KAY 386: PUBLIC POLICY LECTURE 1 Readings: Parsons, pp. xv-xviii, 1-16; Goldhamer, p. 7-27.
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Transcript of KAY 386: PUBLIC POLICY LECTURE 1 Readings: Parsons, pp. xv-xviii, 1-16; Goldhamer, p. 7-27.
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KAY 386: PUBLIC POLICY
LECTURE 1Readings: Parsons, pp. xv-xviii, 1-
16;Goldhamer, p. 7-27.
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Agenda
Topic: What is public policy? Website:
http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~myildiz/
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GoldhamerHistorical Background: WHY
Good decision-making dominates material force “Information is power”
Ruler as a lonely and isolated (wo)man Providing political wisdom and moral
instruction The leaders’ dependance on advisors
Especially when they are young & inexperienced
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Historical Background: WHAT
The Advisor Definition
No well-established meaning Not strictly defined by law or custom Teaching kings what to do and what not to do
Great variety of roles Friend, educator, conscience, eyes & ears,
executor...
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Historical Background:WHO
Man of religion as moral and political advisors
Separation of the favorite & mistress from the advisor Clashes between these groups
Today, the mass media become the critics and admonishers of political leaders
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Historical Background: HOW
Tasks of the Advisor 1. Advising on specific problems of
public policy2. Educating the leader in a way to
improve his/her own judgement and knowledge
3. Criticizing the leader’s own ideas and plans
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Historical Background: HOW The word “wazir” derives from the
words “help”and “load” (Ibn Khaldun) Help carry the rulers’ burdens Close personal relationship with the ruler
Oral and/or Oral Advice E.g. “Mirrors of Kings”: Books of Instruction
Need for governing information Advisors may filter and interpret information
reaching the political leader Establishment of spy networks
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ParsonsPublic Policy Studies Interdisciplinary (multi-disciplinary)
Integrates knowledge from different disciplines
Public adm., political science, sociology, psychology, economics & management
Multi-method Qualitative and quantitative
Problem-focused, action-oriented Analyzes public choices & decision-making We expect governments to have policy
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What is public policy?
Focuses on the public & its problems What governments do, why they do it
& what difference it makes? How issues & problems are defined &
constructed How they are placed on the political &
policy agenda
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PUBLIC POLICY FRAMEWORK What is a public?
The idea of public policy presupposes that “ there is a sphere or domain of life which are so designated as public, as opposed to private”.
The public comprises that dimension of human activity which is regarded as requiring governmental or social regulation or intervention, or at least, common action.
People as a whole “Res publica” in Romans: the “public thing”: Buildings,
property, funds and other physical resources involved in the performance of public office vs. “Res priva”
Public versus Private Different but related
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Hannah Arendt’s Analysis of the Dichotomy in Greeks Public
Polis Freedom Male Equality Immortality Open
Private Household Necessity Female Inequality Mortality Closed
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PUBLIC Not only government units and officers
Elected, appointed and contracted Public purposes of non-governmental actors
Hospitals and schools built by private persons and firms (e.g. public-private partnerships)
Elements of civil society Member serving organizations: e.g. Political
parties Public serving organizations: TEMA E.g. Reports of associations
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PUBLIC POLICY FRAMEWORK What distinguishes public problems?
Scale/ Bigness: Problems confronting whole populations
Complexity: Many different views and preferences
Actors: Public, Private and Civil Society Sectors; and
multiple combinations Question: How much government is
required?
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ACTORS OF PUBLIC POLICY
Public Sector
Civil SocietyThe Third Sector
Private Sector
Use of various combinations
• Three sectors compete & cooperate for doing public work
•How much government is required? At which level?
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Kaynak: B. Ayman Güler, http://politics.ankara.edu.tr/~bguler/kytk-semasi.pdf, (26.02.2007)
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YÖNETİM BİRİMLERİ (2008)
Taşra Birimleri 81 İl 850 İlçe
Yerel Yönetim Birimleri 81 İl 3.215 Belediye 16 Büyükşehir Belediyesi 35.000 Köy
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POLICY PROCESS What is it?
A cyclical problem-solving activity Analytical, legislative, budgetary and
administrative steps Why is it complicated?
Diverse population, many stakeholders Frame the issues differently
Special-interest groups; Different priorities, gridlock
How to discover the collective will in diversity?
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POLICY CYCLE
In the real world, there are no defined or distinct phases.
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Different Approaches to Government Involvement
Thomas Hobbes 17th C. `Leviathan`
Adam Smith, 18th C. `The Wealth of Nations` Invisible hand
Alexis De Tocqueville, 19th C. `Democracy in America` Power of associations
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Degree of Government Involvement in Economy
Limited Involvement Adam Smith, Wealth of
Nations Invisible hand
Government is best when it does the least
The aggregate of people’s self interests make up of the public interest
(clear distinction & well-defined boundary)
Larger Involvement Hobbes
Public order Reasons
Externalities Monopolies Imperfect Information
Some Actions Break up monopolies
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Historical Development Woodrow Wilson (1880s)
Distinction between politics & administration Bureaucracy as a defender of public interest
Weber (Early 1900s) Bureaucratic rationality
Simon & Lindblom Irrationality & bounded-rationality
Public choice/ New Right literature Bureaucrats have distinct goals of their own The relationship between public & private is best
defined by the market & freedom of choice
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Harm, Utility & Market Failure Criteria
The private is that sphere which did no harm to others (J. S. Mill)
The greatest happiness to the greatest number (Mill & Bentham)
The role of the state is to manage the public and its problems so as to deal with those aspects of social & economic life which markets are not capable of solving (Keynes, Roosevelt-New Deal)- 1950s to 1970s
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New Right
After the “stagflation” of the 1970s, beginning from the 1980s: New Right The attempt to use public policy to
promote the public interest was wrong (Hayek & Friedman)
New Right’s recipe is to expand the use of the market mechanism
New Public Management”
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Some reasons of why we need government intervention
Externalities Public Goods Monopolies Imperfect Information
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PUBLIC GOODS
RIVALRY NON-RIVALRY (If one person consumes it, the amount available remains the same )
EXCLUDABLE
PRIVATE GOOD( A car)
TOLL GOODS(Cable TV)
NON- EXCLUDABLE(Non-payers cannot be excluded from the benefits )
COMMON POOL GOODS(Trees in a forest)
PUBLIC GOODS(National SecurityClean air)
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How to “sell” policy to the public?
Policy involves creating a plausible story which secures the purposes of the policy maker.
In liberal democratic systems, political elites have to give rational reasons for what they propose or what they have done.
Claim of legitimacy