Ken Andrzejewski Marian High School NDRET 2012 “Engineering a More Sustainable Energy Future”...
-
Upload
virgil-norris -
Category
Documents
-
view
213 -
download
0
Transcript of Ken Andrzejewski Marian High School NDRET 2012 “Engineering a More Sustainable Energy Future”...
Synthesis and Characterization of
Catalysts for BiofuelsKen Andrzejewski
Marian High School
NDRET 2012
“Engineering a More Sustainable Energy Future”
Center for Sustainable Energy at Notre Dame
P.I.: Dr. Jason Hicks
Graduate Student Mentor: Greg Neumann
Fossil fuels -nonrenewable resources -consumed at a tremendous rate -will eventually disappear -necessary to explore options to replace or enhance
the use of these fuels with renewable sourcesPlants
-naturally produce the structural organic compounds cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin
-large amounts of these materials are discarded or burnt as waste whenever crops are harvested
-potential energy sources, if we can develop a method to capture that energy
Catalytic Upgrading
Lignocellulosic Biomass Fine
Chemicals
FuelsWhy lignocellulosic biomass?-Abundant, with potential to decrease CO2 emissions-Quantity of fossil fuels is finite=Through catalytic conversion these biomass molecules can be converted to platform fuels and chemicals that can be dropped into current refineries
Slide courtesy of Greg Neumann
Cellu
losi
c Bi
omas
sSyn Gas
(CO + H2)
Bio-Oils
Aqueous Sugars
Lignin
Hydrogen
Methanol
Alkanes
Gasificatio
n
Fischer-
TropschMethanol Syn
Water-Gas Shift
Pyrolysis
Liquefaction
Hydrolysis
Used for Process Heat
Dehydroxygenation
Zeolite Upgrading
Aqueous Phase Processing
Liquid Fuels & Chemicals
Liquid Fuels & Chemicals
Ethanol
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Liquid Alkanes or Hydrogen
Dehydration
Fermentation
Strategies for Upgrading Biomass
Graphic by Greg Neumann
Naturally occurring crystalline materialsShape SelectiveSolid Acid MaterialMFI structure selectively
produces aromatic hydrocarbons
. D. H. Olson,” G. T. Kokotailo, S. L. Lawton,J. Phys. Chem. 1981, 85, 2238-2243Gaertner, C. A.; Serrano-Ruiz, J. C.; Braden, D. J.; Dumesic, J. A., I&ECR 2010, 49 (13), 6027-6033.- Slide courtesy of Greg Neumann
Catalyst Design
Zeolite Catalysts
Larger PoresAllow larger molecules to fitMaintain selectivity of shape selective microporous
structure
Representations of ZSM-5 structural framework
Experimental and molecular simulation studies of a ZSM-5-MCM-41 micro-mesoporous molecular sieve
Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, Volume 118, Issues 1–3, 1 February 2009, Pages 396-402Chen Huiyong, Xi Hongxia, Cai Xianying, Qian Yu
Zeolite structure type MFI (example: Zeolite ZSM-5).
Teaching Materials that Matter: An Interactive, Multi-media Module on Zeolites in General ChemistryAmy H. Roy, Rachel R. Broudy, Scott M. Auerbach and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-4510, [email protected] J. Vining*
The Chemical Educator, Vol. 4, No. 3, S1430-4171(99)03300-2, 10.1007/s00897990300a, © 1999 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
Synthesis of Zeolite HZSM-5 Catalyst
Various chemicals (Polymer F-127, Tri-Methyl Benzene, Aluminum Isopropoxide, Tetra-ethyl Orthosilicate, Tetra-n-propylammonium Hydroxide, DI Water) were combined in proportion in stages that involved heating, stirring and steaming.
This process takes 7-8 days.Produced 4 sample stocks of HZSM-5These were further prepared by calcination
•As my synthesized samples were forming, previously synthesized samples were used to pyrolyze a feedstock.•Small quantities were measured and inserted into quartz pyrotubes Loading Quartz tube for pyrolysis
•Samples were pyrolyzed in the pyroprobe and analyzed for organic compounds harvested by the catalyst using the GC/MS.•Throughout my time in the lab, the method for GC/MS analysis was modified and improved, as this whole process is currently in developmental stages.
