Keep Phytophthora - African Farming · 2020. 10. 16. · tractor. p38 Serving AGRICULTURE for 38...

September/October�2018

Europe m14.50 - Ghana C1.3 - Kenya KSH150 - Nigeria N200 - South Africa R18 - UK £9 - USA $15

Case IH unveils multi-purposetractor. p38

www.africanfarming.net

ServingAGRICULTURE

for

3838YEARS

Keep PhytophthoraCanker at bay in cocoa plants

Field research unitBoosts fresh produce automation

Poultry processing:Innovative software solutions

Animal Health Survey

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CONTENTS

ContentsNews and Events 04A topical digest of news, views and events including the Farmers’ Calendar

Poultry 08Software solutions for optimal poultry processing lines

Animal Health Survey 10AAT vulnerability in cattle-owning communities of Sub-Saharan Africa

Crops 16Stemming Phytophthora canker disease in cocoa

CABI announces action plan to tackle invasive species

Agriculture & Livestock 22A sneak peek into Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Organisation’s cutting-edge research

Fresh Produce 24Field research unit to boost fresh produce automation

Storage 26Africa’s agricultural warehousing potential

Women Entrepreneurs 28Breaking the glass ceiling in women agripreneurship

Events 30Ethiopex to put spotlight on Ethiopia’s poultry sector

Irrigation 34Solar-powered irrigation for citrus trees in Morocco

Equipment 38Case IH launches multi-purpose tractor and self-propelled sprayer

Image Credit: Adobe Stock

Case IH demonstrates 2000 Series Early Riser planter atAnnual Farmers Day in South Africa. p36

Phytophthora stem cankers are excised using sharptools to expose clean, disease-free wood beforeapplying cuprous oxide canker paint. p16

September/October�2018

Europe m14.50 - Ghana C1.3 - Kenya KSH150 - Nigeria N200 - South Africa R18 - UK £9 - USA $15

Case IH unveils multi-purposetractor. p38

www.africanfarming.net

ServingAGRICULTURE

for

3838YEARS

Keep PhytophthoraCanker at bay in cocoa plants

Field research unitBoosts fresh produce automation

Poultry processing:Innovative software solutions

Animal Health Survey

A � � � � ��26/09/2018��13:59��Page�1

www.africanfarming.net African Farming - September/October 2018 3

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EVENTS

AFTER THE SUCCESS of African Farming’s debut AgroinvestmentSummit in the UK, the second edition of the event is all set to be held from20-21 November 2018 in Abuja, Nigeria.According to the industryexperts, on an annual basis more than US$10bn is committed acrossAfrica in agricultural development, food, beverage products andservices. As the market and investment opportunities for the Nigerianagriculture and food markets is increasingly dynamic due to the popula-tion growth, urbanisation, income growth and higher output services, theevent will discuss some of the recent challenges and opportunities thesector is facing the present day.

Endorsed by the Federal Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investmentand the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development(FMARD), African Farming’s Agroinvestment Summit has been designedto embrace a wide range of stakeholders like government officials,importers, distributors, agribusiness owners, C-level executives from foodcompanies, trade union members and manufacturers and suppliers ofagricultural equipment, machinery and services.

The summit will create a cohesive platform for trade and investmentopportunities, attracting major investors and buyers from around theglobe. the amjor focal points of the summit are: Achievement ofintegrated finance for African agricultural development via cross borderpartnerships amongst financial institutions; Harnessing processing andpackaging opportunity via public–private partnerships for agro-develop-ment; How tariffs will affect future trading and agro food relationships inNigeria with special focus on the attraction of foreign direct invest-ments/partnerships.

The summit will hold deliberations on deployment of agro-machineryin Nigeria and technology via OEM partnership, funding for agro-development and value addition, harnessing, processing andpackaging via PPP partnerships for sufficiency and exports, localassembly investment, challenges and opportunities in Nigeria and cross-border trading.

MAREL POULTRY HAS developed LineLinktransfer systems for contemporary poultryprocessing plants, particularly suitable forcapacities up to 15,000 bph. LineLink DEtransfers products from the defeathering line tothe evisceration line, while LineLink EC transfersproducts from the evisceration line to the chillingline. Each product and all information collectedon it is transferred. LineLink automatic inlinetransfer helps optimise product hygiene andensures full traceability.

Transfer units mark crucial phases in aprocessing plant, where different types ofshackles are needed for different departments.When speeds are accelerated to 15,000 bph,processors should be able to rely on flawlesstransfe with fast, hygienic and careful handling ,without damage to the product, and no empty shackles downstream.

First, incoming products are placed into thesystem’s units. A large part of the carousel’scircumference is used for positioning productscarefully. Then they are conveyed round thesystem’s carousel to the point where they areguided into the new shackle. Products are thenpositioned for downstream operations. Both linesrun at the same speed. Products are transferred

on a one-to-one basis, preventing empty shacklesand a higher line speed downstream. Line forcesare synchronised electronically by the StorkActive Tension Control system. ATC compensatesautomatically for differing chain stretch on thetwo lines. Both lines always run at precisely thesame number of shackles per minute andaccurate coupling can be achieved.

LineLink transfers products and data. Eachindividual product transfer is accompanied bytransfer of the associated weight and qualityinformation, gathered by assessment systems

such as SmartWeigher and IRIS. These datacan be used for production order planningand downstream processes. In the defeath-ering department, this information can be anaid to veterinary inspection with selectiveunloading. Moreover, the informationcollected on each product ensures traceabilitythrough the entire process.

Combining LineLink with Innova PDSsoftware, processors can monitor and evaluatethe transfer performance real-time from a centralpoint. This adds to a more detailed traceability.

The fast operational pace of Marel Poultry’s 15,000 bph lines brings about a significant increase in performance and yield

Marel Poultry develops LineLink transfer systems for modern poultry processing plants

Agroinvestment Summit set to kick off in November

Image Credit: Marel Poultry

www.africanfarming.netAfrican Farming - September/October 20184

OCTOBER

10-13 6th Addis AgroFood & Pack Addis Ababa www.addis-agrofood.com/

22-25 IAOM MEA Conference & Expo Nairobi www.iaom-mea.com

NOVEMBER

8-10 Agriworks Expo Stellenbosch Stellenbosch www.agriworks.co.za

20-21 African Farming’s Agroinvestment Summit Abuja www.agroinvestmentsummit.com

27-28 African Agri Investment Indaba Cape Town www.agri-indaba.com

FEBRUARY 2019

15-17 AgroTecno East Africa Nairobi www.mxmexhibitions.com/agrotecno

15-17 Agro & Poultry East Africa 2019 Nairobi www.mxmexhibitions.com/agropoultry_kenya

20-23 Sudan Poultry Expo Khartoum www.expoteam.info/eng/events.php

MAY 2019

14-17 Nampo Harvest Day Bothaville www.grainsa.co.za/pages/nampo

JUNE-JULY 2019

28 -7 House & Garden Show Durban www.housegardenshow.co.za

Readers should verify dates and location with sponsoring organisations, as thisinformation is sometimes subject to change.

Farming Calendar 2018-19


NEWS

AS ANNOUNCED AS part of British Prime Minister Theresa May's visitto Africa, the UK Department for International Development will providea further US$72.2m to support AgDevCo's mission to create jobs,improve food security and boost prosperity in Africa. The funds will allowAgDevCo to invest more in the eight countries where it is already activeand expand into new countries including Kenya and Côte d’Ivoire.

AgDevCo is a specialist impact investor which invests in respon-sible and sustainable agribusinesses and delivers benefits forsmallholder farmers. It is already one of the most active investors inAfrican agriculture having invested in more than 55 early-stagefarming and agro-processing companies to date, in the processsupporting some 7,500 jobs and linking over 425,000 smallholderfarmers to reliable markets.

AgDevCo backs socially responsible companies like East Africa Fruitsin Tanzania, led by a young Tanzanian entrepreneur, which sells horticul-ture products into regional markets; Jacoma Estates in Malawi, foundedby a group of British investors, which is pioneering a world-classmacadamia export industry incorporating commercial and smallholderfarmers; and Equity for Africa, an innovative equipment leasing businesswhich is expanding in East Africa.

By recycling capital recovered from successful investments andattracting additional private investment, AgDevCo ensures that fundingfrom UK Aid goes further in helping to deliver the SustainableDevelopment Goals. AgDevCo's chairman and founder Keith Palmersaid: "Responsible commercial agriculture has a major role to play increating more jobs, increasing trade and reducing poverty in Africa. Wewelcome the announcement of the new funding by DFID, which willallow us to build further on the successes achieved by AgDevCo so far".

THE SWISS GREEN Economy Symposium (SGES) this yearpresented its first SDG Award to Africa Improved Foods (AIF). AIFRwanda is a joint venture between the government of Rwanda anda consortium of Royal DSM, Dutch development bank (FMO), DFIDImpact Acceleration Facility managed by CDC Group plc andInternational Finance Corporation (IFC), the private sector arm ofthe World Bank Group. It is the leading manufacturer of high qualityand nutritious complementary foods in Rwanda. DSM as theinitiator and main shareholder contributes to creating a moresustainable food industry. This is also a goal of Bühler, whichsupplied the factory, the process technology, and the know-how toAfrica Improved Foods.

AIF applies a new approach to fight malnutrition in Africa,promoting local production by directly buying farmers’ yields ofmaize and soy against cash at competitive prices. AIF mainlycontinues to produce porridge flours (with added milk, vitamins andminerals) targeting vulnerable population segments.

DSM’s Nelleke Barningreceives prize money on

behalf of AFI

AgDevCo welcomes funding from Britain AIF wins award for sustainable consumption

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NEWS

THE AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT Bank (AfDB) and Purdue University areorganising the Scale Up Conference on Agricultural Innovations from 25-27 September to address how to shift agricultural innovations fromresearch institutions into the developing world, particularly Africa.

The Scale Up Conference will bring together hundreds of individ-uals and organisations engaged in the introduction, diffusion, andadoption of agricultural innovations that have the potential toreach millions.

Bank president Akinwumi Adesina will be the keynote speaker atthe conference. Together with bank vice pesident for Agriculture,Human and Social Development, Jennifer Blanke, Adesina will meetwith university management and other stakeholders on partnershipopportunities, including the Technologies for African AgriculturalTransformation (TAAT) initiative, being steered by the Bank. TAAT is aknowledge- and innovation-based response to the recognised needfor scaling up proven technologies across Africa.

“This will be the first multi-day conference on this topic thatincludes presentations, panel discussions, case studies, and breakoutgroup discussions to help conference participants develop athorough understanding of how to scale up agricultural innovationsto reach millions,” said Indrajeet Chaubey, associate dean anddirector of international programmes for the College of Agricultureat Purdue University.

Dozens of speakers who have implemented scale up processes inagricultural landscapes will participate.

“In the College of Agriculture we work to develop solutions to realworld problems while also finding methods to realistically deliver andgrow these technologies,” said Karen Plaut, the dean of the Collegeof Agriculture. “The Scale Up Conference is about taking thosetechnologies and applying them in the developing world.”

Participants are expected to gain an understanding of successful,sustainable large-scale implementation.

For more than 60 years, Purdue University’s College of Agriculturehas led and managed large agricultural research and developmentprojects. In addition to a long history of significant agricultural innova-tions, the university has produced three World Food Prize laureates.

The African Development Bank Group is a leading finance institu-tion in Africa with a mandate to spur sustainable economic develop-ment and social progress in the continent, thereby contributing topoverty reduction. The African Development Bank's authorised capitalof around $US100 bn, is subscribed to by 80 member countries madeup of 54 African countries and 26 non-African countries.

KENYA HAS ONE of the most dynamic and innovative economies insub-Saharan Africa. A decade after going through a food crisis and inthe aftermath of the drought in 2016-2017, the country aims to achieveself-sufficiency in food products such as maize, tomato, cabbage, rice,beans, milk and meat. This ambition of the Kenyan government hasreceived support from the African Development Bank, which sees foodsecurity as a catalyst for the growth and development of the country’sproductive sectors. Since launching its 'Vision 2030' long-term develop-ment strategy in June 2008, which places special emphasis on agricul-tural development, the Kenyan government has been workingassiduously with the African Development Bank Group to combat foodinsecurity, especially in rural communities.

GUY KIRK, PROFESSOR of soil systems at Cranfield University, isleading a US$31mn research project to overcome a soil healthproblem affecting rice production in sub-Saharan Africa. The studywill examine the traits that allow indigenous African rice varieties totolerate the toxicity, with the aim of incorporating these traits intomore high-yielding varieties through plant breeding. Announcingthe funding for the project as part of its Sustainable Agriculture forSub-Saharan Africa programme, Professor Sir Mark Walport, chiefexecutive of UK Research and Innovation, said: “Stresses such asdrought, and the restriction of vital resources including nutrients andwater are among the challenges affecting the development ofsustainable agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa.”

