Kartik PPT
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Transcript of Kartik PPT
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WHAT IS RESEARCHWHAT IS RESEARCH
DESIGN ?DESIGN ?
Task of defining the research problemTask of defining the research problem
is the preparation of the researchis the preparation of the research
project, popularly known as theproject, popularly known as the
research design".research design".
Decisions regardingDecisions regarding what, where,what, where,
when, how much, by what meanswhen, how much, by what means
concerning an inquiry or aconcerning an inquiry or a
research study constitute aresearch study constitute a
research design.research design.
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Meaning of research designMeaning of research design
A research design is theA research design is the
arrangement of conditions forarrangement of conditions for
collection and analysis of data incollection and analysis of data ina manner that aims to combinea manner that aims to combine
relevance to the researchrelevance to the research
purpose with economy inpurpose with economy in
procedure.procedure.
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Research design haveResearch design have
following partsfollowing parts
Sampling designSampling design
Observational designObservational design
Statistical designStatistical design Operational designOperational design
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Sampling designsSampling designs
Which deals with the methods ofWhich deals with the methods of
selecting items to be observedselecting items to be observed
for the study.for the study.Observational designObservational design
Which relates to the conditionWhich relates to the condition
under which the observation areunder which the observation are
to be create.to be create.
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Statistical designStatistical design
Which concern the question ofWhich concern the question of
the ofthe ofHow the informationHow the information
and data gathered are to beand data gathered are to beanalyzed ?analyzed ?
OperationalOperational designdesign
Which deals with techniquesWhich deals with techniquesby which the proceduresby which the procedures
satisfied in sampling .satisfied in sampling .
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Features of a good researchFeatures of a good research
designdesign
A research design appropriate for a particularA research design appropriate for a particularresearch problem, usually involves theresearch problem, usually involves thefollowing features.following features.
The mean of obtaining information.The mean of obtaining information.
The availability and skills of the researcherThe availability and skills of the researcherand his staff, if any.and his staff, if any.
The objective of the problem to be studied.The objective of the problem to be studied.
The nature of the problem to be studied .The nature of the problem to be studied .
The availability of time and money for theThe availability of time and money for theresearch work.research work.
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Important concepts relating toImportant concepts relating to
research designresearch design
Dependent and independentDependent and independentvariables:variables:
a concept which can take ona concept which can take ondifferent quantitative values isdifferent quantitative values iscalled a variable.called a variable.
A phenomena which can take onA phenomena which can take on
different qualitatively valuesdifferent qualitatively valueseven in decimal value areeven in decimal value arecalled continues.called continues.
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Extraneous variablesExtraneous variables
That are not related to theThat are not related to the
purpose of the study but maypurpose of the study but may
effect on the dependenteffect on the dependent
variables are termed as thevariables are termed as the
extraneous variablesextraneous variables
For e.g.:For e.g.:--
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Example of thisExample of this
Suppose a researcherSuppose a researcherwant to test thewant to test thehypothesishypothesis that there is athat there is a relationshiprelationshipbetween children gains in social studiesbetween children gains in social studiesachievement and their self concept.achievement and their self concept.
In this case selfIn this case self--concept =independentconcept =independentvariablevariable
Social studies achievement =dependentSocial studies achievement =dependentvariablevariable
Intelligence may as well affect on the socialIntelligence may as well affect on the socialachievement.achievement.
But it is not related to the study undertaken byBut it is not related to the study undertaken bythe researcher so it is athe researcher so it is a ExtraneousExtraneousvariablevariable
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ControlControl
One important characteristic of aOne important characteristic of a
good research is to minimize thegood research is to minimize the
influence or effect. The terminalinfluence or effect. The terminal
term used when we design theterm used when we design the
study minimizing the the effectstudy minimizing the the effect
of extraneous independentof extraneous independent
variablevariable
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Conformed relationshipConformed relationship
When the dependent variable isWhen the dependent variable is
not free from the influence ofnot free from the influence of
extraneous variable .Theextraneous variable .The
relationship between therelationship between the
depended and independentdepended and independent
variable is said to be confusedvariable is said to be confused
by an extraneous variableby an extraneous variable
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Research hypothesisResearch hypothesis
The researcher hypothesis is aThe researcher hypothesis is a
predicative statement thatpredicative statement that
relates an independent variablerelates an independent variable
to dependent variable.to dependent variable.
