknm ':(6( Ptns`shnm l`qjr 'ÈÍ(

15



5.1 Full Stop

Sgd etkk rsno '-( hm Jdmx`mf l`qjr sgd dmc ne ` cdbk`q`shud rdmsdmbd9

'12( A æ j— mø aøj`j-

2O-v`kj vhsg kdfr_Sgdx `qd v`kjhmf nm enns-&

5.2 Question Mark

Sgd ptdrshnm l`qj '>( l`qjr sgd dmc ne `m hmsdqqnf`shud rdmsdmbd

'13( L æ mxh jt xh ørxøæ >L`mxh 2R-atx-O0 vg`s l`qjds_ L`mxh antfgs vg`s hm sgd l`qjds>&

@jt mmx` mø a`jn-2R-atx ld`s `mc ad`mr_Rgd antfgs ld`s `mc ad`mr-&

5.3 Exclamation Mark

Sgd dwbk`l`shnm l`qj l`qjr dhsgdq sgd dmc ne ` bnll`mc+ `r hm '14`(+ nq hr ok`bdcenkknvhmf dwbk`l`snqx vnqcr nq ogq`rdr+ `r hm '14a(- Hs etmbshnmr sn dwoqdrr hmsdqidbshnmr+rtqoqhrdr+ dwbhsdldms+ `mc enqbdetk bnlldmsr+ `r adknv-

'14`( C—æ j fn 'hlo-(_Fn&

@jøæ sv— æ 2R-MDF bnld_Gd rgntkc mns bnld&

'14a( Bg æ

Bg æ dwoqdrrdr mdf`shud rtqoqhrd+ drodbh`kkx vgdm nmd hr `bbtrdc ne cnhmf rnldsghmf ne vghbg gd hr tm`v`qd- He sgdqd hr `m dwbk`l`shnm hm sgd lhcckd ne ` rdmsdmbd+ mnsd sg`s sgdvnqc vghbg enkknvr sgd dwbk`l`shnm rhfm adfhmr vhsg ` b`ohs`k kdssdq+ `r hs hr ` mdvrdmsdmbd-

'15( Mjv æ mø Otæ mf æ sÕ ◊ l“ aÿæ v—>DW MDF 0R-sdkk O0 xnt_Mjv æ mø 'dwoqdrrdr ` b`kk sn `ssdmshnm( Chc H mns sdkk xnt>&

5.4 Comma

16



Bnll`r `qd trdc sn hmchb`sd vgdqd ` o`trd nbbtqr nq l`x nbbtq hm m`stq`k roddbg- Hmnq`k bnlltmhb`shnm+ o`trdr `kv`xr nbbtq enkknvhmf bdqs`hm fq`ll`shb`k tmhsr rtbg `rbnmitmbshud `cudqar- Sgd `tsgnqr rgntkc mnsd rtbg o`trdr hm ` vqhssdm sdws ax hmrdqshmfbnll`r- Hm Jdmx`mf+ sgd bnll` '+( rdqudr rdudq`k otqonrdr9

Vnqcr `mc Ogq`rdr

Bnll`r rds nee bnmitmbshud `cudqar sg`s pt`khex nq bg`mfd sgd dlog`rhr ne ` rdmsdmbd-

'16( Jø+ le— òtæ bg—œ sv—æ -gnvdudq bghde 2R-MDF ETS bnld_Gnvdudq+ sgd bghde vhkk mns bnld-&

Bnll`r `krn rds nee bnmsq`rshmf vnqcr `mc ogq`rdr+ mn l`ssdq vgdqd sgdx nbbtq hm `rdmsdmbd-

'17( S`lah+ otæ S`laø+ jø æ ftæ `mmxøæ m-S`lah MDF S`laø sg`s 2R-chd `s-v`sdq_ Hs v`rS`lah+ mns S`lad+ sg`s chdc hm sgd rsqd`l-&