AfDB and Purdue University to hold conference on technologies for African farmers

THE AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT Bank Grouphas extended a loan of US$98.9mn toCameroon to support livestock and fishproduction in the central African country inline with the Bank’s strategies to create jobsand raise household incomes.

The loan, approved by the bank’s board,will support the modernisation of beef, porkand fish production, with significant improve-ments to food and nutrition in the country.Both the bank and the government ofCameroon are implementing strategicpolicies aimed at improving food and

nutritional security, reducing poverty andimproving production infrastructure in ruralareas. The bank’s High 5s strategy includespolicies to feed Africa, industrialise thecontinent and improve the quality of life ofits people.

The project will specifically target raisingstandards and competitiveness in such vitallivestock value chains as genetics improve-ment, feeding, slaughter, processing, conser-vation and transportation. For fishproduction, the focus will be on rearing,conservation, storage, and processing. While

the project has a national scope, theCameroon government has identified threemain target areas – the north-west for produc-tion, and central and coastal for consumption.The impact of the cross-cutting actionsinvolved will, however, be felt in the otherregions of the country as well. Major benefi-ciaries of the project will be stockbreedersand their cooperatives who constitute 45 percent of the pastoral sector labour force; fishfarmers, input producers and sellers, traders,women wholesale fishmongers andprocessing operators.

Purdue University’s College of Agriculture has led and managed large agriculturalresearch and development projects.

African Development Bank boosts Cameroon livestock and fish farming with US$98.9mn loan

Research aims to boost rice output in Africa Small-scale horticulture project transforming lives

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NEWS

OPPORTUNITIES FOR INVESTMENT in Africa outweigh the obstacles,according to a report on leading African companies covered in theAfrican Development Bank’s Africa-to-Africa (A2A) Investment Report. Itis the first report on inter-African trade published by the bank.

The report unearths the realities African companies face when investingin the continent, emerging trends in A2A investment and steps Africanpolicymakers can take to accelerate intra-African investment.

Africa-to-Africa Investment Report: A First Look, finds that more Africancompanies are investing in Africa. These companies have confidence inthe continent’s long-term growth potential; they are at the cutting edge oftheir industries, and are capitalising on their knowledge of local marketsto generate higher returns and impact. In line with the bank's High 5s fortransforming Africa and the African Union's Agenda 2063, the A2AReport aims to take the conversation on investing in the continent a stepfurther. It shows what African multinationals are doing to drive invest-ments in Africa, how they are expanding their African footprint, andgives insights into how to scale up investments more widely.

“As global foreign direct investment to Africa falls, intra-Africaninvestments are picking up pace,” said Akinwumi A Adesina, presidentof the African Development Bank Group. “Africa’s big companies areincreasingly on the move and expanding their African footprint. It isthrough more investments that the continent can build inclusive, sustain-able growth and development. We have made this our collectivecommitment in the High 5s”.

Highlights from the report’s intra-African investment stories includethe importance of clear long-term visions, getting up-to-date investmentfacts, building local partnerships to deliver on the ground and tappinginto talent in the local labour force.

THE AFRICAN DEVELOPMENTBank has approved a US$1.5mngrant from its SustainableEnergy Fund for Africa, to assistGhana’s renewable energyinvestment drive. The grant willsupport the Ghanian govern-ment’s efforts to overcometechnical, financial, regulatoryand institutional barriers toscaling-up renewable energyinvestments in the country.

The project, which is part ofthe bank-led Climate InvestmentFund and the Scaling-upRenewable Energy ProgrammeInvestment Plan for Ghana, willcomplement the Bank’s effort inthe Ghana Energy Developmentand Access Programme. TheSEFA grant will fund two broadcomponents: the technical/commercial/regulatory and feasibilitystudies, aimed at providing detailed renewable energy resourcestudies, grid integration studies and regulatory texts, and resourcesand public sector skills and capacity development. In a bid to create anenabling investment climate for renewable energy, the Ghaniangovernment put in place several policy and regulatory measures,including the Renewable Energy Act 2011.

The assistance is fully aligned with theBank’s New Deal on Energy for Africa.

Africa-to-Africa Investment Report launched AfDB backs Ghana’s renewable energy sector

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https://metamino-hub.evonik.com/front/home

POULTRY

In a modern processing line, consistency, transparency, and traceability arevital. Poultry processors know how important these are in their journeytowards operational excellence.

THE NEW VERSION of MeynConnect M1.1 enables availabledata to be turned into valuableinformation, which can be

monitored in real time and combined intointegrated reports. Processors can nowinvest their time in analysing data, insteadof gathering it. Meyn Connect M1.1 helps to optimise

the whole production line, deliveringconsistency and transparency throughoutthe process so users have the right informa-tion at their fingertips at any time.Meyn Connect M1.1 is a complete

solution, including hardware and softwareapplications. It gathers data from equipmentand presents it intuitively, with easy integra-tion into poultry plant business applications.Information relates to order data (quality,

number, and yield); to operation; and toequipment (status and availability). Everypoultry operator has specific needs, andrequires a solution that meets those needswithout turning them into a costlycustomised IT project. Meyn Connect M1.1can be installed in a variety of configura-tions to meet those requirements. Modulessuch as Distribution Manager and FlockScheduler mean that information is alwaysavailable to manage production and toensure more efficient processing.

Benefits:� Connects equipment to business software� Easy access to available data� Process monitoring� Product traceability� Reporting� Intuitive dashboardsMeyn Connect M1.1 allows data to becollected from different areas of theprocessing lines, which is then madeavailable via the so-called 'Poultrybus' to

dedicated modules - each providing valueto your process and operational tasks.Most poultry processing lines use

multiple product sensors for bird counting,weighing and grading. The sensorsmeasure process values such as tempera-tures, speed and power consumption —and these values are usually individuallyavailable on screen but are not always easyto compare.Meyn Connect M1.1 collects data for easier

analysis. For example, weighing data from theprocess is displayed in one condenseddashboard, making it easy to compare andrecognise trends and exceptions. There are modules available to integrate

most sensors, with values shown indashboards or reports. Managers gain adirect overview and can ‘connect the dots’.Processing overviews of counter and weightvalues indicate clearly if and where possibleproduction losses are occurring.Continuous development will support futureintegration of other sensors and equipment.“The site has transparent overviews and

easy access to consistent informationthroughout the whole process. Condenseddashboards give a quick overview where toimprove efficiency in production or process,says Andre Petersen, product manager,plant automation and logistics.

Meyn Connect M1.1 Core platformMeyn Connect M1.1 is built on a robustnetwork with dedicated modules to ensureopen access with highly reliable data securityand availability. The active network conceptensures information integrity and storage ofdata. Data is easily exchanged between theMeyn equipment and applications, via a busstructure (Poultrybus) which is based on theproven OPC-UA standard. The platformincludes a helpdesk monitor, allowing thehelpdesk to support remotely and to identifythe source of issues quickly. Several optionsare available to integrate with other systemsand exchange information.

Meyn Connect M1.1 Tracking Manager moduleThe Tracking manager module adds trackand trace functionality, in order to monitorflocks and individual birds through theprocess. All information, such as disease ordefect, welfare, quality, and weight, islinked to the individual bird by the Trackingmanager module, and made available fortraceability.

Meyn Connect M1.1 Flock Scheduler moduleThis module enables daily planning forflocks and the arrival of trucks, with theflexibility to match last-minute changes.When processing a flock starts, the Flock

Performance software for optimalpoultry processing from Meyn

The Tracking Manager module adds track andtrace functionality, in order to monitor flocks

and individual birds through the process.

Every poultry operator has specific needs, and

requires a solution that meetsthose needs without

turning them into a costlycustomised IT project.

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African Farming - September/October 2018

Scheduler module automatically ensuresthe distribution of correct flock identificationthroughout the processing line. With theFlock Scheduler interface, it is possible toautomatically download daily planningfrom business planning systems.

Meyn Connect M1.1 Distribution ManagermoduleThe Distribution Manager module routesproducts efficiently through processinglines, based on individual bird weight andbird quality data. The end destination (dropstations, packing lines or other downstreamprocesses) can be set according to produc-tion orders. Data to manage the routing iscollected from the Meyn Line weigher andMeyn Grading system. Throughout theprocess, dedicated weighing and gradingoptions are available.

Meyn Connect M1.1 Footpad InspectionSystem (FIS) moduleThis module captures all of the classifica-tion data generated by the FIS. All classifi-cations of lesions are captured per flock.This means all data is captured in onesystem, with no need for manually typing

flock details into the FIS, thereby reducingdouble entry of information. The informa-tion is used for animal welfare feedback,while during processing the quality classifi-cations per hock or foot can be used fordirecting hocks into the appropriate line forfurther processing. h

POULTRY

Most poultry processing lines use multiple productsensors for bird counting, weighing and grading.

The Distribution Managermodule routes products

efficiently through processinglines, based on individual bird

weight and bird quality data.

Image Credit: Ado

be Stocks

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https://www.awila.de/

https://foreverest.cn/

ANIMAL HEALTH SURVEY

Animal African trypanosomiasis is one of the biggest constraints to livestockproduction and a threat to food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. A study byHR Holt, R Selby, C Mumba, GB Napier and J Guitian.

IN ORDER TO optimise the allocation of resources for AnimalAfrican trypanosomiasis (AAT) control, decision makers needto target geographic areas where control programmes aremost likely to be successful and sustainable and select

control methods that will maximise the benefits obtained fromresources invested.

The overall approach to classifying cattle-owning communitiesin terms of AAT vulnerability was based on the selection of variablescollected through field surveys in five Sub-Saharan Africa countriesfollowed by a formal Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) toidentify factors explaining the variations between areas. Tocategorise the communities in terms of AAT vulnerability profiles,Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) was performed.

Three clusters of community vulnerability profiles were identifiedbased on farmers’ beliefs with respect to trypanosomiasis controlwithin the five countries studied. Cluster 1 communities, mainlyidentified in Cameroon, reported constant AAT burden, had largetrypanosensitive (average herd size = 57) communal grazing cattle

herds. Livestock (cattle and small ruminants) were reportedly theprimary source of income in the majority of these cattle-owninghouseholds (87.0 per cent). Cluster 2 communities identifiedmainly in Burkina Faso and Zambia, with some Ethiopiancommunities had moderate herd sizes (average = 16) and sometrypanotolerant breeds (31.7 per cent) practicing communalgrazing. In these communities there were some concerns regardingthe development of trypanocide resistance. Crops were the primaryincome source while communities in this cluster incurred somefinancial losses due to diminished draft power. The third clustercontained mainly Ugandan and Ethiopian communities which weremixed farmers with smaller herd sizes (average = 8). The costsspent diagnosing and treating AAT were moderate here.

Livestock under threatTsetse (Glossina spp.) and animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT)are an important constraint to livestock production and a threat tofood security in Sub-Saharan Africa. The production losses in cattledue to trypanosome infections have been estimated to be up to 20per cent across a range of parameters, including mortality, calvingrate, draft power, meat and milk production. A high tsetse-trypanosome burden constrains the use of land for livestockproduction, with farmers in these areas often being more reliant oncrop farming. However, trypanosomiasis also compromises crop

AAT vulnerability in cattle-owningcommunities of Sub-Saharan Africa

The production losses in cattle due totrypanosome infections have beenestimated to be up to 20 per cent

across a range of parameters.

Understanding how cattle-owners are affectedby AAT and their efforts to manage the disease

is critical to the design of suitable locally-adapted control programmes.

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20-21 November 2018 - Abuja, Nigeria

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production by reducing the availability of draft animals to ploughfields and provide manure for fertiliser.

The impact of AAT can be reduced by trypanocide applicationand the introduction of trypanotolerant cattle breeds. There is novaccine available for the disease, and reduction in transmissionrates is largely reliant on control of the tsetse vector by methodssuch as insecticide treatment of cattle (ITC), the use of traps ortargets, ground or aerial insecticide spraying, or reducing the riskof exposure through changes in livestock management. Theprocess of privatisation of veterinary services in many Sub-SaharanAfrican countries means that farmers and community animal healthworkers (CAHW) with limited training are often responsible for thetreatment of the disease. Traditionally, farmer-based control of AAThas relied heavily on the individual use of chemotherapy andchemoprophylaxis, while methods requiring collective action haveoften been neglected. Trypanosome species, however arebecoming increasingly resistant to these common-place treatments.

