Kent Nature Partnership The Natural Health...
Transcript of Kent Nature Partnership The Natural Health...
© 2015 Intelligent Health
We were
designed to
be
connected
to nature
The Story
Yet 54% of the world’s population live in cities Is this disconnection the underlying cause of the epidemics of obesity and other chronic diseases? Do we need healthy landscapes?
© 2015 Intelligent Health
• Our genes make up 1.5% of the
Genome.
• Almost 50% of our Genome is from
viruses.
• We depend on contact with ancient
bacteria in the soil to regulate our
immune system
Our energy
is supplied
by an old
sea
bacterium
What are we?
Only 10% of
cells in our
body belong
to us
© 2015 Intelligent Health
If we take an hour to equal 1,000 years, then four days is 100,000 years – the time from the origin of mankind to today
4 days ago
100,000 years ago
hunter gatherers
10 hours ago
10,000 years ago agriculture
4 hours ago
4,000 years ago civilisation
10 hours ago
10,000 years ago agriculture
4 hours ago
4,000 years ago civilisation
technology industrialisation industrialisation
9 minutes ago
9 minutes ago
80 seconds ago
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Sociable Green Valued
Our factory setting is to be in a sociable group, supportive environment and
have a purpose
People Place Purpose
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How does nature benefit health?
(a) Less stressed,
(b) More exercise,
(c) More positive social interactions and
(d) Better quality environment for health promotion (i.e. has lower levels of air pollution)
Hartig T., Mitchell R., De Vries S.
and Frumkin H. (2014) Nature and
health. Annual Review of Public
Health 35, 207–228.
© 2015 Intelligent Health
The Effect of Trees on Cognitive Performance
–3
–2
–1
0
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2
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No Tree Min Awareness Mod Awareness Heightened Awareness
Lin, Ying-Hsuan, et al. "Does awareness effect the restorative function and
perception of street trees?“ Cognitive Science 5 (2014): 906.
Digit Span Backward Test
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Exposure to Neighbourhood Green Space and Mental Health
Beyer, Kirsten MM, et al. Int.J of environmental research and public health 11.3 (2014): 3453-3472
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Association Between Trees, Vegetation, Depression and Stress
–1.6
–1.4
–1.2
–1.0
–0.8
–0.6
–0.4
–0.2
0.0
25% more Tree Cover 25% Higher NDVI 25% more Greenspace
Depression Stress
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
Beyer, Kirsten MM, et al. Int.J of environmental research and public health 11.3 (2014): 3453-3472
© 2015 Intelligent Health
Green Space reduces Health Inequalities
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
No green Little green Some green More green Very green
Exposure to green
HighestIncome
MiddleIncome
LowestIncome
Linear (HighestIncome)
Linear (MiddleIncome)
Linear (LowestIncome)
Mitchell, R. and Popham, F. (2008) Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities:
an observational population study. The Lancet 372(9650):pp. 1655-1660.
Incidence Rate Ration
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Nature and the Unborn Child
High Blood Pressure
in pregnant women increased by 14% for every 300 meters away
from green space
Birth weight and baby’s head
size were larger within the 500
metres of green space
1. Grazuleviciene R et al Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014 11 2958-2972
2. Dadvand P Env Health Perspectives 120 10
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Chronic Stress
Stress
Hormones
Physical
Inactivity
And other
poor health
behaviours
Chronic Inflammation
Mitochondria as a key component of the stress response. Manoli et al. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism Vol 18 No 5 2007
© 2015 Intelligent Health
Inflammation: ‘the cause of causes’
Chronic
Inflammation
Starts in children
as young as
6 years old
Arthritis Arthritis
Cancers Cancers
Diabetes Diabetes
Obesity Obesity
Dementia Dementia
Cardiovascular
disease
Anxiety and
Depression
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Inactivity causes inflammation
1.
Increases
visceral fat
3.
Damages
healthy cells
2.
Reduces anti-
inflammatories
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Inactivity: trilogy of inflammation
1.
