Karst Processes, Landforms, and Landscapes. Karst Flow Diffuse vs. conduit flow Primary vs....
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Transcript of Karst Processes, Landforms, and Landscapes. Karst Flow Diffuse vs. conduit flow Primary vs....
Karst Processes, Karst Processes, Landforms, and Landforms, and
LandscapesLandscapes
Karst FlowKarst Flow
Diffuse vs. conduit flow Primary vs. secondary porosity
Karst Karst MaterialsMaterials
Carbonate Rocks Limestone Dolomite
Other materials Salt Gypsum Ice Permafrost?
GEOMORPHLIST Sandstone?
Copyright © Carmen Krapf 2002
Cave in sandstone, Namibia
Porosity and Porosity and PermeabilityPermeability
Recrystallization of carbonate Calcite/
aragonite Faulting,
jointing Bedding
Carbonate GeochemistryCarbonate Geochemistry Low-temperature geochemistry
Calcite and water; pH ~ 10, 12-15 ppm Effectively insoluble!
Calcite, water, and air CO2; pH ~ 8.4, 50 ppm Very slow – like soil formation
Calcite, water, and soil CO2; pH ~ 4-7, <700 ppm
H2O + CO2 H2CO3 [carbonic acid]
H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
CaCO3 Ca++ + CO3--
CO3-- + H + HCO3
-
Now that will eat rock!
Variables Affecting Karst Variables Affecting Karst FormationFormation
Precipitation Temperature Organic matter Turbulence
Copyright © Frank Eckardt 2002
Effects of mixingEffects of mixing
“Two waters meetin’, limestone is eaten.”
Water sources Water table Lakes, etc.
Acid sources Cave types
Meteoric (CO2) Hydrothermal
(H2S)
Cavern FormationCavern Formation
Where max. solution? Surface Water
table Confluence
Effects of lithology/ structure
Cave Networks – Wind Cave Networks – Wind CaveCave
Note structural control!
Lechuguilla Cave Lechuguilla Cave (Carlsbad, NM)(Carlsbad, NM)
http://www.esri.com/industries/cavekarst/graphics/lech_3d_bg.jpg
Geochemical Geochemical transitionstransitions
Charging w/ soil CO2
Solu
tion
of
carb
onat
e
Degassing
Precipitation of CaCO3
SpeleothemsSpeleothems
Stalactites Stalagmites Columns Flowstone Cave bacon Cave popcorn Helictites Shields…
http://www.cumberlandadventures.com/cave/form.html
SpeleothemsSpeleothems
Copyright © Stephane Veyrat-Charvillon 2002 Copyright © Lynn Fielding 2002
Distribution of KarstDistribution of Karst Typical of cratons
Carbonate + evaporite deposition at high sea-stands
Distribution of KarstDistribution of Karst Typical of cratons
Carbonate + evaporite deposition at high sea-stands
Horizontal (diapirs?) Floridan, Interior plateaus, Edwards;
Madison
Karst Karst terminologyterminology Cvijic (1893) - “krs
[karst]” – bleak, waterless
Davis, Penck, Bretz Karren, lapies, grike and
clint “Sinkholes”
Dolines, cenotes, cockpits…
Polje, Uvalas Kegelkarst, tower karst
Drainage Sinks/springs Valleys – dry,
pocket, blind,through
Copyright © Jelena Calic-Ljubojevic 2002
Copyright © Andrew Goudie 2002
Karst Karst landscapeslandscapes
Inputs and outputsInputs and outputs
FundamentFundamental Karst al Karst
LandformsLandforms
Doline (sinkhole, cenote)
Origins Solution Subsidence Collapse
Winter Park sinkhole Winter Park sinkhole (1981)(1981)
100 m across One day During
drought (water table lowering?)
On city Web page; now an urban lake.
Winter Park sinkhole.kmz
CenotesCenotes Yucatan,
Florida… Developed
during glaciations
Flooded during interglaciations
Explored by diving
Complex FormsComplex Forms
Polje (oval); uvala (complex)
Copyright © Jelena Calic-Ljubojevic 2002
Karst Karst LandscapLandscap
eses Cockpit karst Tower karst
Copyright © Frank Eckardt 2002
What types of karst depression does each of the following lakes occupy?Lake Altamaha Twin Lakes Crystal LakeLake Serena Lake Belle
Lake Altamaha solution dolineTwin Lakes solution or subsidence uvalaCrystal Lake solution dolineLake Serena subsidence dolineLake Belle solution or subsidence uvala
Popo Agie Sinks.kmz
Karst HydrologyKarst Hydrology
Sinks, Swallets, Swallow holes… EX:
Map view
Popo Agie Sinks.kmz
Karst HydrologyKarst Hydrology Sinks, Swallets, Swallow holes, Ponors… EX:
Map view Sink Resurgence/spring
Case Study: Mammoth Case Study: Mammoth CaveCave
Interior low plateaus
Sinkholes and uvala
Sinks and springs
Case Study: Mammoth Case Study: Mammoth CaveCave
Interior low plateaus
Sinkholes and uvala
Sinks and springs
Mammoth Cave, Kentucky.kmz
Sinkholes, Uvalas, and Sinkholes, Uvalas, and CavesCaves
http://www.esri.com/industries/cavekarst/
GeologyGeology
Stratigraphy Structure
Block DiagramBlock Diagram
Cave Cave ExplorationExploration
“The Longest Cave” Now over
300 miles of interconnected passages
Best explored in drought!
Mam
moth Cave
Flint Cave
Cave Cave ExplorationExploration
“The Longest Cave” Now over
300 miles of interconnected passages
Best explored in drought!
Mam
moth Cave
Flint Cave
Mammoth Cave Mammoth Cave EvolutionEvolution
Theoretical evolution (undated) Upper = older, lower = younger Incision = interglacial,
stability/infilling = glacialTIME