Plan of actionIn recognition of the need for co-ordinated actions against AAT, thePan-African tsetse and trypanosome eradication campaign(PATTEC), funded by the African Development Bank, wasestablished in the year 2000 and has set tsetse elimination as itsgoal. Although this goal presents a huge challenge that wouldrequire extensive resources and there is debate as to whether it isfeasible, the last decade has seen renewed interest in the researchand development of control options.

Governments, charities and philanthropists have made fundingavailable for this purpose, despite this, the reality is that many ofthe communities afflicted by AAT have insufficient resourcesavailable for its control and are not always reached by controlprogrammes. In addition, macro-level decision making may ignoreimportant heterogeneities between communities.

A series of interviews were conducted with cattle owners indifferent agro-ecological zones across five countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, namely Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ethiopia,Uganda and Zambia. Data collected on cattle was mainly onowners’ knowledge and perceptions of AAT. The study sitesprovided a large variation in environment, AAT eco-epidemiology,cattle management and socio-economic impact of AAT.

The overall approach to classifying communities in terms of AATvulnerability was based on the selection of key variables collectedthrough field surveys followed by a formal MultipleCorrespondence Analysis (MCA) to identify factors explaining thevariation between areas. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) was

then performed in order to categorise communities into groupsdescribing their AAT vulnerability profile.

Field surveysA series of surveys were conducted in 17 study areas in fivecountries in Sub-Saharan African during 2013; Burkina Faso,Cameroon, Ethiopia, Uganda and Zambia. A previous review oftsetse density and trypanosome prevalence studies was the basis forthe geographic focus of the study, identifying the selected countriesas moderate to high risk AAT areas. The countries were selected tocover a range of eco-regions and AAT epidemiology, in additionthe ease of conducting fieldwork in the selected countries wastaken into account. Within the countries, study areas were classifiedin terms of environment, including ecoregion and availableinformation on AAT risk. A brief description of the study areas isgiven below and in Table 1.

Burkina FasoThe main income in these study areas comes from rain fed agricul-ture with cattle utilised for draft power. Livestock rearing in extensivesystems is also common; however trypanosomiasis is a constraint tolivestock production in the area. AAT is endemic, and cattle ownersreport it as the most important disease in tsetse challenged areas.

Resistance to trypanocides is thought to be widespread, particu-larly isometamidium resistant T. congolense, and the first reports oftrypanocide resistance came from these study areas. The Lérabastudy area is crossed by 32,000 cattle per year from the North ofBurkina Faso and Mali en route to markets in Côte d’Ivoire. Inaddition, during the dry season there is transhumance of Fulanicattle into the areas due to the availability of water points. Cattleentering the area may be highly susceptible to AAT.

CameroonThe study was conducted in the Adamawa plateau which is themost important cattle rearing region in Cameroon. Here, white andred Fulani cattle are reared extensively, with a system of communalherding and Gudali (Sahelian Zebu) cattle are also important in theregion. There is risk of AAT infection in at least two-thirds of theterritory where 90 per cent of the cattle are found and the diseaseis one of the biggest limitations to the development of the cattlesector in Cameroon.

In 1995, at the end of the tsetse eradication campaign initiatedby the government-founded ‘Mission spéciale pour l’éradicationdes glossines’(MSEG), the Faro et Déo division of the Adamawaplateau was divided into three zones: tsetse infested, tsetse cleared

and a buffer zone between the two zoneswhere all the cattle are treated withpyrethroids at regular intervals. In 2010,a report from the Cameroonian govern-ment estimated that in tsetse infestedzones, milk and meat sales were reducedby 50 per cent.

EthiopiaTsetse infest around 220,000 km2 offertile land in south and southwesternparts of Ethiopia. AAT is thought to bethe most important livestock disease interms of economic development andinfluence on settlements. AAT has alsobeen reported as an important disease inother species especially in equines andgoats. The surveys were conducted in theJimma zone of the Oromia region which



Countries Study areas HH’s Trypanosome cattle (%)

Trypanosomespecies

Tsetse species

Burkina Faso Ioba & SissiliKénédougouLéraba

1236141

4.3 % to 10 % T. vivax, T. congolense andT.brucei brucei

G. pallidipes gambiensis,G.tachinoides & G.morsitans submorsitans

Cameroon North Faro & Faro et DeoSouth FaroMayo Rey

1319177

35.1 %4.3 %9.86 %

T. congolense, T. brucei &T. vivax.

G. m submortisans, G.fuscipes fuscipes & G.tachinoides

Ethiopia NGoma & SetemaGoro & ChehaLimmu Seka (East)Limmu Seka (West)

45363436

8.6 %–20.4 % T. congolense, T. brucei & T. vivax.

G. m submortisans, G.fuscipes fuscipes & G.tachinoides

Uganda TororoBuyende & PallisaKumi & NgoraBusia & Iganga

139788374

15.3 %27.5 %–35.7 %29.0 %

T. vivax, T. congolense & T.brucei. rhodesiense

G. f. fuscipes, G.pallidipes & G. morsitans

Zambia Lundazi – plateauLundazi – valleyMambwe

995754

17.8 %28.4 %

T. vivax, T. congolense & T.brucei

G. m submortisans, G.pallidipes, G. brevalpapis, G. f. fuscipes & G.tachinoides


is known for its large cattle numbers and the economy is alsoheavily reliant on crop production. In this region, cattle farmersattribute reductions in draft power and meat and milk offtake,increased calving intervals and mortalities and impacts on breedskept and cattle management to AAT.

UgandaIn Uganda the ‘tsetse belt’ runs from the highlands in southwesternUganda across Lake Kyoga to north-eastern Uganda and at least70 per cent of the entire country is thought to be infested with tsetseflies. T. vivax is the most prevalent species of trypanosome inUgandan cattle and T. congolense and T. brucei rhodesienseinfections also occur. Following increases in human density,changes in land use, and a reduction in the wildlife population,Ugandan cattle are now considered the primary host of T. b.rhodesiense. T. b. rhodesiense causes human African trypanosomi-asis (HAT) or ‘sleeping sickness’ which is fatal if left untreated. Thedistribution of T. b. rhodesiense in Uganda has increased dramati-cally in the past 10 years; this is attributed to the restocking ofinfected cattle into naïve areas following military conflict in the late1990’s. More than 50 per cent of reported T. b. rhodesiense casesin the whole of Africa between 2000 and 2009 were from Uganda.The study was conducted in the Southeast region of Uganda.

ZambiaThe Luangwa valley runs through the Eastern Province of Zambia,with 3.84 mn ha of national park (46.9 per cent) and 0.41mn hadedicated game management area the valley is an ecologicalniche for trypanosomes allowing vector-host interaction due tofavourable conditions for tsetse in terms of vegetation, climate andabundance of wildlife hosts. The study was conducted in Lundaziand Mambwe districts in the Eastern Province as there were reportsof AAT, and cooperation with district veterinarians.

Lundazi has a human population density of 22.4 people/km2whilst Mambwe has a population density of approximately 13.4people/km2. An increase in pressure on natural resources in theplateau area of the district has led to the relocation and expansionof the human population into the edges of the Luangwa valleyexpanding the wildlife-livestock interface. HAT cases have alsooccurred in the valley

Selection of variablesThe vulnerability of a community has been defined as a product ofexposure, sensitivity and capacity to adapt when an extreme eventtakes place. We consider exposure to AAT as the risk of AAToccurrence in the community which is influenced by climatic factorsand the eco-epidemiology of the disease in the area. Sensitivity isdefined by factors influencing the potential impact of AAT in thecommunity, for example the susceptibility of cattle breeds, and therelative importance of cattle. Adaption refers to current measuresto reduce the impact of the disease, either through the actions offarmers, governments or local authorities.

The first step for the MCA was to identify variables likely to beassociated with the exposure, sensitivity and adaption to AAT in anarea. This was done using existing literature and the available fielddata. It was based on two principal criteria: firstly, the relevance ofvariables to the objective of the assessment and secondly, thecompleteness of data collected.

Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and cluster analysisMCA is a data reduction technique (similar to factor analysis orprinciple components analysis) which allows complex patterns in adataset of categorical variables to be identified. Briefly, MCAprovides a graphic representation describing the relationships

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between categories of variables and creates factors which describethe variation in the data.

This technique allows variables exhibiting little variation betweenthe communities to be excluded and those which vary the mostbetween communities to be identified. This technique haspreviously been used to identify biosecurity profiles of farms.

MCA was performed on the selected variables at communitylevel using the Indicator method. The coordinates of eachcommunity were calculated on three dimensions explaining 47.1per cent of the variance and HCA was then performed on theselected dimensions using Ward’s method to aggregate areas intorelatively homogeneous subgroups or profiles.

Cluster analysisThe results from this study were then compared to previous surveysavailable in the study areas. Cluster 1 appeared to be vulnerableto AAT and prevalence’s as high as 35.4 per cent have beenreported in the Adamawa Plateau study areas. Burkina Faso studyareas appeared to have the lowest AAT prevalence, and thesecommunities were the most likely to be using trypanotolerant breed.

Some communities in Uganda (Cluster 3) reported rare AAToccurrence, though others reported it as frequent or constant.Previous prevalence estimates of AAT in Uganda were higher thanthe majority of other study areas, however, these studies wereconducted in markets and may represent a higher risk population.Cluster 3 also included Ethiopian communities, in some areasclose to the study region farmers have ranked the importance of thedisease as “moderate” and prevalence estimates were around 8.7per cent. This is likely due to the establishment of the SouthernTsetse Eradication Programme (STEP). Further work is needed toassess how farmers’ perceptions of the disease compare with theepidemiology of the disease in different areas.

The variables considered in the analysis were assumed todescribe the vulnerability of a community to AAT and this informa-tion could help target communities to receive support to implementcontrol options. Given the heterogeneity across communitiesstudied, in some communities farmers may be successful atmanaging the disease on their own. In clusters 2 and 3 farmershave developed some strategies to manage the disease, such asrestricted grazing or the use of trypanotolerant cattle. Whereas forsome cattle-owning communities, for example those in cluster 1experiencing treatment failure or high mortalities, the vulnerabilitymay be so high that considerable external support and investmentis needed to reduce the trypanosome burden.

However, the study used data provided by cattle-owners and didnot investigate parasitological prevalence or surveys of tsetse. Theresults should be integrated with other data e.g., recent tsetse andunbiased cattle prevalence surveys and interviews with managers ofAAT control to investigate the relationship between these datasources and the burden reported by cattle-owners.

Farmers are heavily reliant on chemotherapy for AAT controlTrypanocide use was ubiquitous throughout the study areas andtherefore showed no association with any particular cluster. In thesecommunities there appeared to be a lack of vector control.Alternative control measures, such as ITC or live bait technologies,screens, traps and targets may represent a cost-effective alternativeto trypanocides. Although in some communities there may have

been a lack of awareness of these tsetse control methods (particu-larly in cluster 2), farmers face a collective-action dilemma when itcomes to the financing and organising of community-level interven-tions. These areas may benefit from governmental or institutionalinterventions to provide community-level tsetse control or to helpmobilise communities to organise themselves and adopt technolo-gies from which all community members may benefit. Cost-recovery schemes have had some success, but depend on financialresources of the farmers and the perceived benefits of the initiative.

In Ethiopia a cost-recovery scheme was initiated in an area withhigh trypanocide resistance consisting of monthly pour-on applica-tion with cypermethrin and chemotherapy. In the study area anaverage decrease of 57 per cent in calf mortality (includingstillbirths) by 12 months of age and an increase of 8 per cent in thebody weight of adult males was observed, suggesting that thescheme was successful.

In some communities cattle production is unlikely to be sustain-able due to the high tsetse-trypanosome burden and lack of herdor community-level control of the disease due to lack of resourcesor technical capacity. In these communities, farmers explorealternative sources of income. This is the case in the valley studyarea of Lundazi (cluster 2), where access to markets and veterinaryservices are poor and farmers co-exist with an expanding wildlifeand tsetse population.

There are few-cattle owning households in this region, andprimary source of household income tends to be from crop produc-tion. Here communities tend to keep trypanosensitive Angonibreeds whose draft power provision is greatly reduced by AAT.Some farmers in Burkina Faso managed the disease by using thetrypanotolerant Métis or Baoule cattle breeds; similarly, theintroduction of trypanotolerant breeds may be of benefit in Zambia.However, trypanotolerant breeds are considered to have reducedtraction which is the main use of cattle in this area, although thismay be offset in areas with high morbidity and mortalities intrypanosensitive draft animals.