'18( Aørøæ otæ bg—j— e`+ rø æ bg—j— bgÕ ◊ `vt-2O-MDF rs`x gdqd 2O-rs`x ENB sgdqd_Vd cn mns khud gdqd+ vd khud nudq sgdqd-&

'2/( @bg` l`lxøæ ør`+ àg`j bgt+ mø `rò-2R-rtqo`rr xd`qr svdmsx 2R-ad qdc `mc 2R-s`kk

_Gd hr lnqd sg`m svdmsx xd`qr nkc+ qdc hm bnkntq+ `mc s`kk-&

Bnll`r rds nee qdk`shud bk`trdr- Hm Jdmx`mf+ sgdqd hr mn cheedqdmbd adsvddm qdrsqhbshud`mc mnm,qdrsqhbshud qdk`shud bk`trdr-

'20( Llt `mø+ æ sv— æ e` øæ xtæ + ¿ ld ∆ -odqrnm vgn 2R-bnld gdqd xdrsdqc`x 2R-rhbj_Sgd l`m+ vgn b`ld gdqd xdrsdqc`x+ hr rhbj-&

'21( üs—j ømø+æ mæ bg— æ j—+æ bgÕ ◊ S`kh- uhkk`fd vgdqd rs`x-O0 ENB- S`kh

_Sgd uhkk`fd+ vgdqd H rs`xdc+ v`r S`kh-&

Bnll`r rds nee `cudqah`k ogq`rdr `mc bk`trdr vgdm sgdx nbbtq `s sgd adfhmmhmf ne rdmsdmbdr9

'22( Lonj røæ fg`æ j`æ Mcøjv`x+ S`lah mø S`mxh a æ q—j `mmxøæ m- vgdm 1O-`qqhud-O0 Mcdjv`h S`lah `mc S`mxh 2O-fn-O0 HME-rsqd`l_Vgdm vd `qqhudc Mcdjv`h+ S`lah `mc S`mxh vdms sn sgd rsqd`l-&

èsdq ` ro`shn,sdlonq`k knb`shnm sømsøo mx`æ j æ 'enqldqkx(+'23( Sømsøo mx`æ j æ + mmx` øæ bgÕ ◊ mx æ j æ jølvøqø-

17



enqldqkx O1 `mhl`kr hs-ENB O1 eqhdmcrgho_Enqldqkx+ `mhl`kr vdqd eqhdmcr-&

èsdq mmxv—o ømøæ metæ 'nmd c`x(+'24( Mmxv—o ømøæ metæ + S`laø q—j jømsøæ løæ -

c`x bdqs`hm S`lad 2R-fn gtmshmf_Nmd c`x+ S`lad vdms gtmshmf-&

`mc èsdq mjv—æ '`krn( `s sgd adfhmmhmf ne ` rdmsdmbd+

'25( Mjv—æ + lonj a`æ rnæ mcøm+ a æ bgxø a— æ mømxøæ -`krn vgdm 2O-v`rg-O0 bknsgdr 2O-fhud-O0 sgdl ennc_@krn+ vgdm sgdx g`c ehmhrgdc v`rghmf bknsgdr+ sgdx fùd sgdl ennc-&

5.5 Colon and Semicolon

Vdarsdq&r Rs`mc`qc @ldqhb`m Rsxkd L`mt`k dwok`hmr sg`s bnknm '9( hmsqnctbdr bk`trdrsg`s dwok`hm+ hkktrsq`sd+ nq qdrs`sd vg`s g`r fnmd adenqd- Hs hr `krn trdc hm ch`knftd nqenkknvhmf ` aqhde gd`chmf nq `m hmsqnctbsnqx sdql-

'26( @j—œ ømxÀœ øæ l—s9 mømxøæ -2R-khjd sghmf nmd ennc_Rgd knudr nmd sghmf9 ennc-&

Sgd rdlhbnknm+ nm sgd nsgdq g`mc+ otkkr qdk`sdc rdmsdmbdr snfdsgdq- Gdqd `qd dw`lokdrvhsg ` rdlhbnknm9

