Karma Tshiteem Secretary Gross National Happiness Commission Royal Government of Bhutan
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Transcript of Karma Tshiteem Secretary Gross National Happiness Commission Royal Government of Bhutan
Karma TshiteemSecretary
Gross National Happiness CommissionRoyal Government of Bhutan
Climate Change AdaptationExperience of Bhutan
Country Background
Development Context1. Overriding development philosophy of GNH
– 4 pillars (socio-economic development, preservation of culture, environmental sustainability and good governance)
– Bhutan Development Index (BDI)– GNHC
2. Bhutan 2020 – a Vision for peace prosperity and happiness– Long term development strategy for Bhutan– Development targets for all 4 pillars of GNH
3. Democratization process– Constitutional monarchy– First democratic elections and the new government
4. MDGs– Adopted by UN GA in 2000– Bhutan on track to meet most of the targets (already met targets on proportion of
underweight children, access to clean drinking water and access to sanitation)– MDG NA and costing (Bhutan one of the first countries in Asia; resource
requirement of US$ 2.5 billion between 2006 and 2015)5. Five Year Development Plans
– Key national development strategy– Tenth plan mainstreamed MDGs and overarching goal of poverty reduction
3
4
Climate Change & Bhutan
• 1992: Signatory to UNFCCC• 1995: Ratified UNFCCC• 2000: Submitted Initial
National Communication and 1st GHG Inventory
• 2002: Acceded to Kyoto Protocol
5
Impacts of Climate Change in Bhutan
• Agricultural Sector– 80% of population
• Water Resources– 30,000 MW potential power
generation
• Forests and Biodiversity– 70% forest – high diversity - Eastern
Himalayan hotspot
6
Impacts of Climate Change in Bhutan
• Natural Disasters– Glacial Lake
Outbursts Floods – landslides
• Human Health– Increase in
tropical diseases and heat stress
04/20/23Bhutan: NAPA Process 7
1st National GHG Inventory
94.770.05 133.69 19.17
2.13
-3549.52 -3321.05
19.222.13
-4000
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0
500
Em
issi
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s (G
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Energ
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Indus
trial
proc
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Agricu
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LULU
CF
Was
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GHG Emissions by Sources & Sinks Categories
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Bhutan (1994)
CO2
CH4
N2O
94.770.05 133.69 19.17
2.13
-3549.52 -3321.05
19.222.13
-4000
-3500
-3000
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
Em
issi
on
s (G
g/y
ea
r)
Energ
y
Indus
trial
proc
esse
s
Agricu
lture
LULU
CF
Was
teTo
tal
GHG Emissions by Sources & Sinks Categories
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Bhutan (1994)
CO2
CH4
N2O
NE
8
NAPA process• Process started in 2004• Submitted to UNFCCC in 2005• Multi-sectoral approach• NAPA Team Composition
• Members of Initial National Communication • Additional members from other sectors including, finance,
planning and NGO…• Sectoral working groups
• Consultative process– 4 regional consultative workshops– Coordinate efforts with NCSA process– Coordinate with other ongoing projects
NAPA: Urgent and Immediate Adaptation Needs
• Disaster Management Strategy• Artificial lowering of Thorthomi glacial lake• Weather forecasting system • Landslide management and flood prevention• Flood protection of downstream industrial and agriculture
area• Rainwater harvesting• GLOF hazard zonnation• Early warning system on Pho chhu basin• Community based forest fire management and prevention
NAPA: Lessons Learnt
• Multi-sectoral approach
• Good cooperation and collaboration among stakeholders
• Good support from government
• Support from LDC Expert Group
• Awareness and advocacy for vulnerable communities important
• 2,674 glacial lakes in Bhutan Himalaya
• 25 potentially dangerous lakes
• 9 lakes in Pho Chu Basin
• GLOFs along Pho Chu in 1958 and 1994
• The “unexpected” 1994 GLOF caused damage to Punakha Dzong, agricultural land, and 21 lives
CC Adaptation in Bhutan
Out of 2794 glacial lakes, 25 has been identified as potentially dangerous lakes.
Pho Chu Sub Basin : 9
Mo Chu Sub Basin : 5
Chamkhar Chu Sub Basin: 3
Kuri Chu Sub Basin: 1
Mangde Chu Sub Basin: 7
14
Source: DGM & ICIMOD publication
Potentially dangerous Lakes
• Interconnected glacier and glacial lake systems.