Where seasonality allows, an alternative management strategyto reduce the risk of AAT is to only graze in tsetse infested areas incertain times of the year. In the case of Cameroon, which wasmainly represented by cluster 1, farmers manage the disease byonly entering the valley region during the dry season where AAT riskis at its lowest. The majority of farmers kept trypanosensitive Fulaniand Gudali cattle, therefore perhaps the use of trypanotolerantcattle would also reduce the impact here. Although farmers in theregion have a strong cultural preference for the traditional Fulanibreeds. Trypanotolerant breeds such as N’Dama of West Africamay have comparable productivity in terms of meat and milk totrypanosensitive breeds in areas where AAT burden is high, and the


Where seasonality allows, an alternativemanagement strategy to reduce the risk of AAT

is to only graze in tsetse infested areas incertain times of the year.


Cluster 1: Cameroon

• AAT constant with trypanosensitive communal grazing cattle (and some cross breeds) • Livestock primary income and largest herd sizes • Farmers most likely to diagnose & treat AAT with frequent treatment failure & concerns over drug quality • Good knowledge of control but little traps/targets reported

Cluster 2: Burkina Faso, Zambia & Ethiopia

• AAT constant with seasonal pattern, some trypanotolerant breeds &communal grazing • Moderate herd sizes with crops primary income source and losses to draft reported • Slightly higher mortalities & moderate costs diagnosing and treating• Less likely to report treatment failure • Low knowledge of control and no tsetse traps/targets reported

Cluster 3: Uganda, Ethiopia & Zambia

• Moderate AAT challenge, trypanosensitive, some tethering• Smallest herd sizes with mixed farming primary source of income • Good knowledge of tsetse control and some traps/targets reported• Some concerns with resistance and losses to draft reported • Most likely to keep pigs and some sheep and goats


majority of cattle in the Cameroonian study areas are kept for thispurpose. Few communities kept a large proportion of trypanotol-erant breeds, and those that did were mainly communities ofBurkina Faso in cluster 2, it is estimated that there were 11.68 mntrypanotolerant cattle in 1998 of which 11 mn were in West Africaand 0.68 mn in Central Africa.

Communities in cluster 1 reported no tsetse control, despite theMission spéciale pour l’éradication des glossines (MSEG) runninglow level control operations for many years. However, there areonly a small number of traps and targets in the cleared area andbuffer zone in the Faro et Deo region of Cameroon (personalcommunication: MSEG). The MSEG also reported some bi-annualtrypanocide and ITC campaigns before and after transhumance.However, the majority of cattle-owners are responsible for AATdiagnosis and administration of trypanocidal drugs. The farmers inthese communities reported frequent treatment failures. Around athird of communities here, and in cluster 3, attributed treatmentfailure to misdiagnosis.

The evidence as to whether farmer-based diagnosis andtreatment is satisfactory is conflicting and will vary betweencommunities depending on experiences and training received. In aprevious study in Busia in Kenya farmers underestimated thebodyweight of 85.7 per cent of cattle by an average of 46.9 percent, which has serious implications for the development oftrypanocide resistance.

Ideally, livestock owners should be encouraged to use trainedveterinarians and veterinary assistants to diagnose and treat thedisease. However, an estimated 35mn trypanocide doses areadministered every year, large numbers of animals can be affected

in certain seasons and many communities with the disease are inmore remote areas close to national parks or game reserves whereaccess to veterinary services may be reduced. Training of farmersand selected individuals in the community (CAHWs) can be highlyeffective to improve diagnosis and ensure correct dosing, althoughthis can be expensive. Following privatisation of the veterinaryservices in many SSA countries, CAHWs are increasingly used bylivestock owners, particularly in remote communities. Providingtools such as weigh-bands to estimate correct dosing for cattlecould also be of use in these communities.

Trypanocide resistance was the main reason attributed totreatment failure in cluster 2, and second most cited reason inclusters 1 and 3. Trypanocide resistance may be linked to under-dosing, or drugs containing insufficient quantities of the activecompound. Problems with the drugs were mentioned as a majorreason of treatment failure by cluster 1 communities. A study foundthat 69 per cent of trypanocides purchased form legal and illegalmarkets in Cameroon failed to comply with pharmaceuticalrequirements, with 42 per cent due to insufficient quantities of theactive ingredient.

This study only considered AAT and not HAT, in areas where bothdiseases overlap efforts between animal and public health officersshould be coordinated. For example, the Stamp Out SleepingSickness campaign was a public-private partnership designed totarget the cattle reservoir of T. b. rhodesiense in newly affectedareas of Northern Uganda by block treating around 180,000 headof cattle. Communities in Uganda were also the most likely to keeppigs and the prevalence of T. brucei of pigs in the Iganga studyarea has been reported to be around 8.1 per cent. h




https://www.ayurvet.com/

CROPS

There are scores of different Phytophthora species and it should come as nosurprise, given their reliance on and love for water, that humid tropics hasmore than its fair share of species. Dr Terry Mabbett reports.

PHYTOPHTHORA PLANT PATHOGENS are enigmas.Following their discovery in the nineteenth century they wereclassified as fungi (originally Class Phycomycetes andlatterly Oomycetes) and dubbed by mycologists as ‘water

fungi’ or ‘water moulds’ due to a ‘love’ for and reliance on water,both liquid water on leaf surfaces and water vapour in the air, forinfection of the host plant, sporulation and dissemination ofdisease. They were recently re-classified and placed in a groupalongside the algae which taxonomists said they were closest to,both morphologically (in form) and anatomically (by structure) That said, Phytophthoras still have much in common with true

fungi by looking and behaving like fungi and most notably as thecausal agents of most diseases of green plants including manyeconomic crop plants. Phytophthoras are now more accuratelydescribed as fungus-like plant pathogens.There are scores of different Phytophthora species and it should

come as no surprise given their reliance on and love for water thathumid tropics has more than its fair share of species. Most

widespread as a plant pathogen and notorious for its wide hostrange and the extent of damage caused to economic crop plants isPhytophthora palmivora.Among the many hosts of P. palmivora are oil palm, coconut,

papaya, rubber, citrus and mango although cocoa (Theobromacacao) is by far the worst affected of all mainstream tree crops.Cocoa crops in the hot humid climate of West Africa, in countrieslike Nigeria, Ghana and Cameroon, is the worst affected of all,including that in other main cocoa production regions such assouth and South East Asia and South America.

West African cocoa worst hit by Phytophthora West African cocoa is burdened by additional disease-causingPhytophthora species and notably Phytophthora megakarya andproven to be much more pathogenic (virulent or aggressive), andtherefore more damaging, than P. palmivora. During the past 30years P. megakarya has spread throughout the cocoa growingareas of West and Central Africa to rapidly overtake P. palmivora in

Stemming Phytophthora cankerdisease in cocoa

All Phytophthora-diseased pods must beremoved from the estate or plantation.

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economic importance. Phytophthora megakarya has its ownepidemiology including capacity to persist and sporulate on cocoadebris in the soil, as well as on pods still attached to the tree. Phytophthora plant pathogens cause two completely different

and distinct types of disease on trees. The first and most well-knownis a fast-moving and all-consuming dark necrosis of the foliage(fruit or pods in the case of cocoa) and the second is a wet necrosisof the bark usually affecting the main stem (trunk or bole) and mainscaffold branches. These diseases are called Phytophthora pod rot(black pod) and Phytophthora stem canker of cocoa.In general, leaf or fruit infection is invariably accompanied by

sporulation (production of asexual spores called sporangia). Treehost species thus affected are termed ‘sporulation hosts’, whereastree hosts on which bark necrosis (stem canker) is the only typedisease recorded, and without sporulation, are called ‘terminalhosts ‘. Theobroma cacao is a bit of an exception if not uniquebecause cocoa trees suffers pod infection with sporulation but alsostem/bark necrosis, and thus have to cope with the ‘worst of bothdisease worlds’.Phytophthora pod rot disease has the capacity to destroy a

whole season’s crop of cocoa pods but as a rule will not kill thetree, whereas Phytophthora stem canker and bark necrosis if left

unchecked girdles the tree trunk and eventually kills the tree. Stemcanker phase of the disease is therefore the most damagingespecially in the longer term and especially since cocoa trees whenwell looked after can be expected to yield profitable crops for atleast half a century. Despite the longer-term economicconsequences of the stem canker disease phase of P. palmivor, thisdisease dimension generally receives far less attention thanPhytophthora pod rot disease, probably because the latter is themore immediate threat to a current year’s crop.

CROPS

Low hanging pods are especially vulnerable to infection by Phytophthora.

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Among the many hosts of P. palmivora are oilpalm, coconut, papaya, rubber, citrus andmango although cocoa is by far the worst

affected of all mainstream tree crops.


http://www.alvanblanchgroup.com/

CROPS

Inoculum reservoirs and disseminationMultiple factors have combined to secure the supreme success ofPhytophthora as a pathogen of cocoa, and none more so thanpathogens’ ability to build up a large reservoir of inoculum andfreely spread by the very high rainfall levels experienced by cocoafor at least part of the year in West and Central Africa. Inoculumreservoirs build up mainly from sporulation on infected pods in thecanopy, with the spore load transferred down through the canopyin rain drops, drips, splashes and rivulets to create new infectionfoci further down the tree. If sporulation occurs on infected cocoadebris in the soil, then a two-way transfer of inoculum may occurwith spores splashed up and onto the tree trunk and low hangingpods during heavy rainfall.These Phytophthora pathogens are primarily wound pathogens

so damage to bark during routine operations including pod harvestand mechanical weed control using sharp implements should beavoided. However, another route for the development of stemcanker is thought to be via the flower cushions. Theobroma cacaoexhibits an unusual though not rare mode of flowering calledcauliflory with flowers and the newly formed pods (called cherelles)borne directly on the trunk and main branches and from areas ofraised bark tissue called flower cushions. Cocoa cherelles are very susceptible to Phytophthora infection

which may subsequently move down the pedicels (pod stalks) andinto the cushions to initiate stem canker disease. Whetheroriginating from spores washed down through the canopy orspores splashed up from the soil, stem canker is most likely toestablish in the lower regions of the canopy where humidity isalways at its highest. The lower the site of stem canker disease onthe tree, the more likely is the tree to die if stem cankers are notexcised and exposed wood treated with fungicide.

Phytophthora control in cocoaGood hygiene including removal of all diseased pods, not onlyfrom the tree but also from the plantation is essential although

fungicide spraying has always been, and still is, the only practicaloption of reducing inoculum levels and protecting cocoa trees andpods. And it is amazing to think that a copper-containingcompound was the first fungicide used in West Africa to control andmanage Phytophthora on the island of Fernando Po (now calledBioko in Equatorial Guinea) at the end of the nineteenth century. That fungicide was Bordeaux Mixture a gelatinous complex

Cherelles (newly-formed pods)borne on flower cushions arevery susceptible to infection

by Phytophthora

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A mature pod showing early stagesof Phytophthora pod rot disease

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formed by mixing blue hydrated copper sulphate and calciumhydroxide (slaked lime). However, the majority of contemporarycopper-based fungicide now comes from a range of fixed coppercompounds, of which cuprous oxide, cupric hydroxide and copperoxychloride are three mainstream examples. The term ‘fixed’describes the sparingly soluble property of these fungicides, afactor which sees these products really come into their own as foliarsprays to control Phytophthora in cocoa. This is because they are able to form inherently tenacious

deposits on cocoa pod surfaces to protect against Phytophthorainfection even under the most intense tropical rainfall conditions.Furthermore, the fungicidally-active copper ion (Cu2+) is releasedgradually from the fungicide deposit and residue and thenredistributed down through the canopy to offer continual longerterm protection of a wider area of the tree canopy. And in allprobability, copper ions are redistributed in the same water sources(drops, drips and rivulets) that contain the Phytophthora spores. Established stem cankers are traditionally treated by carefully

excising all diseased wood using, for example, a small chisel andlight-weight hammer to leave a clear area of clean disease-freewood around the periphery of the excised area of bark. This ispainted over with a canker paint comprising a fixed copper

fungicide mixed with sticker for extra adhesion. A layer ofpetrolatum grease can be applied over the whole area tocompletely seal off the ‘wound’ and protect the canker paint fromerosion by rainfall and water running down the main branches andtrunk of the tree. Nordox cuprous oxide is currently used as acanker paint to control Phytophthora stem canker on cocoa inSoutheast Asia with a high degree of success. h

CROPS

Phytophthora stem cankers are excised using sharp tools to expose clean, disease-freewood before applying cuprous oxide canker paint.

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Cocoa cherelles are very susceptible toPhytophthora infection which may subsequentlymove down the pedicels (pod stalks) and intothe cushions to initiate stem canker disease.


https://www.vsttillers.com/

CROPS

It is estimated that the fall armyworm in Africa could cause maize yield lossesof up to 20.6mn tonnes per annum in 12 of Africa’s maize-producingcountries, with 40 African countries already infected.