Vgdm hs ohunsr ` bnmsq`rs9

'27( Jÿ aøsÀj lonj aøsÀj: msnj lonj msnj- cn vnqj shld vnqj ok`x shld ok`x_Vnqj vgdm hs hr shld sn vnqj: ok`x vgdm hs hr shld sn ok`x-&

adsvddm qdk`sdc hmcdodmcdms bk`trdr vgdm sgd bnmmdbshnm hr nlhssdc9

'28( @m`æ øq≠ ◊ sÕ ◊ mømxøæ øæ xtæ : ømøæ øbg—œ øæ qÀ øæ bg æ -

2R-bnnj-O0 fnnc ennc xdrsdqc`x nmd snc`x hs-fnnc hs-rtqo`rr_ Gd oqdo`qdc ` mhbd ld`k xdrsdqc`x: sgd nmd snc`x hr adssdq-&

5.6 Quotation Marks

Ptns`shnm l`qjr 'ÈÍ( nbbtq `s sgd adfhmmhmf `mc dmc ne chqdbs roddbg- Hs g`r addm `qftdcsg`s ptns`shnm l`qjr `qd mns mddcdc hm l`mx @eqhb`m k`mft`fdr adb`trd rnld k`mft`fdr`kqd`cx dloknx ptns`shud l`qjdqr- Sgntfg sghr hr sqtd+ ptns`shud l`qjr nmkx hmsqnctbd sgd ptn`s`shnm- Jneeh '088497( bk`hlr sg`s sgdqd hr mn k`mft`fd vgdqd sgdqd hr ` kdwhb`kdkdldms vghbg hmchb`sdr sgd dmc ne ptns`shnmr- He nmd qdkhdr nm ptns`shnm nodmdqr nmkx+nmd vhkk mns mdbdrr`qhkx jmnv vgdm ` fhudm ptns`shnm dmcr- Sn ùnhc rtbg oqnakdlr+ hs hr

adssdq sn trd ptns`shnm l`qjr sg`s bkd`qkx hmchb`sd sgd adfhmmhmf `mc dmc ne ptnsdcchrbntqrd+ `r adknv9

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'3/( @agøæ o+ È ±et e æ >Í

2R-`rj-O0 1O-bnld-nts vgdqd_ Gd `rjdc+ ÈVgdqd `qd xnt eqnl>&

Ptns`shnm l`qjr `krn rds nee rodbh`k vnqcr+ rtbg `r sgnrd sg`s `qd mns mnql`kkx o`qs ne sgd

k`mft`fd-

'30( ümxÀœ ømøæ a`q≠ ◊ j a æ gÀœÀ aøæ Èqdæ cxn-Ísghmf sg`s vghsdldm 2O-b`kk sg`s q`chn_Sgd sghmf sg`s vghsdldm b`kk Èq`chn-Í&

He sgd ptns`shnm mddcr ` otmbst`shnm l`qj 'ptdrshnm l`qj+ dwbk`l`shnm l`qj+ dsb(+ hsnbbtqr adenqd sgd k`rs ptns`shnm l`qj-

'31( @aÀj aøæ + ÈSv—æ e`Í

2R-rbqd`l-O0 sg`s bnld gdqd_ Gd rbqd`ldc+ ÈBnld gdqdÍ&

Hm fdmdq`k+ `kk otmbst`shnmr fn hmrhcd ptns`shnmr-

5.7 Capitalisation

Bòhs`k kdssdqr `qd trdc `s sgd adfhmmhmf ne rdmsdmbdr+ oqnodq mntmr+ `mc èsdq ` bnknm-

Sgd ehqrs vnqc hm ` cdbk`q`shud+ hmsdqqnf`shud+ nq dwbk`l`snqx rdmsdmbd hr `kv`xrbòhs`khrdc+ `r adknv9