Increases
visceral fat
3.
Damages
healthy cells
2.
Reduces anti-
inflammatories
© 2015 Intelligent Health
Reducing inflammation – fat
Visceral fat = 0.5 L Visceral fat = 1.1 L
Visceral fat = 1.3 L Visceral fat = 1.7 L
Visceral fat = 4.3 L Visceral fat = 4.2 L Visceral fat = 1.8 L
Visceral fat = 1.2 L
Variation in visceral fat
content in men with the
same waist circumference
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Visceral fat reduction with exercise
–25
–20
–15
–10
–5
0
Lean Obese Type 2 Diabetes
Subcutaneous Fat Visceral Fat
Lee S et al. J Appl Physiol 2005;99:1220-1225
Fat loss after 13 weeks of walking 60 mins a day and no weight loss
% Loss of Fat
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Inactivity: trilogy of inflammation
1.
Increases
visceral fat
3.
Damages
healthy cells
2.
Reduces anti-
inflammatories
© 2015 Intelligent Health
Reducing inflammation – muscles
Contracting
muscles
release powerful
anti-inflammatories
called Myokines
These
Myokines
Circulate
around the
whole body
calming every
cell
© 2015 Intelligent Health
Inactivity: trilogy of inflammation
1.
Increases
visceral fat
3.
Damages
healthy cells
2.
Reduces anti-
inflammatories
© 2015 Intelligent Health
Chromosomes
keep dividing
Immune
system is
switched off
until needed
Mitochondria,
healthy
and active.
Providing lots
of energy
Inside a healthy cell
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‘The mitochondria is like a dynamo, it has to keep moving ...
... and in the body they
weigh as much as a car battery’
Prof Mike Murphy,
MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit Cambridge University
© 2015 Intelligent Health
Sedentary, high fat diet and stress
Mitochondria
Anti-
Oxidants Reactive
Oxidative
Species
Mitochondrial DNA
Oxidative Phosphorylation
© 2015 Intelligent Health
Physically active, low fat and not stressed
Mitochondria
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Reactive
Oxidative
Species
Mitochondrial DNA
Anti-
Oxidants
© 2015 Intelligent Health
Telomeres get shorter
Epel, Elissa, et al. Can meditation slow rate of cellular aging? Cognitive stress, mindfulness, and telomeres.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1172.1 (2009): 34-53
© 2015 Intelligent Health
Senescence: the end of the cell
Hezel, Aram F., Nabeel Bardeesy and
Richard S. Maser. ‘Telomere induced
senescence: end game signaling.’ Current
molecular medicine 5.2 (2005): 145-152.
© 2015 Intelligent Health
Chronic Stress
Stress
Hormones
Physical
Inactivity
And other
poor health
behaviours
leads to inflammation Mitochondrial damage and telomere shortening
Depression
Mitochondria as a key component of the stress response. Manoli et al. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism Vol 18 No 5 2007
Cancers Diabetes Dementia Cardiovascular
© 2015 Intelligent Health
Physical Activity clears all CVD risk from patients with Diabetes
1
2.81
0.89 0.78
0
1
2
3
Less than 3 hours a week no Diabetes
Less than 3 hours a week with Diabetes
More than 3 hours a week no Diabetes
More than 3 hour a week
with Diabetes
Moe B et al Diabetes Care March 2013 vol. 36 no. 3 690-695
Follow up of 53,973 Norwegian Men (recruited 1995). Adjusted for weight, 1,750
deaths from CVD in 2008. Less than 3 hours vs more than 3 hours a week of Physical
Activity
CVD Risk (1.93 – 4.07)
(0.48 – 1.63) (0.63 – 0.96)
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Brain Derived Neuro-trophic Factor
• Opposes Neuro-generative processes
• Reduces Type 2 Diabetes in Mice
• Increases Connectivity between Neurones
• Improves Mitochondrial function in the
brain
Noakes T Spedding M: Olympics: Run for
Your Life Nature 487, 295–296 (19 July
2012)
PA is Fundamental to Human Survival
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Physical Activity increases
Hippocampus by 20% in
children and stabilises it in
those elderly at risk of
Alzheimers
Smith, J. Carson, et al. "Physical activity reduces
hippocampal atrophy in elders at genetic risk for
Alzheimer's disease." Frontiers in aging neuroscience
6 (2014): 61.