IN RESPONSE TO the growing threat ofinvasive species, the Centre forAgriculture and Biosciences International(CABI) has called for urgent action to

tackle the global spread of invasive species,even as the recent fall armyworm outbreakcasts doubts over Africa and Asia’spreparedness to fight the scourge.The call was made at the 2018 Africa

Green Revolution Forum (AGRF) in Kigali,Rwanda, by CABI’s director general fordevelopment, Dr Dennis Rangi. Hisannouncement follows publication ofCABI’s insights paper: Invasive Species: Thehidden threat to sustainable development atAGRF and this year’s launch of CABI’sAction on Invasives programme.The ultimate goal of the programme is to

enable developing countries to prevent ordetect and control invasive species in orderto protect and restore agricultural andnatural ecosystems, reduce crop losses,improve health, remove trade barriers andreduce degradation of natural resources,infrastructure and vulnerable areas.

“We are falling behind, and progress iscurrently too slow to achieve the ambitioustargets set by the international community. Ifwe do not accelerate progress on thesecritical issues, further outbreaks cannot beprevented,” says Dr Rangi. “We believe theinternational community needs a renewedcommitment to implementing change andinvesting in measures that will help countriesbecome better prepared to handle the impactof any new invasive species outbreak.”The organisation has recommended

three critical areas for urgent action:National strategy and planning – every

country must have an invasive speciesstrategy and action plan in place by 2020

including a national priority list identifyingtheir highest outbreak risks and targetingnational efforts accordinglyIncreased investment in tackling invasive

species – making this a cross-governmentpriority and an integral component ofdevelopment projects to help fund importantinitiatives like the need to harness big dataLower risk management methods –

development of policy/regulation thatencourages the use of lower risk manage-ment methods (biocontrol, Integrated PestManagement (IPM).The Action on Invasives programme has

already been piloted on specific species inGhana and Pakistan, with support andfunding from the UK’s Department forInternational Development (DFID) and theNetherlands’ Directorate-General forInternational Cooperation (DGIS). It is nowbeing scaled up so that people around theworld can fulfil their potential and help theircountries prosper.The fall armyworm – a moth indigenous to

the Americas – has been spreading rapidlyacross Africa since 2016. While just 12African countries had confirmed the presenceof fall armyworm a year ago, today there areover 40 African countries infected by the pest. It is estimated that the fall armyworm in

Africa has the potential to cause maize yield

losses of up to 20.6 mn tonnes per annum in12 of Africa’s maize-producing countries.This represents nearly 53 per cent of annualproduction. The value of these losses isestimated to be up to US$6.2 bn. This despitethe fact that maize is the most importantstaple cereal crop grown by smallholders insub-Saharan Africa and is the dominantcereal grown in most other African countries. In Africa, fall armyworm is best known for

eating maize, but the caterpillar has avoracious appetite and is known to eat 186plant species from 42 families, includingrice, sorghum and sugarcane, as well ascabbage, beet, peanut, soybean, alfalfa,onion, cotton, pasture grasses, millet,tomato, potato and cotton. “CABI believes the Action on Invasive

programme will contribute to improvingpeople’s livelihoods and food security, aswell as countries’ trade opportunities andcommitment to environmental protection.This in turn will support the United Nations’SDGs, the International Plant ProtectionConvention and the Convention onBiological Diversity. CABI is asking theglobal community to commit to reducingthe impact of invasive species and weinvite everyone to support the Action onInvasives programme in any way they can,”explains Dr Rangi. h

CABI outlines three urgent actionareas to implement before 2020

Caterpillar has a voracious appetiteand is known to eat 186 plant

species from 42 families.

Centre for Agriculture andBiosciences International is a

not-for-profit organisation thatdraws on scientific expertise tosolve problems in agriculture

and the environment.

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https://www.jainsusa.com/

AGRICULTURE & LIVESTOCK

The mandate of the organisation is to promote, streamline, coordinate andregulate all aspects of research in agriculture and livestock development,says Dr Eliud Kireger, the director general of KALRO.

Let’s start with some background onKALRO, your mission and your role thereKenya Agricultural and Livestock ResearchOrganisation (KALRO) is the premiernational agricultural research organisationmandated to conduct agricultural researchof strategic and national importance andproduce public goods in the form oftechnologies, information and newknowledge.

What KALRO projects are you mostexcited about?We are undertaking cutting edge researchon a wide range of areas including staples,horticulture, livestock/dairy, naturalresource management, climate change andsocio-economic issues. We are particularlyexcited by our research outcomes such asdevelopment of a highly effective local bio-control product called aflasafe KE01 thatcuts down aflatoxin levels by over 80 percent, development and dissemination ofdryland crops such as; sorghum, pigeonpeas, cowpeas, pearl millet, finger milletand chickpeas among others.

In livestock health, we have secured major milestones including therecent development of a new vaccineagainst the contagious bovine pleuropneu-monia (CBPP).In dairy, we are the host of the regionalcentre of excellence for research anddevelopment under projects supported byWorld Bank. We have a regional resourcecentre for scientists, milk processing plantfor technology demonstration and valueaddition, and well equipped laboratories.We have specialised in development of

adapted Friesian and dual purpose Sahiwalcattle breeds, and their crosses, to expanddairy production to low potential agro-ecosystems. Our beef cattle programme isbreeding and studying Boran cattle produc-tion systems. In poultry, KALRO’s improvedindigenous chicken is in high demand.

In your view, what are the mainchallenges to the agri sector in Kenya?Like many African countries, Kenya’sagriculture sector is faced with manychallenges that include climate. Only 20per cent of the country’s land is arableunder rain-fed, while production andproductivity of major crops is still low due tominimal use of improved varieties and otheragricultural inputs. Farmers lack modernagricultural production skills andknowledge and do not have adequateaccess to financial and other supportiveservices. Consequently, the majority of thesmallholder farmers continue to be poorand food security remains threateneddespite our efforts to build the economy.We have poor mechanisms and infras-

tructure for sharing and exchangingagriculture knowledge generated fromresearch at national and regional levelswhich at times result to duplications, hencefurther constraining meagre resourcesavailable for agricultural development.We also have the inefficient mechanisms

and infrastructure for transferring technolo-gies to either directly or through intermedi-aries. Knowledge and technologiesfostering agricultural production andenvironment conservation are examples.Although many extension documents are

produced by national agriculture researchand extension systems to inform farmersabout the latest recommendationsconcerning different agricultural practices,these documents are not sufficiently dissem-inated, updated or managed to respond tothe needs of extension workers, advisersand farmers. This is also true for technical reports,

books and research papers related toproduction. Forums like the one we areorganising will provide us with anopportunity to share information andknowledge with all the actors in theagricultural value chain.

What is your vision for the agriculturesector in Kenya?We are implementing Kenya’s developmentblueprint, the Vision 2030 and the govern-ment’s Big Four agenda where the agricul-ture sector is recognised as one of the keydrivers of our economic growth. The aim isto transform Kenya into “a newly industrial-izing, middle income country providing ahigh quality of life to all its citizens in aclean and secure environment”. h

‘We are undertaking cutting-edgeresearch on a wide range of areas’

Farmers lack modern agricultural production skills and knowledge and do not have adequate access to financial andother supportive service in Kenya.

KALRO was established bymerging Kenya Agricultural

Research Institute, Kenya Sugar Research

Foundation, Tea ResearchFoundation of Kenya and

Coffee research Foundation.

Image Credit: Adobe Stock




http://www.biotestlab.ua/

FRESH PRODUCE

The advantage of the field research unit is that it can be deployed in market,close to the source of produce, and at any stage of the supply chain fromthe orchard through to the point-of-sale.

COMPAC, PART OF TOMRAFood, has launched a new fieldresearch unit which can bedeployed directly into the field to

research the industry’s most challengingfresh produce issues. The state-of-the-artlaboratory, which is equipped with a broadrange of sophisticated analytical sensortechnologies from across TOMRA, is thefirst of its kind for the fresh produce industry.The field research unit was launched at the10th Citrus Research InternationalSymposium in Drakensburg, South Africa(19-22 August). Compac delivers packhouse automa-

tion systems for sorting fresh produce(fruits and vegetables) based on weight,size, shape, colour, surface blemishes andinternal quality. Compac and TOMRAhave research and sensor developmentcentres in Europe and New Zealand,however there can be challengesaccessing produce, particularly withshipping restrictions associated withinfected and diseased produce. The main advantage of the field research

unit (FRU) is that it can be deployed inmarket, close to the source of produce, andat any stage of the supply chain from theorchard through to the point-of-sale. Thedata collected can be analysed to improveproduce-sorting and decision makingthroughout the supply chain, as well ashelping to drive new technology researchand future product development. The FRU is equipped with benchtop

spectrometers, hyperspectral imagingequipment, texture analysers, the newCompac Inspectra2 internal inspectionsystem for fresh produce, and the TOMRAQVision optimised for protein, moistureand fat analysis. A converted 40-footshipping container is used to facilitate easytransport to hotspots where fresh produceneeds to be investigated.“Compac’s new project is a welcome

initiative for the citrus industry and we lookforward to being able to work with the unitin advancing this important technologywithin the citrus industry”, said Dr SeanMoore, IPM Portfolio Manager with Citrus

Research International, during the event. The four-day CRI Symposium is a

biennial gathering to share findings ofrecent research conducted on behalf of thesouthern African citrus industry and featuresan international mix of keynote speakers.Dean Barker, director of Research &

Development Projects at Compac,commented: “For our customers, the fieldresearch unit has the unrivalledconvenience of bringing a sophisticated testlaboratory right to their front door. This isconfirmation of Compac’s agile responseto customers’ needs.” The demands of feeding the growing

global population are driving the need toknow more about each piece of produceas it is sorted in the packhouse and inrepack centres. Advanced Compacsensors are already deployed inpackhouses but measuring other attributescan further improve sorting to optimiseproductivity, reduce waste and maximisecustomer value. Compac provides integrated post-

harvest solutions and services to the globalfresh produce industry using the world’smost advanced grading technology.Combining industry leading solutions withaward-winning grading platforms likeSpectrim, the company’s mission is toenable its customers to improve returns,gain operational efficiencies, and ensure asafe food supply via smart, usable

technologies. To achieve this, Compacoperates centres of excellence, regionaloffices and manufacturing locations withinthe United States, Europe, South America,Asia, Africa and Australasia.

Compac is a member of the TOMRAGroup, founded in 1972. It began withdesign, manufacturing and sale of reversevending machines (RVMs) for automatedcollection of used beverage containers.Today, TOMRA has more than 90,000installations in over 80 markets worldwideand had total revenues of more thanUS$740 mn 2016. The group employsaround 3,500 personnel globally and ispublicly listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange.The TOMRA Group continues to innovateand provide cutting-edge solutions foroptimal resource productivity within twomain business areas: Collection Solutions(reverse vending and material recovery) andSorting Solutions (recycling, mining andfood sorting). h

Compac launches field researchunit for fresh produce industry

Compac provides integrated post-harvest solutions and services to the global fresh produce industry.

The state-of-the-art laboratory,equipped with a broad range

of sophisticated analyticalsensor technologies from across

TOMRA, is the first of its kindfor the fresh produce industry.

Image Credit: Com

pac





http://www.cooper-pegler.com/index.html

https://www.yara.co.za/

STORAGE

Food warehousing and logistics: represent a growth market as new invest-ment targets an expanded role in agricultural production, Martin Clarkreports.

INVESTORS ARE SHOWING renewedinterest in Africa’s food logistics sector asattempts are made to elevate overallagricultural commodities trade.Despite the emergence over the past 20-

plus years of overnight fresh producedelivered from African farms direct toEuropean supermarkets, experts believe thecontinent’s agricultural potential has barelybeen touched. Africa has been a net importer of agricul-

tural products for some decades, mostlycharacterised by a small number of primarycommodities, such as cocoa, tea andcoffee. The goal is to reverse that andrestore the continent as a net agriculturalexporter. This would mean a greater needfor storage and warehousing facilities, anda much-improved logistics chain generally.

New joint ventureIt is not hard to find examples of howAfrica’s agricultural sector is evolving,bringing with it high profile investors.US Nasdaq-listed S&W Seed Company

recently teamed up with AGT Foods Africa,a subsidiary of Canadian-based AGT Foodand Ingredients, to form a new jointventure SeedVision SA registeredin South Africa. The new company will leverage AGT

Foods Africa’s production and processingfacilities to produce S&W’s hybridsunflower, grain sorghum and foragesorghum for sale by SeedVision across theAfrican continent, as well as in the MiddleEast and Europe. AGT Foods Africa will utilise its produc-

tion resources in South Africa, Zambia andTanzania, and its seed cleaning andwarehousing facilities at Krugersdorp,South Africa.AGT boss Murad Al-Katib said Africa

represents a large untapped market for itsproducts and to help meet global foodproduction needs.

