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Transcript of Kawameeh 8 th Grade Science. Reference Point - The starting point you chose to describe the...
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Kawameeh 8th Grade Science
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Chapter 1 – Lesson 1
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How do you know when something is moving?
Reference Point - The starting point you chose to describe the location, or position of an object.
• Position - An object’s distance and direction from a reference point.
• A complete description of your position includes:
1. A distance2. A direction 3. A reference points
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A flagpole can be used as a reference point for finding a bicycle at a school.
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Practice Test Question
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Practice Test Answer
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Practice Test Question
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Practice Test Answer
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Measuring: Indicate which reference point is further. Use a ruler. (page 10)
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How does the description of an object’s position depend on a reference point?
An object’s position is its in a certain from a reference point.
• Suppose your reference point changes…
The description of the position will because the reference point is different, however the actual position change at all.
distancedirection
change
will not
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Reference Direction
Sometimes the terms and are used to determine reference direction.
positive negative
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Describing the Reference Direction
A plus sign ( + ) indicates movement
A minus sign ( - ) indicates movement
in the direction of the reference point.
in the direction opposite of the reference point.
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If the reference direction is EAST•Anything moving in the direction toward the
EAST would be • Anything moving in the opposite direction
would be
POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
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Position as a Vector
A vector is a quantity in which two things must be specified:
1. Distance from the reference point2. Direction from the reference point
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Dimensions and Reference Points
A dimension is when distance or length is measured in direction.
• If you were to describe a position in two directions you would be using
one
two dimensions
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How would you describe your position?
Reference Directions in two dimensions:
•North•South
•East•West
•Forward
•Backward
•Up
•Down
•Left
•Right
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Changes in position due to motion
Motion - the process of changing position.
How can you tell the boat moved?
What if the fishing pole was the reference point? What if the buoy was a reference point?
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Distance vs Displacement
• Distance -
• Displacement -
The total length of the actual path from start to end.
the difference between the initial (first) position and the final position of an object. (straight line)
• When would distance and displacement be the same?• When an object moves in a straight line in
one direction.
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Displacement
Direction of displacement is the direction from start point to end point
Size of displacement isthe distance from the starting point to the ending
point.
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Distance and Displacement
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Chapter 1 – Lesson 2
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Speed, Velocity and Acceleration
Speed, velocity and acceleration describe how an objects position and motion change through time.
Rates measure change in something over a length of time.
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What is speed?
Speed - A measure of the distance an object travels per unit of time.
How could we increase an objects speed?
• Move ~3 seconds for a distance of ~3meters• Move ~3 seconds for a distance of ~7meters
• Move ~5 meters in ~5 seconds• Move ~5 meters in ~2 seconds
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Increasing an object’s speed
•By increasing the distance the object travels in the same time.
Or
•By decreasing the time it takes for an object to travel the same distance.
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Calculating Speed
Speed (S) = distance object travels time it takes to travel distance
Measuring Unit Abbreviation
Distance meter mDistance kilometer kmTime seconds sTime hours hr
S= d t
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STEPS TO COMPLETING A FORMULA
STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3
STEP 4
Write the formula
Plug in the information that you are given
Solve the answer
Add your units
STEP 5Add your direction (when solving for velocity only!)
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PRACTICE
Calculate the speed of a car going 80 meters in 20 seconds.
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PRACTICE
A girl runs 25 meters in 10 seconds. What is her speed?
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Calculating Speed
If you know any two of the variables, you can calculate the missing variable.
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Constant Speed
The rate of change of position in which the same distance is traveled each second.
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•What distance has the car traveled at 2s?•How long will it take the car to travel 132m?
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Average Speed
Average speed = total distancetotal time traveled
S= td tt
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Solve the average speed: Melissa shot a model rocket 360 m into the air. It took the rocket 4s to fly that far. What was
the average speed of the rocket?
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If Jessica ran 5 meters the first second, eight meters the next second, and 8 meters the third second to her house. What was
her average speed?
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Instantaneous Speed
Speed at a specific instant in time.
When driving in a car you often change speed. What object in the car tells you
your instantaneous speed?
Speedometer
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Velocity
Determine the velocity of a football being thrown 75 meters in 5 seconds toward the east.
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Velocity The speed and direction of a moving object.
How is velocity represented?
• The length of the arrow indicates the objects • A greater speed is shown by
SPEEDA LONGER ARROW
• The arrow should point in the direction of THE OBJECTSMOTION
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Is their velocity the same?
NO – they are both walking the same speed because the arrow’s are the same length, however their
direction is different therefore the velocity is NOT the same
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In what ways can your velocity change?
3. When BOTH the speed and direction change
1. When speed of an object changes2. When direction that the object moves changes
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Chapter 1 – Lesson 3
A measure of the change in velocity during a period of time.
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3. Change in direction (EVEN IF AN OBJECT IS TRAVELING AT A CONSTANT SPEED)
AccelerationAn object accelerates when its velocity changes as a result of:
1. Increasing speed
2. Decreasing speed
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Are the horses in the carousel accelerating even though their speed is constant?
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Calculating Acceleration
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A bicyclist started from rest along a straight path. After 5s, his speed was 8m/s. What was his
acceleration during the time?
a Fv Ivt
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Math Practice. After 2.0s, Isabela was riding her bicycle at 3.0m/s on a straight path. After 5.0s, she was moving at 5.4m/s. What was her
acceleration?
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Math Practice. After 3.0s, Mohammed was running at 1.2 m/s on a straight path. After 7.0s, he was running at 2.0m/s. What was his
acceleration?
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Speed – Time Graphs
Shows how changes over time X axis = Y axis =
SPEEDTIME
SPEED
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Object at Rest
• The speed is zero and does not change
• Horizontal line (like adistance – time graph y = 0 )
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Constant Speed
• The line will be HORIZONTAL
•The further the line is from the the it is moving.
X - AXIS FASTER SPEED
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Speeding Up
•The line on a speed – time graph is to the x-axis in the of thetime period when it has a speed.
•The line slants toward theright side of the graph as the speed .
CLOSERBEGINNING
LOWER
UPWARD
INCREASES
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Slowing Down
•When initially starting to slow down the point representing speed is from the x-axis.
• As speed the points representing speed get to the x-axis.
•The line on a speed-time graph slopes to the right.
•When the line touches the x-axis, thespeed is and the objectstopped.
FAR
DECREASESCLOSER
DOWNWARD
ZERO
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Comparing Distance – Time and Speed – Time Graphs
Objects at Rest
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Comparing Distance – Time and Speed – Time Graphs
Constant Speed
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Comparing Distance – Time and Speed – Time Graphs
Speeding Up
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Comparing Distance – Time and Speed – Time Graphs
Slowing Down