© 2015 Intelligent Health
After 20 minutes of sitting quietly After 20 minutes of walking
Hillman et al. (2009). Neuroscience,159, 1044-1054
Single Sessions of Physical Activity can enhance Attention and Memory
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Durand CP, Andalib M, Dunton
GF, Wolch J Pentz MA.
A Systematic review of built
environment factors related to
physical activity and obesity risk:
Implications for smart growth
urban planning. Obesity Reviews
(2011) 12 173-182
A Therapeutic Environment
© 2016 Intelligent Health
Belfast Connswater Greenway 9 km linear park, a wildlife corridor
124 Ha of open space
43 new bridges
19 km of foot and cycle paths
5 km of clean rivers
A civic square
Serving 40,000 people and 26
schools
Create Walkable
Environments
© 2016 Intelligent Health
Key attributes to increased use of green space
● Perceived quality and safety of local green space.
● Good access to green space and lack of antisocial behaviour on the way.
● Improvement of quality and access can increase overall physical activity levels
Ward Thompson C, Aspinall P; Natural Environments and their
Impact on Activity, Health, and Quality of Life. Applied
Psychology: Health and Wellbeing, 2011, 3 (3), 230–260
© 2016 Intelligent Health
Adding Quality of Green Space
Measures of Quality:
● Accessibility,
● maintenance,
● variation,
● naturalness,
● colourfulness,
● clear arrangement,
● shelter,
● absence of litter,
● general impression.
Dillen, S.M.E. van, Vries, S. de,
Groenewegen, P.P., Spreeuwenberg,
P. Greenspace in urban
neighbourhoods and residents’ health:
adding quality to quantity. Journal of
Epidemiology & Community Health:
2012, 66(6)
Green or Blue Willingness to visit 0-10
0
10
9
8
7
6
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3
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1
0
5.96 Urban Blue Space p= <0.01
4.89 Urban Green Space P= <0.01
3.66 Urban No Nature
5.83 Woodland
7.68 coast
7.40 open water
White M.P., Smith A., Humphryes K., Pahl S., Snelling D. and Depledge M. (2010) Blue space: the importance of water for preference, affect and restorativeness ratings of natural and built scenes. Journal of Environmental Psychology 30, 482–493.
© 2016 Intelligent Health
Green Gym Vs Aerobics
Comparison of heart-rate response
during two sessions of activity
0
50
100
150
200
Time Minutes
Heart Rate
Green Gym
Step aerobicsV Reynolds 1999
OCHRAD
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To make a step change in activity levels we need to be bold
Let’s
remove
boundaries
and turn a whole
town into a
playground!
Exploring the local area (66%) Getting fit (54%) Having fun (54%) Spending time with friends or family (53%) and feeling more healthy (52%) Winning Prizes (13%)
© 2016 Intelligent Health
Beat the Street Reading
35%
45% 36%
45% 46%
56%
40%
47%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
2014 registration 2014 registration3 months after
2015 registration 2015 registration3 months after
Took part in 2014 only Took part both years Took part 2015 only
Over two years in Reading there has been a 20% increase in the number of people
reaching the Government recommended activity levels of 150 minutes a week
© 2015 Intelligent Health
• Disconnection from nature causes
chronic stress
• We eat badly and exercise less
• More visceral fat, inflammation and
telomere shortening.
• Result: an epidemic of chronic disease
e.g. diabetes , heart disease
• Being healthy is about friends, family,
nature and feeling good about
ourselves.
• Nature reduces stress connects
people, increases activity and is
generally more healthy
We are
designed to
be Hunter
Gatherers
The Story