He said, “This new joint venture allows us toextend our major processing and distributionassets in southern Africa to grow opportunitiesfor more targeted agricultural production ofthese important crops in the region.” AGT is one of the largest suppliers of

value-added pulses, staple foods and foodingredients in the world, while S&W providesexpertise in agricultural breeding, productionand processing for the alfalfa, sunflower,sorghum species, and stevia industries.

Foreign investmentIncreased interest in Africa’s agriculturalsector is bringing with it investment frommajor players.Export Trading Group (ETG), the largest

independent agricultural-commodity supply chain manager in Africa, announcedat the end of 2017 that it had agreed tointroduce Japan’s Mitsui & Co as a strategicminority investor.The deal brings with it an investment

worth US$265mn. Founded in 1967, ETG has 6,600

employees across 36 countries globally andoperates 71 processing plants and morethan 300 warehouses.The company sources crops such as

pulses, sesame and raw cashew nuts fromsmallholder farmers across Africa,aggregating, processing and distributingthem across its network around the world. EGT also maintains depots for container-

ised cargo at strategic ports, including Dares Salaam, Mombasa, Beira and Durban.

The group’s pan-African warehousingcapacity stands at more than 1.8 millionMT across 23 different countries.Investment in cold storage facilities is alsoon the rise. Shipping giant Maersk recentlyintroduced containerised cold storagefacilities for Kenyan agricultural exporters.The move paves the way for more

exports of avocados and other fruits acrossmajor markets in Europe and the MiddleEast, the company says.

Commodities marketWhile there are signs of a revival in Africa’s agricultural sector, and in exports, the continent still relies on vastquantities of imports.Main ports, such as Mombasa are

handling huge levels of foodstuff imports,including crops such as wheat and maize,as well as fertiliser products and otherfarming inputs. It also accounts for approx-imately 20 per cent of total export value.But there is ample scope for more.A recent AfDB report highlights the need

to create a better functioning agriculturalmarket one that includes millions ofsmallholder farms across the continent toboost local trade and enhance production. The report, Africa’s Agricultural

Commodity Exchanges, WarehouseReceipt Systems and New Standards, saysensuring market inclusion for all, even thesmallest farms, is a prerequisite for drivinglong-term growth. It says the sector isunderperforming. h

Africa’s agricultural warehousing potential

AGT Foods Africa's warehousingfacilities at Krugersdorp.

Agriculture accounts for 15 percent of Africa’s GDP, and is the

main source of income for90 per cent of rural population.

Image Credit: AGT Foods Africa




S07�AF�Sept_oct�2018women�inclusion_ethiopia�poultry_Layout�1��27/09/2018��12:20��Page�27

https://www.goizper.com/en/

http://www.myandegroup.com/

WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

Women entrepreneurs face cultural and gender biases that restrict them fromopening or expanding their own businesses, says Dr Jemimah Njuki, seniorprogramme specialist at Canada’s International Development Research.

THE AFRICAN GREEN RevolutionForum 2018 has just ended in KigaliRwanda. And befitting of theprogress the country has made in

gender equality and women’s empower-ment – a day before the event, the countryheld parliamentary elections and theproportion of women elected to parliamentrose from 64 per cent to 67 per cent — agroup of organisations came together toput a spotlight on women in agribusiness.

At the meeting, I told the story of threewomen, Charity, Loise and Jane. In 2012,they founded Exotic EPZ Limited, acompany which processes macadamia nutsfor export.

When they decided to go into businesstogether, nobody took them seriously. Thebanks said that as women with no propertyor land for collateral, they were too big arisk for a loan. The farmers they contactedwere skeptical about women surviving ininternational trade, a business where “evenmen had failed”. But they were determined.They pulled together their savings,

borrowed from friends and family. Theystarted with 7.5 tonnes of shelled nuts eachmonth. They have now doubled thatcapacity and employ over 100 people,most of them women, and have created amarket for thousands of smallholdermacadamia farmers.

The story of Charity, Loise and Jane is astory of the huge opportunity that womenagribusinesses present, but it is also a storyof the challenges and gender barriers thatwomen still face.

Food production and processing inAfrica currently generates over US$300bnannually, and this figure could rise to US$1trillion a year by 2030 if farmers weregiven the right access to inputs andresources. Women must be part of thisbusiness and can contribute immensely toit if they are provided with the rightresources. And women are alreadyinvolved in the agriculture and agribusi-ness. Across the continent, 68 per cent ofeconomically active women are in theagricultural sector. The continent has thelargest proportion of womenentrepreneurs.

However, no country in Africa hasachieved parity in business ownership.Ghana has the highest proportion at 46.4per cent of total businesses owned bywomen, followed by Uganda at 33.8 percent and Botswana at 24.5 per cent. Andwomen still face numerous challenges ingrowing their agribusinesses. Despiteexpansion of microfinance organisationsthat are now reaching millions of women,

A clarion call to break the glassceiling in agripreneurship

The African continent has the largest proportion of women entrepreneurs.

Story of Charity, Loise andJane is a story of the huge

opportunity that womenagribusinesses present, but

also a story of the challengesand gender barriers that

women still face.

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African Farming - September/October 2018

WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

research shows that the financing gap forwomen owned small and mediumenterprises is about US$20 bn. Women arestill less likely to have bank accounts. InZambia for example, only 26 per cent ofwomen farmers have a bank account,compared to 49 per cent of men.

And even when women apply for loans,they are less likely to be successful thanmen. SCORE, a nonprofit associationdedicated to helping small businesses getoff the ground, grow and achieve theirgoals through education and mentorshipreleased a study on women ownedbusinesses that showed that while 59 percent of businesses owned by women wouldlike financing, only 25 per cent sought thefinance. And of those 25 per cent, only 31per cent were successful.

There are other challenges beyondaccess to finance. In 2017, theInternational Development ResearchCentre, commissioned a series of studies tobetter understand barriers to women’sfinancial inclusion. Results showed that,women entrepreneurs faced cultural andgender biases that restrict them fromopening or expanding their own businesses.Society is still less receptive towards femaleentrepreneurs because they are notperceived as having the same level ofknow-how as men.

Family responsibilities are also achallenge. For example in informal urbansettings, having young children can be ahuge hindrance to women starting abusiness or seeking employment away fromhome. Results also showed that even for

women already in agribusiness, gettingconnected to global value chains was ahuge challenge due to societal perceptions.

There are actions that we can take tosupport women to grow their businesses.

First, we need to recognise that financialinclusion interventions are not gender-neutral and the uptake and usage gapswould be reduced if products and services suited women’s needs and priorities. A lotof efforts have been put into trying to makewomen bankable, training them,organising them into groups among otherinterventions. We need a paradigm shift.We now need to make financial institutionswoman-able. Financial institutions usuallyhave products that have population widebenefits. And women have benefited fromthese. But faced with gender barriers, thereis need for innovations that meet thespecific needs and priorities of women.

Second, recognising the multiple needsof women owned businesses beyondfinancial inclusion and bundling servicesthat they need. Combining financial

services, skills such as financial literacy,linking to business support services andmentoring can help women-ownedbusinesses thrive and grow. Research thatwe have been funding at the United StatesInternational University in Kenya hasshown that when you only offer skillstraining to business owners, the likelihoodthat their businesses will be successful is57 per cent. This increases to 93 per centwhen you combine training, mentoringand business support services.

Third, integrating women in national andglobal supply chains as that has beensuccessful is integrating suppliers of rawmaterials, as aggregators and as proces-sors is key to enabling women to thrive.

In Kenya and Uganda for example, over20,000 women smallholder farmers aresupplying beans to a company that isdoing industrial precooking of beans. Thefactory produces the beans and supplies tosupermarkets and institutions. Womenproducers get a market for their beans, actas aggregators using ICTs and getimproved seeds and inputs to increasetheir productivity.

And finally, recognising that women arenot homogenous goes a long way. We needto understand entrepreneurship barriers fordifferent types of women in order to haveinterventions that work for them. Addressingthe childcare needs of young women forexample can increase their participation inemployment and agribusiness. In the informalsettlements in Kenya, providing childcareservices to young women, has increased theirrate of employment and rate of startingbusiness away from their homes. h

Dr Jemimah Njuki is a senior programmespecialist at Canada’s InternationalDevelopment Research and an Aspen NewVoices Fellow. She publishes on issues ofgender equality, women and girls. Followher on Twitter @jemimah_njuki

Dr Jemimah NjukiHaving young children can be

a huge hindrance to womenstarting a business or seekingemployment away from home.

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https://www.prive.fr/en/

SHOW PREVIEW

Ethiopex has become a fully fledged international event meticulously plannedto provide an upbeat, pioneering and value-based platform for the poultrysector stakeholders to gather under one roof.

CHICKEN PRODUCTION HAS a major role inthe economy of developing countries andbackyard farmers particularly important forimproving chicken production as a means to

reduce poverty. Although Ethiopia has huge resources,the country is not receiving benefits from this sector dueto poor productivity of local hens and cocks, undevel-oped production systems and high disease prevalence,among many other reasons.

In Ethiopia, traditional practices continue to dominatedomestic poultry production, however, there has been ashift to commercial production with an increase in smalland medium-scale producers that have been establishedto exploit the urban demand in the past 20-25 years.

Chickens are the most popular poultry species used formeat and egg production in Ethiopia. Chicken andchicken products provide a valuable source of proteinand income for the families.

The trends in the consumption of poultry products aremajor indicator of opportunities for investment. The totalchicken population in the country is estimated to be59.5mn with indigenous breed representing 90.85 percent, hybrid chicken 4.76 per cent and exotic breeds4.39 per cent (CSA, 2016/2017).

The inception of Ethio Poultry Expo is to provide thebest possible exposure for the promotion and develop-ment of the most promising poultry sector in Ethiopia.

Ethiopex has become a fully fledged international event meticu-lously planned to provide an upbeat, pioneering and value-basedplatform for the poultry sector stakeholders to gather under oneroof, with an overall mission of accelerating the growth of thepoultry sector in the country.

The event creates a platform for exhibitors to communicate,establish strong networks and transact with major sectorstakeholders, professionals and business owners besides creating aplatform to attain maximum exposure for their brands to increaserevenue source.

The event has proved to be the major platform that fuels thegrowth of poultry sector through expansion of supply chains andveterinary services to improve the productivity and the economicscontribution of the poultry sector. The sector plays an important rolein poverty alleviation by means of income generation andhousehold food security as it attracts various stakeholders in oneplace so they can share expertise and products. This prestigiouspoultry event has been backed by the Ministry of Agriculture and

Livestock, Ethiopian Meat and Dairy Industry Development Institute(EMDIDI) and Ethiopian Poultry Producers-Processors Association.

Why Ethiopia?� The fastest growing economy in Africa and fourth in the world(IMF 2018)

� 10.3 per cent GDP growth per year from 2005/06 to 2015/16(World Bank)

� Forecast of real GDP growth 8.5 per cent in 2018 (IMF)� Ethiopia is the largest economy in East and Central Africa� Ethiopia aims to achieve middle income status by 2025

Opportunities in the poultry sector� Increasing demand for poultry products� A lucrative export market potential that awaits to be exploited� Upcoming agro-industrial parks for value addition of poultryproducts

� Presence of laboratories which can cater for diagnosis of poultrydiseases

� Availability of vaccine producer and quality lab (PANVAC) in thecountry

� Government plan to improve chicken meat production to164,000 in the year 2020.

The event will be held at the Millennium Hall, Addis Ababa. For more details: www.ethiopoultryexpo.com/ h

Two-day poultry expo Ethiopex tokick off on 18 October

In Ethiopia traditional practices continue todominate domestic poultry production.

Chickens are the most popular poultry speciesused for meat and egg production

in Ethiopia. They provide a valuable source ofprotein and income for the families.

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S08�AF�Sept_oct�2018�Adesina�speech_danfoss_hozelock�exel_axial�flow_Layout�1��27/09/2018��12:21��Page�31

https://www.rdoequipment.com/

AKINWUMI ADESINA, PRESIDENTof the African Development Bank,addressed Wageningen University& Research, a research facility

located in the Netherlands. He wasaddressing delegates at the SustainableDevelopment Goals conference, which washeld in Wageningen in August. He gave theopening speech at the conference underthe theme of "Towards Zero Hunger:Partnerships for Impact." He was alsoinvolved in a high-level panel discussion onthis theme with Paul Polman, CEO,Unilever, and Etharin Cousin, lecturer andStanford University and former executivedirector of the World Food Programme.