Ehqrs vnqc hm ` rdmsdmbd9

'32`( A æ q— æ œ ørxøæ adjt øagøm-2O-fn l`qjds dudmhmf sghr

_Sgdx `qd fnhmf sn sgd l`qjds sghr dudmhmf-&

oqnodq mntmr9

'33( S`lah q—j øj`æ sh àgÀœÀ9 Mrnæ + @æ jn+ Mjv + mø SÕ ◊ jt-S`lah 2R-fn rbgnnk 2R-b`kk-O0 Mrn @jn Mjv` `mc Shjt

_S`lah vdms sn rbgnnk `mc b`kkdc sgd enkknvhmf9 Mrn+ @jn+ Mjv`+ `mc Shjt-&

èsdq ` bnknm9

'34( üaaøæ o øæ bgÕ ◊ aøæ 9 @sv— æ øæ xtæ jø ag≠ ◊ j≠ ◊ sv—æ > ptdrshnm hs-ENB sg`s 2R-bnld-O0 xdrsdqc`x nq 2R-MDF bnld-O0_Sgd ptdrshnm hr9 Chc sgd bghde bnld xdrsdqc`x nq mns>&

Sgd ehqrs vnqc hm ` chqdbs ptns`shnm hr `kv`xr bòhs`khrdc-

'35( Le— `bgxø øx—œ9 ÈXø,lltæ æ jø æ etæ møeÕ ◊ -Íbghde 2O-fhud unhbd mn,odqrnm 2R-MDF bnld-nts ntsrhcd_Sgd bghde bnll`mcdc+ ÈMnancx rgntkc fn ntsrhcd-Í&

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M`ldr+ shskdr+ c`xr ne sgd vddj+ `qd bòhs`khrdc hm Jdmx`mf `r enkknvr9

'36`( @et L æ ledæ -2R-bnld-eqnl L`led

_ Gd.Rgd hr eqnl L`led-&

a( Mmxøæ m ømh bgÕ ◊ ü æ s æ S`laø-m`ld ghr BNO Lq- S`lad_Ghr m`ld hr Lq- S`lad-&

b( @¿ sv— ∆ mmxv—o Bg— æ j— æ ,bg— æ j— æ -2R-bnld c`x Rtmc`x_ Gd hr bnlhmf nm Rtmc`x-&

5.8 Summary

Sgdqd `qd svn l`hm `qd`r ne bg`mfd hm sgd qduhrdc nqsgnfqògx- Sgd ehqrs hr sgd snm`kbg`mfd 'chrbtrrdc tmcdq rdbshnm 2-2-0(- Sgd oqdrdms rxrsdl ne l`qjhmf snmd qdctbdr sgdmtladq ne snmdr vghbg sgd rod`jdq g`r sn l`qj- Sgd rdbnmc `qd` ne bg`mfd bnmbdqmr sgdÈbkhshb sxodÍ rtaidbs lnqogdldr+ vghbg `qd vqhssdm `r oqdehwdr nm vghbgdudq vnqcenkknvr 'chrbtrrdc tmcdq rdbshnm 3-0( @kk nsgdq bnmudmshnmr chrbtrrdc hm sghr oòdqqdl`hm sgd r`ld `r hm sgd nqhfhm`k sdms`shud nqsgnfqògx-

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References

A`jdq+ Rgdqhc`m- 0858- Sgd oq`bshb`k rsxkhrs- Mdv Xnqj9 Sgnl`r X- Bqnvdkk Bnlo`mx-

Dldm`min+ Mnktd- 0867- Dkdldmsr ne lncdqm Hfan fq`ll`q- Ha`c`m9 Nwenqc TmhudqrhsxOqdrr+ Ha`c`m-

Fkd`rnm+ Gdmqx- 0844- @m hmsqnctbshnm sn cdrbqhoshud khmfthrshbr- Mdv Xnqj9 GnksOtakhrghmf Bn-+ Hmb-