Source: Google Earth 2008
Glacial Lakes in Lunana
Punatshang Chu
PUNAKHA
LUNANATARINA
TSHOJU
PHO CHU
WACHEY
CHUNAMI
MO CHU
TSENDA GANGMASAGANG
GANGCHEN TA
Project Document Signed in Dec 2006
Activities implementation: Jan-Dec 2007
Total Budget allocated: US$ 180,000/-
Submission of Prodoc to GEF: Dec 2008
GEF Sec Approval: March 2008
GLOF Project
Project signed in April 2008
PDF B Phase Full Size Project: 2008-2012
Total Budget: US$ 7.48 million
Activity Implementation: May 2008
NAPA (2004-05)
• Total Budget: US$ 7,481,274
• LDCF : US$ 3,445,050
• PDF B: US$ 180,000
• RGoB : US$ 2,680,000
• UNDP: US$ 396,224
• Austrian Government: E 600,000
• WWF Bhutan: US$ 30,000
Budget: GLOF Full Size Project
1. GLOF hazard zonation and vulnerability assessment
• Lunana to Khuruthang town, Punakha: Austro-
Bhutanese (1999-2002)
• Khuruthang-Lhamoizingkha (Indo-Bhutan Border):
DGM under Netherlands Climate Assistance
Program (NCAP, 2007)
• Chamkhar valley, Bumthang: DGM in 2007 funded
by the Global Environment Facility (GEF)
Adaptation Measures
Punakha
DzongWangdi Dzong
Kamichu
Sonkosh
Lhamoizinkha
VTI
Bridge
Veg. Market
Khuruthang Town
Zangdopelri
2. Artificial Lowering of lake water level
• Raphstreng Tso (1996-1998): Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs-- funded by the Government of India
• Thorthormi Lake (2008-2012): Currently implemented under UNDP/GEF Project with funding from LDCF and cofinancing from Government of Austria, UNDP, WWF Bhutan and RGoB
Adaptation Measures (Cont’d)
• Thorthormi Lake Mitigation work: Objective and Progress– Goal: To lower the lake level by 5m– Progress:
• Institutional arrangements for implementation set up
• Project Board and Technical Support and Advisory Team already met twice
• Engineering and safety plan for mitigation work completed
• Environment Impact Assessment for mitigation work completed
Adaptation Measures (Cont’d)
• Engineering and safety plan at Thorthormi Lake carried out from August-October 2008
• Topographic survey of the area at 1:5000• Geotechnical assessment
– Mapping of slide, stability assesment of moraine dam
– Sample collection to determine cohesion, friction angle, soil classification and the permeability
• Geophysical Investigation– Seismic refraction– Electrical resistivity
Engineering and Safety Plan
• Civil Engineering – Identification of appropriate location for outlet
channel excavation– Engineering design for the mitigation work– Estimation of volume of materials to be excavated
• Bathometric Survey– To measure the depth of lake
• Safety Measures– Communication setup– Appropriate safety gears– Onsite medical facility– Emergency arrangements
Engineering and Safety Plan (Cont’d)
Excavation Plan
40m
60m
140m
• Total Volume of materials to be excavated with 2% bed slope: 34209.74 m3
•Excavated materials to be dumped in the subsidiary lake
• The maximum side slope of the proposed channel should not exceed 1:1.5 (V:H) at any phase
• Channel width of 10 m wide to provide sufficient working space for the workers as well as for diverting the discharge from the lake (base flow only) through its half width during the execution of the work
Early Warning System• Existing manual system operated by the Flood
Warning Unit, Department of Energy• Initial plan to install a pilot EWS in Punakha-
Wangdue Valley by DGM (warning system and site assessment conducted by DGM in 2007)
• The project will install a comprehensive EWS system with additional funds from RGoB
Adaptation Measures (Cont’d)
Early Warning System Sensor
54 mins
1 hr 24 mins
1 hr 40 mins
2 hrs 14 mins
GLOF Risk Awareness
• Awareness and Advocacy (Department of Disaster Management)
– DRM framework already in place– National level workshop in Thimphu– DRM bill ready for adoption– Community level awareness conducted covering
Punakha, Wangdue, and Dagana districts– District level/as well as community level planning and
training on disaster risk management ongoing
Adaptation Measures (Cont’d)
• The artificial lowering of Thorthormi Lake to began from June 2009 and complete by 2012
• Work at site: June-October every year• The mitigation measures are very challenging and
expensive• Remoteness of the area• Excavation has to be done manually and reduces output
drastically• About 300 workers to be recruited • The labourers should be provided incentives on top of the wages• Communication, safety and emergency arrangements
Conclusion
PROJEC HOME PAGEhttp://www.mti.gov.bt/dgm/DGM-UNDPGEF/main.html