Here is an edited version of Mr Adesina'saddress.

There are certain things we should neverget used to. The abnormal should neverbecome normal. Not having food isabnormal.

In the world today, the number of hungrypeople has increased from 777 mn in 2015to 815 million people in 2016. In the caseof Africa, climate change will add anadditional 38 million people that arehungry by 2050, according to theInternational Food Policy Research Institute.Let’s also be clear, we are not yet winningthe war against global hunger andmalnutrition. We have a moral responsi-bility to tackle this problem. It’s one that we

can collectively address. In the case ofAfrica, there is absolutely no reason forfood insecurity on the continent.

Africa has 65 per cent of all uncultivatedarable land in the world to feed 9bn peopleby 2050.

Therefore, what Africa does with agricul-ture will determine the future of food in theworld. The greatest agenda we have is howto unlock Africa’s agricultural potential. Asmy late mentor, Dr Norman Borlaug used tosay, “you cannot eat potential.’

Let’s talk about the opportunities inagriculture. First and foremost is the size offood and agribusiness in Africa, which willbe a one trillion-dollar industry by 2030.Quite naturally, this is a money-makingsector to help not only to feed Africa, butalso to create an enormous amount ofwealth for Africa. The irony is that Africa isspending US$35 bn on food imports eachyear, which, if nothing is done, will rise toUS$110 bn dollars by 2020.

Just think of the Savannas of Africa. Thereare 400 million hectares of Savannah, ofwhich only 10 per cent is cultivated. That is,a mere 40 million hectares.

If Africa can get the right tech to raiseproductivity, transform its savannahs, turnagriculture into a business and address theissue of nutrition — Africa can feed itself in10 years and contribute to feeding theworld in the years to come.

What is the African Development Bankdoing to unlock that potential?� The Bank has launched the Feed Africa

strategy, investing US$24 bn in agricul-ture over the next 10 years. Our focus isscaling up technology to reach millions offarmers.

� As part of this plan, the Bank is buildingand developing agricultural value chainsthat will allow Africa to process and addvalue to everything it produces.

� Third, we support the production, distri-bution and availability of nutritious foodto address malnutrition and stunting andfinally,

� Turn agriculture into a wealth creatingsector and not one for managing poverty.

Major programmes AfDB has rolled out.� Technologies for African Agricultural

Transformation (TAAT). This is a billion-dollar initiative the Bank is working onwith several partners, including the Billand Melinda Gates Foundation, theConsultative Group on InternationalAgricultural Research (CGIR), the privatesector, the International Fund forAgricultural Development (IFAD) and theAlliance for a Green Revolution in Africa(AGRA). TAAT is focused on making surethat existing technologies that cantransform agriculture are taken off theshelves; We seek to impact 40mn farmers

Image Credit: Ado

be Stock

AFRICA SPOTLIGHT

The irony is that Africa is spending US$35bn on food imports each year,which, if nothing is done, will rise to US$110bn dollars by 2020, saysAfrican Development Bank president Akinwumi Adesina.

How to make agriculture workfor Africa and the world

Africa has 65 per cent of all uncultivated arable land inthe world to feed nine billion people by 2050.



with different commodities. TAAT is abouttechnology without borders, and we haverolled out the programme in 15 countries.

� The second major programme is EnableYouth. This is an innovative strategy forgetting younger people interested inagriculture. Better still, investing in a newgeneration of young commercial farmers,agribusiness entrepreneurs to makeagriculture cool and attractive, and weare investing a US$300 million in fivecountries.

� The third area of our investment is theAfrican Leaders for Nutrition program,which is endorsed by African Union witha goal of developing an African nutritionindex to rate and rank countries in termsof their progress on nutrition. The pointhere is to have political accountability onnutrition, because we know the solutionto it and we want it to be scaled up. Andto eliminate the scourge that has afflicted54 million children today.

� I would like to say something about thesavannahs. We have launched an initia-tive to transform Africa’s savannahs usingthe best technology available and wehave started in five countries alreadyincluding 10,000 ha in northern Ghana.

� And finally, we are investing in the idea ofStaple Crop Processing Zones that willimpact rural economies, enabling invest-ments in infrastructure like power, water,and roads that will support privateagribusiness and agro-allied industries tobe located in and around the rural areas.This will add value to agricultural products

and turn rural economies from zones ofeconomic misery to zones of economicposterity via agricultural industrialization.

� In conclusion, I believe these initiativeswill help us significantly raise agriculturalproductivity and change the perspectiveon agriculture.

� They will get young people into agricul-ture, help to focus on the cultivation ofnutritious foods and structurally transformagriculture into a dominant sector forfood and nutrition security. The produc-tive base of African economies will alsobe diversified even as they becomecompetitive in the global markets throughvalue addition to everything that theyproduce.

� At the end of the day, it is all abouthaving partners on board, and involvingstakeholders in the private sector, theCGIR, national governments, civil society,universities and research institutions,financial institutions, multilateral andbilateral donors.

I just want to say that what the Bank doesis in alignment with the development policyof the Netherlands. I am delighted to behere in the Netherlands with a greatpartner in agriculture. h

AFRICA SPOTLIGHT

African Development Bank president Akinwumi Adesina.

Image Credit: Akinw

umi A

desina/Tw

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https://www.aaz-performance.fr/

http://www.omex.com/

IRRIGATION

Danfoss has helped a citrus farmer to water his citrus trees in a cost-efficientway. Solar-powered pumps driven by Frequency Drive provide an environ-mentally friendly, economical and robust solution.

IN MOROCCO, RAINFALL fluctuatessharply from year to year, and summermonths are especially hot. On a citrustree farm located between Marrakech

and Casablanca, a farmer had used a gasengine to power the irrigation system.Replacing the gas tank regularly with a newone required labor work, time and money,and was dangerous due to a high explosionrisk. It was also necessary to supervise thatthe system is working properly. Moreover,irrigation was needed for five to six hours aday, and gas is not cheap in Morocco.Danfoss Frequency Drive is versatile.

An efficient way to cut costs in irrigationis to use renewable energy and AC drivetechnology. Edil 9, an Italian systemintegrator in the construction business,visited Vacon’s factory in Merano, where they were introduced to DanfossFrequency Drive:

“We had heard positive news aboutother customers using the Frequency Drivein demanding application environments,and we were impressed by these references.That’s why we thought that the FrequencyDrive would be the right choice also forsolar-powered irrigation systems, and wewere right! Designed for tough environ-ments, the Frequency Drive truly is veryrobust and is provided with the IP66/Type4X outdoor enclosure with a die-cast metalframe. It can be installed outdoors withouta problem! It also has highly advancedcontrol capability which guarantees thatprocesses run exactly how the end customerwants them to run in any environment orclimatic condition,” explains Paolo Mossali,technician and designer, Edil 9.

The Frequency Drive was selected for thesolar-powered irrigation system for thecitrus farm.

“Cooperation with Danfossran smoothly and Danfossengineers are verycompetent in explaining thefunctionality of the drive inthe solar-powered applica-tion,” Mr Mossaliconcludes.

The solar-powered waterpump system is reliable andenables an increased harvestand cost savings. The newsystem requires less work andbrings also many otherbenefits:� Cost-efficiency: the

new system requires onlythree hours to bring thenecessary water to thetrees. This is half the timethe old system required.

� Clear savings: buyingexpensive gas tanks, storingand replacing them andsupervising the system are nolonger needed

� Improved safety: no gasexplosion risks

� Environmental friendliness:the new system is powered bysolar energy

The solar-powered irrigation system is ableto pump water at a rate of 10 m3/h andincludes the following components:� 21 panels/string, 2 strings, total of 10.5

kW without tracker � 11 kW Frequency Drive � 7.5 kW submersible pump (Caprari E6X)

at a depth of 66 m to pump water froma well with a depth of 150 m (static levelof 38 m and dynamic level of 44 m)

Solar-powered pumps are ideal for remoteareas. Such applications are increasinglybeing employed in environments whereelectricity supplies are scarce or unreliable.They are used to power:� Water pumps, to provide clean water for

drinking and cooking or for irrigation� Compressors, for refrigeration of food

and dairy products

� Other applications including fans, forventilation and air conditioning

Frequency Drives can utilise themaximum available energy from thephotovoltaic solar panels in all situations.The drives start to control the speed of themotors in the pumps, compressors or fansas soon as the sun starts to shine in themorning, and continue to do so until thesun sets in the evening.

“AC-drive-controlled solar pump systemsare ideal for irrigation, especially in remoteareas. Proper irrigation will increaseharvests which will provide farmers with abetter livelihood. Frequency Drives havededicated functionality to drive the solar-powered pump with an optimizedefficiency,” says Nicola Gomiero, productmanager, Vacon Italy. h

Solar-powered irrigation forcitrus trees in Morocco

The solar-powered irrigation system is able to pumpwater at a rate of 10 m3/h

Frequency Drive starts tocontrol the speed of the

motors in the pumps,compressors or fans as soon

as the sun omes up andcontinue to do so until the sun

sets in the evening.

Image Credit: Danfoss



THE COOPER PEGLER products is part of Exel Industries, agroup of companies that have become a leader in precisionspraying techniques for plant protection products. CooperPegler products have been manufactured and distributed for

the last 10 years by the French company Hozelock Exel.For more than 20 years, the CP15 has been a widely used

sprayer for users in agriculture, horticulture and parks andgardens all over the world, thanks to its durability, toughness andspray quality. Its unique diaphragm pump system ensures a longlife for the equipment and maximum convenience in spraying,thanks to its flexible pumping. With no direct friction between the diaphragm and the surfaces,

pumping is made easier and more comfortable compared to apiston pump. Therefore, the Cooper Pegler diaphragm sprayersrequire no service maintenance nor lubrication other than routinecleaning, resulting in a long-life product.The latest generation CP15 knapsack sprayer, called CP15

Evolution, can now be equipped with a revolutionary ergonomiccarrying system with ultra-comfortable shoulder straps and waistbelt to work better and longer. It is also fitted with two handles onthe tank to for easy handling.Professional, technical and built to last, the Cooper Pegler CP15

Evolution comfort knapsack sprayer offers a full experience of whatis called the “comfort” sprayer. The CP15 Evolution Comfort’s “safety harness” sets this sprayer

apart, with extra-wide shoulder and waist straps that ensure that theweight is carried ergonomically on the hips and shoulders.

Clinically tested, the safety harness provides an optimised design:� Adjustable straps with reinforced foam and tensioners� Chest strap which ensures sprayer stability and alleviates

lateral tension� Adjustable waist strap to distribute sprayer weight at 70 per cent

on the hips and 30 per cent on shoulders� Reinforced back support to ensure no direct contact with the

tank for improved comfort.Cooper Pegler, with an heritage of more than 120 years ofexpertise, enjoys a strong reputation for durability and ease of use.Cooper Pegler knapsacks are built to a high quality specification,not down to a price. That is so important to operators who need areliable sprayer that is comfortable for use over long hours. h

The latest generation CP15 knapsack sprayer, the CP15 Evolution, can nowbe equipped with a revolutionary ergonomic carrying system with ultra-comfortable shoulder straps and waist belt to work better and longer.

CP15 Evolution: New ergonomiccarrying system to ease workload

EQUIPMENT

Cooper Pegler knapsacksare built to a high qualityspecification.

The Cooper Pegler diaphragm sprayers require noservice maintenance nor lubrication except for the

routine cleaning, resulting in a longer shelf life.Image Credit: Hozelock Excel



http://www.maschio.com/home-hi-IN/

EQUIPMENT

Case IH 2000 Series Early Riser planter delivers precise placement withextreme accuracy across all terrains, crop types and speeds for faster, moreuniform emergence.

CASE IH DISTRIBUTOR Northmecand Cairo Group hosted theAnnual Farmers Day in KoppiesFree State on August 15. The

event attracted more than 500 farmers fromacross South Africa to Farm Cairo inHeilbron District for a day of productpresentations, demonstrations and test-drives. Johan Van Der Merwe, managingdirector of Northmec and Jaap Van DerWesthuizen, dealer principal at Cairo Groupopened the proceedings, welcoming theguests and outlining the activities of the day.

The main attraction at the AnnualFarmers Day was the new Case IH 2000Series Early Riser planter, which deliversprecise placement with extreme accuracyacross all terrains, crop types and speedsfor faster, more uniform emergence. It isdesigned for modern seed types,treatments, populations and conditions.The new planter can be easily customised toa range of soil types, terrain, fertiliser andchemical application needs, and variouscrop residue management practices.

The event’s participants were able to seean Early Riser 2150 24 row planter inaction in a live demonstration, and have aclose look at a 12-row model that was ondisplay in a covered area.