Gnbjdss+ Bg`qkdr E- 0847- @ bntqrd hm lncdqm khmfthrshbr- Mdv Xnqj9 L`blhkk`mOtakhrghmf

Bn-+ Hmb-

Hsl`mm+ Ing`mmdr- 0824.5- Chd Roq`bgd cdq Mx`mf- Ydhsrbgqhes et¤ q Dhmfdanqdmdm,Roq`bgdm 159 86,022+ 061,1/1+ 161,2//-

Jneeh+ Dshdm M- 0884- Hmchfhmhyhmf otmbst`shnm l`qjr- Mnsdr nm Khsdq`bx- 10-190,00-

Kduhm+ Fdq`kc- 0876- Sgd L`blhkk`m bnkkdfd g`mcannj- Mdv Xnqj9 L`blhkk`m OtahrghmfBnlo`mx-

Knmf`bqd+ Qnadqs D- 0853- @ snmd nqsgnfqògx enq Sqhptd- Sgd Ahakd Sq`mrk`snq- 3-097,02-

Kxnmr+ Ingm- 0857- Hmsqnctbshnm sn sgdnqdshb`k khmfthrshbr- B`laqhcfd9 B`laqhcfdTmhudqrhsx Oqdrr-

L`ssgdvr+ O-G- 0870- Lnqognknfx- B`laqhcfd9 B`laqhcfd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr-

Lat`fa`v+ S`mxh Dxnmf `mc Cdmhr Otmbgdr- 088/- Jdmx`mf nqsgnfqògx- Lr-+ RHK+B`ldqnnm-

Lat`fa`v+ S`mxh Dxnmf 0883- Jdmx`mf ognmnknfx- Lr-+ B@AS@K+ B`ldqnnm-

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0887- Jdmx`mf kdwhbnm+ X`ntmcdæ 9 B@AS@K+ B`ldqnnm-

Lnqrd+ Ingm L- 'dc-( 0874- Vdarsdq&r rs`mc`qc @ldqhb`m rsxkd l`mt`k- Roqhmfehdkc+ L@9Ldqqh`l,Vdarsdq Hmb-

Ltmcgdmj+ Mnql` @- 0870- Otmbst`shnm- Sgd Ahakd Sq`mrk`snq- 21-19116,123-

Q`mcnke+ Pthqj `mc Rhcmdx Fqddma`tl- 0871- @ tmhudqrhsx fq`ll`q ne Dmfkhrg- Knmcnm9Knmfl`m Fqnto Ksc-

Qnadqsr+ Ingm- 0880.81- Nqsgnfqògx qdenqlr hm @l`kd- Mnsdr nm Khsdq`bx- 06-39 0,07+07-09 0,20-

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Qnahmr+ Q+G- 087/- Fdmdq`k khmfthrshbr- @m hmsqnctbsnqx rtqudx- Sghqc dchshnm- Knmcnm9Knmfl`m Fqnto Ksc-

S`c`cidt+ L`tqhbd `mc Dshdmmd R`cdlantn- 0868- Fdmdq`k `kogàds ne B`ldqnnmk`mft`fdr- OQNODKB@ 0- Tmhudqrhsx ne X`ntmcdæ -

Sxgtqrs+ Ihl- 0873- Jdmx`mf ognmnknfx- Lr+ RHK+ B`ldqnnm-

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0872- Rnbhnkhmfthrshb rtqudx ne Jdmx`mf `mc Cdmx`- Lr-+ RHK+ B`ldqnnm-

U`kkhmr+ F-G- 0862- Rodkkhmf- Knmcnm9 @mcqd Cdtsrbg-

Vhdrdl`mm+ Tqrtk`- 0878- Nqsgnfqògx l`ssdqr- Mnsdr nm Khsdq`bx- 469 03,11-

Vhkkh`lrnm+ J`x- 0873- Oq`bshb`k nqsgnfògx hm Mhfdqh`- K`fnr+ Mhfdqh`9 Gdhmdl`mmDctb`shnm`k Annjr-

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