PyroprobeGas Chromatograph/Mass
Spectrometer (GC/MS)
Results:
AcetoneAcetaldehydeBenzeneCarbon MonoxideCarbon DioxideEthyl BenzeneFurans
IndaneMethyl NaphthaleneNaphthalenePhenolTrimethyl BenzeneTolueneXylene
Classroom Application
• Without the expensive instrumentation, it is not possible to repeat the lab work in a high school situation.•Since the focus of the research is the harnessing of energy from feedstock materials, we can use a lab that demonstrates the amount of energy contained in various fuel sources.
Measuring the Caloric Value of Various Fuels
Student Sheet
The Purpose of this investigation is to determine how much energy is contained within different plant-based materials and chemicals which may typically be considered as waste
materials. These materials are sometimes referred to as feedstocks.
Pre-lab (Day 1):In groups of 4: Discuss the terms Fuel and Energy. How are they related? What makes a material a good
fuel? What types of energy are there? Where is energy found? How can we determine how much energy is found within a given fuel sample?
Where does most of our energy come from for everyday needs? Why are we concerned about energy?
Discuss – Are heat and temperature the same thing? Explain your answer. Brainstorm and create a list of potential ‘waste’ fuel substances. Remember that the list
you put together should be materials that are readily attainable. When we have a finalized list, you will need to obtain/bring in the fuel materials your group has chosen.
Share with the class the results of the above steps. Complete the standard pre-lab write-up for this experiment.
Calorimeter setup(Drawing courtesy of Nevin Longenecker – John Adams High School)
thermometer
stopper
Test tube
Fuel sample
Cork holder
Water
Soda can
Possible calorimeter set ups
http://www.flinnsci.com/store/Scripts/prodView.asp?idproduct=14881
Home-made Calorimeter
(photo courtesy of Nevin Longenecker)
Commercially available food calorimeter (Flinn Scientific)
Data TableType of Fuel
Mass of Fuel
Start Temp.
End Temp.
Temp. Change
Calories of Fuel Sample
Calories per gram
Calories per 100 grams
Kcal per 100 grams
Questions:Which fuel sample had the highest caloric
energy per gram? Which had the least? What explanation can you offer for the different values?
Where is this energy found within the fuel samples?
Energy in this lab is released in two forms. What are they?
What are some possible ways (other than burning) we might be able to harness the ‘leftover’ energy in feedstock substances?
Standards addressed:Chemistry:SCI.C.6 2010 - ThermochemistryRecognize that chemical reactions result in either the
release or absorption of energy.(C.6.1, C.6.2, C.6.3)Apply the law of conservation of energy. (C.6.4)
Biology:SCI.B.3 2010 - Matter Cycles and Energy TransferDescribe how the sun’s energy is captured and used to
construct sugar molecules that can be used as a form of energy or serve as building blocks of organic molecules. (B.3.1, B.3.2, B.3.3) Diagram how matter and energy cycle through an ecosystem. (B.3.4, B.3.5)
Pyrolysis Lab – in developmentPyrolysis of waste organic feedstocks to
form potential aromatic hydrocarbon materials
Technically torrefaction since temperature doesn’t really exceed 320 degrees C.
Solids are heated without oxygen (total vacuum)
‘Bio-oil’ vaporizes from solid and condenses back to liquid
Products are bio-oil (basically liquid smoke) and char (which may be condensed to charcoal)
First pyrolysis set up using Erlenmeyer flask and a hot plate. This worked, but flask was too large and there was a fear of the flask breaking due to heat.
Refined pyrolysis set up using Round Bottom flask and heating mantle. This produced results within 10 minutes of heating and took about 40 minutes to complete.
Further ideas:In the future, I would like to test the bio oils using the
Vernier mini-GC probeware to see if the composition of the material can be determined.
http://www.vernier.com/products/sensors/gc-mini/
Thanks to:
Dr. Jason HicksGreg NeumannDallas RenselNick McNamaraThe rest of the Hicks Lab
Group
Nevin LongeneckerUniversity of Notre DameND RETcSENDRebecca Hicks & Jenny Frech2012 RET participants