BULK MODELING OF EVAPORATION DUCT AND OPTICAL TURBULENCE IN LITTORAL ZONE SPECIAL OPERATIONS DEMONSTRATIONS: Kenneth L. Davidson, Peter S. Guest and Paul A. FredericksonDept. of MeteorologyNaval Postgraduate SchoolMonterey, CASURVEILLANCE TARGET AQUISITION NETWORK (STAN) & TACTICAL NETWORK TOPOLOGY (TNT)

NPS STAN 7/TNT OFDM Backbone Installation andExperimentsMobile OFDM Experiment802.11b NetworkVessel OFDM ExperimentReliability and Bandwidth ExperimentSTAN & TNT METOC Platforms/LocationsSurrogate Vessel: Cypress Sea (Dive Boat)UUV: ARIES (ME Dept)UAV: Pelican (CIRPAS)Land-based: McMillan Field, Camp Roberts, CARapid Environmental Assessment Laboratory (REAL)

Operations Propagation Propagation Atmospheric Impacts Effects Processes Properties & Feature

Bckgrnd Aerosol Size Distribution Contrast Scattering (Wind, RH, Air Mass)Object Image Refractive Fluctuating/Image blurring Index TurbulentRange Fluctuations TemperatureAtmosphere/Surface Features, Propagation Processes/Effects and Operation ImpactsSensor Field HorizonOf View Distance Mean Humidity & Refraction Temperature Gradient

Target Image Location & DistortionDistortionTarget Reduce Target Absorption Mean Water Vapor valuesDetection Signal &Range

Developed/Demonstrated METOC Technologies

CapabilitiesLocationWhenDevelopedModel and Sensing Development ONR/SPAWAR (EOPACE, Moriah, Wallops, RED, others)US east, and west coasts, and Oahu, HI1992-2001

Variability of Refractivity in Surface Layer over Warn WaterEvaluation of of Bulk Models

Found that NPS Bulk model estimates and direct kite/buoy profile measured refractivity profiles show agreement

Bulk Model: Monin Obukhov Scaling

EO detection/SurveillanceConcurrent Airflow with optical measurements across San Diego Bay (EOPACE).Data used to evaluate and improve bulk Cn2 model.

MOS Scaling of Structure Parameters

Legend: METOC Data Sources, Refractivity Models, Propagation Models, Effects (SPP) ModelsIntegration Approach for EM/EO Effects Assessment

Developed/Demonstrated METOC Technologies Networked

CapabilitiesLocationWhenDevelopedModel and Sensing Development ONR/SPAWAR (EOPACE, Moriah, Wallops, RED, others)East, west coasts, Oahu, HI1992-2001DemonstratedRadar Detection San Clemente Island (SCI) CANov 2001Combatant Craft Radar SignaturesDam Neck, VA; SCI, CASEA STRIKEAug 2002 June 2003ESM VulnerabilitySCI, CA, FORCEnetJul 2004Networked Radar Threat and EO System Performance Surveillance Targeting Acquisition Network (STAN- 5 &-7) Tactical Network Topology (TNT)Camp Roberts. MRY Bay, FORCEnet SOCOM focusedFeb 2004Aug 2004 Mar 2005Sep 2005

STAN&TNT Network DemonstrationsReal-time Rf/IR impact

Radar Detection During STAN/TNT

Radar Detection During STAN/TNT

Range (R) expression

From 1 :USAF Group Cycle Width (W), cm- 5 3.2- 6 6.4- 712.8- 825.6- 9 51.2- 10 102.4

The Bar Chart Target Size Riddle

STAN&TNT Network DemonstrationsReal-time Rf/IR impact

Predicted versus observed/actual detection range

Trident Warrior/Silent Hammer3-9 October 2004, vcnty SCI METOC Sampling from Surrogate Vessel Demonstrated/Supported:Denied area METOC wrt ISR (LT Harp) Real-time METOC wrt SOPs (LCDR Johnson) COAMPS prediction (3-km) (LCDR Murphy)Satellite sensor derived duct topsBioluminescence (SSC, LT Holt-NPMOC-SD)

Demonstrates METOC impact on of low RCS platforms. Related NPS integrated model predictions to variability in Refractivity during FLT EX Silent Hammer, off SCI. Estimating Rf Detection and Application to NSW Operations

EM/EO Time Series: Bulk derived

Developed/Demonstrated METOC TechnologiesNetworked

CapabilitiesLocationWhenDevelopedModel and Sensing Development ONR/SPAWAR (EOPACE, Moriah, Wallops, RED, others) East, west coasts, Oahu, HI1992-2001DemonstratedRadar Detection San Clemente Island, CA (SCI)Nov 2001Combatant Craft Radar SignaturesDam Neck, VA; SCI, CASEA STRIKEAug 2002 June 2003ESM VulnerabilitySCI, CA, FORCEnetJul 2004Networked Radar Threat and EO System Performance Surveillance Targeting Acquisition Network (STAN- 5 &-7) Tactical Network Topology (TNT)Camp Roberts. MRY Bay, FORCEnet SOCOM focusedFeb 2004Aug 2004 Mar 2005Sep 2005Denied area METOC collection/linkageTrident Warrior/Silent Hammer with FNMOCSCI, CA, FORCEnetOct 2004Applications wrt Near-surface Sampling Buoy Data &Navy Propagation MeasmntsSan Diego BayHEL programDec 2004METOC effects on Submarine VulnerabilityLANTSECEX , with FNMOC (5-KM COAMPS)Port Everglades, FL CSDS-12Sep 2005

SummaryImpacts on EM/EO detection/imaging require data collection and connectivity

Validated Bulk and Mesoscale Prediction data/results apply to impacts

SOF focused STAN & TNT enable demonstration and evaluation of data, model and connectivity application

Questions?

TNT 05-2 Image Resolution (Bar Chart &Objects)

Estimating Effects of Surface-based and Evaporation Ducts: Wallops Island Propagation Tests LCDR William Sommer (Dec 2000) METOC Beneficiary: ONR (radar).

Found that over water, low-horizon target detection by S-and X-band radar is described well by AREPS, using NPS bulk model.

The integration will have/bring into warfighting the followingTDA that provides own forces % detection for Radar/IRCapability to use in situ, modeled, and remote dataBulk model approaches to describe features that are important by sub-grid in collection and modelingDescription will be in terms of propagation influencing parametersMETOC descriptions will extended in space (~ 100s km) and time (out to 72 hours)Propagation models will have performance measures attached to themEffects models will be adapted from existing, with evaluation