They heard a first-hand account of thebenefits of the Early Riser 2150 planter fromCase IH customer Brink Bosman, who tookdelivery of a 24-row model in 2017 for hisfarm in Zimbabwe. B Bosman Farmsneeded a simple, robust and reliableplanter that would ensure accurate seedplacement and a perfect seed stand. Theirrequirements included self-diagnostics,different options for particular planting

conditions and good backup from theirdealer.

Bosman had high expectations of thenew Early Riser 2150 planter based on thisproduct family’s reputation for early,uniform emergence and high yields: “Wefarm 1,110 ha, of which 150 ha dryland onmaize and soybeans, and 950 ha on winterwheat, and we have a small window of just10 days between summer harvest andwinter wheat planting, so having the rightplanter is critical. The Early Riser 2150exceeded our expectations. We completedthe planting operation smoothly andwithout a hitch, and the results aretestament to the high standards of theplanter. Just to make a couple of examples,we had 100 per cent maize emergence andgermination and perfect stand in our maizecrops, which has led to high yields.”

Case IH showcased its extensive tractoroffering at the Annual Farmers Day, withdisplays and demonstrations of modelsranging from the 75 hp JXT 75 utility tractorideally suited for light cultivation, grasslandor speciality crops all the way up to themighty 600 hp tracked Quadtrac 600.

They included the 125 hp Maxxum 125high-productivity multi-tasking tractor andthe Puma, which delivers high efficiency inprimary tillage, cultivation, drilling andtransport. Also at the event was the

Magnum, the tough row crop range thatoffers a mix of industry-leading horsepowerand fuel efficiency, represented by awheeled 340 hp model and the trackedMagnum 380 RowTrac featuring Case IH’sCVT state-of-the-art Continuously VariableTransmission.

Completing the display were Case IHsprayers, including the new Patriot 250Extreme, which provides an entry-level optionfor farmers to step up from tractor-pulled toself-propelled spraying, and is provingpopular because of its low running costs,ease of use, and ease of maintenance.

The Annual Farmers Day took place at oneof the sites of Cairo Farms, which plants morethan 15,000 ha of grain per year in farmsthat span a wide geographic area throughoutSouth Africa. The event benefited from theexpertise of Northmec’s product specialists aswell as the equipment knowledge of CairoMechanisation’s team and first-hand agricul-tural experience of Cairo Farm’s hosts.

Jaap Van Der Westhuizen said: “At CairoFarms we utilise the most advancedprecision farming and mechanisationpractices. This is critical in the face of foodsafety becoming an increasingly pressingissue. Hosting the Annual Farmers Dayenables us to share our know-how andpromote efficient farming practices that relyon well-planned mechanisation.” h

Case IH demonstrates new 2000Series Early Riser planter

Case IH demonstrates 2000 Series EarlyRiser planter at Annual Farmers Day.

Case IH 2000 Series EarlyRiser planter can be

customised to a range of soiltypes, terrain, fertiliser andchemical application needs,

and various crop residuemanagement practices.

Image Credit: Case IH




S09�AF�Sept_oct�2018�Case�IH_News�A_Layout�1��27/09/2018��12:22��Page�37

https://www.jacto.com.br/asia

https://www.nardi-harvesting.com/en/

EQUIPMENT

Case IH chose the two-day event, held in the grounds of the Dairy ResearchInstitute in Naivasha, to give the first Kenyan showing of its new Patriot 250Extreme self-propelled sprayer and new Puma 185 ROPS tractor.

CASE IH, A global agriculturalequipment leader, and its distrib-utor for Kenya and Uganda,Toyota Tsusho East Africa, played

a major role at Farm-Tech Expo Kenya on12-13 September by launching two newproducts, giving live equipment demonstra-tions, and supporting the event as a GoldSponsor. Case IH chose the two-day event,held in the grounds of the Dairy ResearchInstitute in Naivasha, to give the firstKenyan showing of its Patriot 250 Extremeself-propelled sprayer and new Puma 185ROPS tractor. During the show, the teamhosted several high-profile representativesof Kenyan agriculture, including Hon.Mwangi Kiunjuri, the country’s cabinetsecretary, Ministry of Agriculture.

This year’s Farm-Tech Expo featuredmore than 90 exhibitors’ stands, machineryand equipment demonstrations, a livestockzone, live crop trials, and workshopsfocusing on regional plans for agriculturaldevelopment. The annual event is strategi-cally important to agricultural businesses atan international level because Kenya is a

regional hub for East Africa, and assumedgreater importance this year at a domesticlevel because food security is one of thepillars of President Kenyatta’s new ‘BigFour’ agenda.

Making African farm-work easier andmore productive The Patriot 250 Extreme sprayer is theentry-level option in the four-model Patriotrange, giving farmers an easier step-upfrom tractor-pulled sprayers to self-propelled sprayers. All Patriots haveadvanced spray technology to help farmersmaximise yield potential by keeping fieldsclean and plants healthy. The Patriot’sdesign makes spraying fast, accurate andeasy to apply.

The Patriot’s distinctive cab-forward andrear-engine layout contributes to its perfor-mance by placing the static weight of thecab and engine over the front and rearaxles, with the dynamic weight of thechemical tank located in the centre of themachine. This means there is more equalweight distribution between the axles when

the tank is full and the booms are out,benefiting stability and comfort andreducing rutting and soil compaction. Thelong reach of the booms, with a total spanof 27 metres, allows for fewer passes and agreater sprayed area, resulting in highercrop yield, reduced component wear, andlower fuel consumption.

The Puma 185 ROPS tractor, whichproduces 197 hp and 760 Nm of torque,was introduced in response to demand formore powerful multi-purpose tractors withan open deck, a canopy, and a rolloverprotective structure (ROPS). Capable ofperforming light and heavy tasks in a widerange of applications, the new Puma isexpected to go into service across Africaand the Middle East in haulage, cultivation,seeding, crop protection, and heavy draftoperations.

The Puma 185 ROPS is powered by a6.75-litre six-cylinder FPT Industrial engine,with turbocharging and intercooling, anddrives through a 15x12 synchronisedmechanical transmission designed forminimal power losses. Through the PTO

Case IH launches multi-purposetractor and self-propelled sprayer

Farmall 90 JXM






https://www.caseih.com/apac/en-in

https://www.baldan.com.br/

(power take off) system, the Puma canefficiently operate large implements. It hasa real lift capacity of 6,475 kg. Ian Allen, general manager of Toyota

Tsusho East Africa – Agri MechanisationDept commented: “Farm-Tech Expo is agreat platform for Case IH to showcase theequipment that can help Kenyan farmersincrease productivity and gain a greatreturn on investment. The Patriot 250Extreme is a new way into self-propelledsprayers which is easy to use and easy tomaintain, with the low running costs thatmany Kenyan farmers are looking for. ThePuma 185 ROPS tractor is ideal for farmerswho need multipurpose tractors in themedium horsepower range with a perfectbalance between power and weight.”Case IH gave live demonstrations of both

the Puma 185 ROPS and the Patriot 250Extreme at Farm-Tech Expo. Visitors couldalso see in action a Puma 185 tractor withthe AFS AccuGuide Autoguidence system.This enables year-to-year repeatableaccuracy to reduce skips and overlaps,minimising waste of fuel, seed, fertilisersand chemicals. Another tractor, a Farmall 90 JXM, was

demonstrated with a reversible plough, andCase IH’s static displays featured four moretractors: a Farmall 80 JXM; 55 hp and75 hp JXT utility tractors, which areavailable in both two and four-wheel-driveand are perfect for small farms; and themid-range Maxxum 125, a model with justthe right level of technology to meetmodern-day demands

Axial-Flow 140 Series and 240 SeriescombinesCase IH displayed at Nampo Fair, 2018edition, its 140 Series and 240 Seriescombines featuring the brand’s proven

Axial-Flow single rotor technology thatrevolutionised combine harvesting for itssimplicity, grain quality, grain savings andcrop adaptability.The Axial-Flow 240 Series now features

the brand’s telematics system as standard,enabling the customer to monitor themachine and its working functions fromtheir mobile devices, laptop or PC,increasing the overall efficiency of theharvesting operation. The AFS AccuGuidesystem is also available as standard, simpli-fying wheat, barley, canola and soya beanharvesting.

Patriot self-propelled sprayer range offers amodel for every needThe SPX Patriot 250 Extreme sprayer whichwas introduced to the market at Nampo2017 is making again its appearance at the

show. It is fitted with a 2500 litre plastictank, 27 metre boom, full Auto-Pilot andsection control. The new AIM Command FLEX advancedspray technology, which will make its debutat the show, enables operators to deliverconsistent, flexible and accurate applica-tion, regardless of speed and terrain.Also in the range are the SPX Patriot 3230,featuring a 3078 litre Stainless steel tank,the new AIM Command FLEX with a 30mboom (market leader in its segment); theSPX Patriot 3330 with a 3800 litre stainlesssteel tank, AIM Command FLEX with a 30mboom; and the SPX Patriot 44430 fitted witha 4500 litre stainless steel tank, AIMCommand FLEX with a 36m boom.

Case IH showcased new spray technologyand full product rangeThe new AIM Command FLEX advancedspray technology made its debut at Nampo2018. This enables operators of the Patriotself-propelled sprayer range to deliverconsistent, flexible and accurate applica-tion, regardless of speed and terrain. ThePatriot 250 Extreme sprayer, introduced tothe market at Nampo 2017, was alsodisplayed at the show.Case IH additionally displayed at Nampo2018 its Axial-Flow 140 Series and 240Series combines. Both these models,featuring the Axial-Flow single-rotortechnology which revolutionised combineharvesting with its simplicity, grain quality,grain savings and crop adaptability, werewrapped in an American flag and attracteda lot of attention. Interested visitors to theCase IH stand included one of SouthAfrica’s most famous sports stars, rugbyplayer Bakkies Botha. h

EQUIPMENT

Patriot 250 Extremeself-propelled sprayer



The Axial-Flow 240





https://lemken.com/en/

http://www.martignani.com/en/

Company ................................................................PageA&G AgroMechanical Industries..................................43AAZ Union....................................................................33Alvan Blanch Development Co. Ltd .............................17AWILA Anlagenbau GmbH ............................................9Ayurvet Ltd...................................................................15BiotestLab Ltd ..............................................................23Carfed SA ....................................................................13CNH Industrial Österreich GmbH ................................39Eurofeed Technologies S.p.a. ......................................42Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH......................................7Foreverest Resources Ltd..............................................9Goizper Sociedad Cooperativa ....................................27Hozelock-Exel ..............................................................25Jacto / Agricultural Division..........................................37Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd ..........................................21Kartar Agro Industries Pvt. Ltd. .....................................2LEMKEN GmbH & Co. KG...........................................41Martignani S.r.l. ............................................................41Maschio Gaspardo S.p.A. ............................................35Myande Group Co. Ltd.................................................27Mysilo Grain Storage Systems Co...............................44Nardi Harvesting ..........................................................37Omex Agrifluids Ltd......................................................33Pan Trade Services Ltd................................................39Prive S.A. .....................................................................29RDO Equipment Africa Ltd. .........................................31Symaga SA....................................................................5Unipoint AG..................................................................42VST Tillers Tractors Ltd................................................19Yara Animal Nutrition South Africa ..............................25

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DUE TO THE fluctuations of renewableenergies, many operators of gas-fired powerplants depend on flexible operation. To avoidmajor supply fluctuations, the plants must beable to start up quickly. A special operatingmode enables the MWM TCG 2032B V16generator set to alternate between normal andfast ramp-up in a flexible way.

Thanks to a newly developed softwareoption, the MWM TCG 2032B V16 is able tostart up in less than five minutes from the ramp-

up request to 100 per cent load on the grid.This fast ramp-up option is available forvoltages from 6,000 V to 11,000 V with anetwork frequency of 50 Hz. FlexibleOperation The benefits of the fast ramp-upoption are evident in gas applications in areassuch as the UK STOR (Short Term OperatingReserve) market or the provision of controlenergy. Thanks to the fast genset ramp-up,network operators can call off energy within avery short time in order to buffer load peaks

in the grids. Henceforth, operators can switchbetween normal and fast genset ramp-up in aflexible manner.

Due to the inherent fluctuation in theavailability of renewable energies such as windor solar energy, gas power plant operatorsincreasingly make use of flexible operation. Toefficiently utilise the higher income potential,quick and flexible availability of the gas gensetoutput is vital. This is possible with the MWMTCG 2032B V16.

MWM Genset TCG 2032B with fast ramp-up option



http://www.eurofeed.it/

https://www.unipoint.ch/pages/english/home.php


http://www.agromechanical.com/


https://www.mysilo.com/

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