Kegely chapter 13

Chapter 13:

International Human

Rights

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning

Concepts (1 of 2)

Ethics: Criteria for evaluating right and wrong behavior by individuals and groups

Morality: Principles about the behavioral norms that should govern interactions

Civil society: A community that creates institutions to protect civil liberties and promote peaceful methods of conflict resolution

Sanctions: Punitive actions (short of military force) by one global actor against another to retaliate for its previous objectionable behavior

2


Concepts (2 of 2)

Human rights: Political rights and civil

liberties recognized as inalienable for

all people

Liberalism and human rights

Realism and human rights

Feminist theory and human rights

3


The Human Condition

Global south:

• 53% people live on $2 or less per day

• Life expectancy less than 60 years

• Many lack basic sanitation

• Many lack safe drinking water

• Many lack adequate housing

• Many undernourished

4


Projecting Trends in the

Proportion of People Below the

Poverty Line, 1990–2015

5


Measuring Human

Development

Human needs: Basic

physical, social, and political

requirements needed for survival and

security

Human development index (HDI)

Combines life

expectancy, literacy, income, and

years of education

Better measure than per capita GNP

Ranges from 0 to 16


Measuring Human Development

What is Quality of Life?

7


The Map of Human

Development


Preconditions of

Human Development

Political freedom• Democracy• Civil liberties and civil rights

National economic growth

• “The richer the country, the freer”

• Human development highest in global north

• Purchasing power parity (PPP): an index that calculates the true rate of exchange among currencies when parity (when what can be purchased is the same) is achieved. The index determines what can be bought with a unit of each currency

9


Status of Women (1 of 2)

Gender inequalities: women

Lower living standards

Lower pay

Lower-level jobs

15% of parliamentary seats

Less access to health care; Girls die more

often

Most egregious in global south

Exacerbated by religion and culture

10


Status of Women (2 of 2)

Gender Empowerment Measure:

Women’s relative economic income, high-

paying positions, access to professional

and parliamentary positions

UN conferences have increasingly dealt

with gender issues

11


The Global Refugee Crisis (1 of 2)

Refugees: People who flee for safety to another country because of a well-founded fear of persecution; Average 21 million people

Internally displaced people:People involuntarily uprooted from their homes, but still in their own countries

12


The Global Refugee Crisis (2 of 2)

Failed states

Brain drain: The exodus of the most educated people from their homeland to a more prosperous foreign country where the opportunities for high incomes are better

• Deprives their homeland of their ability to

contribute to its economic development

13


The Chronic World

Refugee Crisis

14


Threats to Human Security

Ethnocentrism

Xenophobia

Ethnonationalism

Ethnic cleansing

Irredentism

“Clash of civilizations”

15


The Fourth World

Fourth world: Native national groups (indigenous peoples) seeking greater rights, autonomy or independence from governing states

Often persecuted: lands taken, livelihoods and cultures threatened

130 million slaughtered between 1900 and 1987 by state-sponsored genocide

16


Ethnic Cleansing

Definition: Attempted extermination

of a minority group by a state

• Nazi Germany and Jews and gypsies

• United States and Native Americans

• Turkey and Armenians

• Yugoslavia and Moslems

• Rwanda and Tutsi and Hutus

• Saddam Hussein and Kurds

17


Protecting Human Rights (1 of 2)

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Five basic categories of rights1. Rights of the person

2. Rights associated with the rule of law

3. Political rights

4. Economic and social rights.

5. Rights of communities.

18


Protecting Human Rights (2 of 2)

Noncombatant immunity

International regimes with enforcement

powers

Revising international law

Prosecution of war criminals: Milosevic

Humanitarian intervention

19

Kegely chapter 13

Education

Transcript of Kegely chapter 13