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Experimental and nonExperimental and non--
experimental hypothesis testingexperimental hypothesis testing
When the purpose of research isWhen the purpose of research is
to test a research hypothesis, itto test a research hypothesis, it
us termed as hypothesis testingus termed as hypothesis testing
research .research .
It can be experimental or nonIt can be experimental or non--
expermantalexpermantal
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Experimental and controlExperimental and control
groupsgroups
When a group is exposed toWhen a group is exposed to
usual conditions, it is termed asusual conditions, it is termed as
aa control group.control group.
But when the group is exposedBut when the group is exposed
to be some special condition, itto be some special condition, it
is termed asis termed as Experimental groupExperimental group
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TreatmentsTreatments
The different conditions underThe different conditions under
which Experiment and controlwhich Experiment and control
groups are put up usuallygroups are put up usually
referred to as treatment.referred to as treatment.
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ExperimentExperiment
The process of examining the truthThe process of examining the truth
of a statistical hypothesis, relating toof a statistical hypothesis, relating to
some research problem, is known assome research problem, is known as
an Experiment.an Experiment.E.g.:E.g.:--
we can conduct an Experiment towe can conduct an Experiment to
examine the usefulness of a certainexamine the usefulness of a certain
newly developed drug.newly developed drug.
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Different research designDifferent research design
In case ofIn case of
ExploratoryExploratory
researchresearchstudystudy
in case ofin case ofdescriptivedescriptiveandand
diagnosticdiagnosticresearchresearch
In case ofIn case ofhypothesishypothesis--testingtestingresearchresearch
studiesstudies
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Research design in case ofResearch design in case of
exploratory research designexploratory research design
exploratory research method areexploratory research method are
also termed as formulativealso termed as formulative
research studied.research studied.
The main purpose is that of formulateThe main purpose is that of formulatethe research problem .threethe research problem .three
methods aremethods are
1.1. The survey of concerning literatureThe survey of concerning literature
2.2. The experience surveyThe experience survey
3.3. The analysis of insideThe analysis of inside--stimulatingstimulating
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1.The survey of concerning1.The survey of concerning
literatureliterature
This is most simple and fruitfulThis is most simple and fruitful
method of formulating themethod of formulating the
research problem .research problem .
Hypothesis is taken earlierHypothesis is taken earlier
workers and their usefulness beworkers and their usefulness be
evaluating as a basis for furtherevaluating as a basis for further
Research.Research.
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2. The experience survey2. The experience survey
The experience survey meansThe experience survey means
the survey of people who hadthe survey of people who had
practical experience .practical experience .
The object is to obtain newThe object is to obtain new
ideas relating to the researchideas relating to the research
problem.problem.
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3.The analysis of inside3.The analysis of inside--
stimulatingstimulating
It is also a fruitful method ofIt is also a fruitful method of
suggesting the hypothesis. It issuggesting the hypothesis. It is
particularly suitable in the areasparticularly suitable in the areas
where there is little experiencewhere there is little experience
to serve as a guide.to serve as a guide.
In this method the existing recordsIn this method the existing records
may be examined .may be examined .
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In case of descriptive andIn case of descriptive and
diagnostic researchdiagnostic research
in case of descriptive researchin case of descriptive researchstudystudy one those studied whichone those studied whichare concerned with describingare concerned with describing
the characteristics of a particularthe characteristics of a particularIndividual , or a group.Individual , or a group.
In diagnostic research studyIn diagnostic research study
determine the frequency whichdetermine the frequency whichsome thing occursome thing occur
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Difference betweenDifference between
formulative= descriptive/diagnosticformulative= descriptive/diagnostic
Flexible designFlexible design
JudgmentalJudgmentalsamplingsampling
No preNo pre--determineddetermineddesigndesign
No fixedNo fixed
decision aboutdecision aboutthe operationalthe operationalproceduresprocedures
No flexibilityNo flexibility
RandomRandomsamplingsampling
PrePre--determineddetermineddesign fordesign foranalysisanalysis
AdvancedAdvanced
decisionsdecisions
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In case of hypothesisIn case of hypothesis--testingtesting
research studiesresearch studies
hypothesishypothesis--testing researchtesting researchstudies known as experimentalstudies known as experimentalstudies are those researcherstudies are those researcher
tests the hypothesis of casualtests the hypothesis of casualrelationship between variables.relationship between variables.
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