Karen folklore draft - Drum Homepagedrumpublications.org/download/folklore.pdf · II...

unDw>pH.CJRwJCJRwz.Karen Folklore

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unDw>pH.CJRwJCJRwz.Karen Folklore

Drum Publication GroupP.O Box 66Kanchanaburi, 71000Thailand

[email protected]

March, 2008ISBN 978-974-05-5693-0

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10

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12

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14

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16

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64


-w>tpd;uwX>w’hM.uG>xD.b.r;0JwvXmrJmuG>cd.zX.vDRwJmr;vDRIvXCDz;’d.wxH;tHRtrk>xD.wbl;w,HRM.urgtd.wzsX.’d;urgM.tylRtd.ySJR’D;wuDtolt*DRtbDwz.vDRI zJoh.tcD.xH;M.usJzdtd.wbdrRto;’fye>usdRtod;’D;eD>bD,k>,hRydmxD.usJzdwbdM.’D;vJRu’D;qlngxH.vX’JzdwzsX.td.’D;ySRrk.yS>w*Rxgx.vX’JtylRvDRI wkRySRrk.yS>w*RxH.tDR’D;oHuG>tw>vXtDRvDRI eD>bD,k>,hRwcDwJvDRuhRt*h>tusdR0HR’D;Chtd.0JvXySRrk.yS>w*RtHRtod;’D;tw>wl>vdmtDRymuJtDR’ftzdtod;’D;tJ.0J’d.r;vDRI ySRrk.yS>w*RtHRtzdtvHRwtd.eDw*Rb.’D;t0RwcDrh>ySRrRtD.n.zd< vJRrRtD.n.vXyD.vJ.ylR< b.wbsDbsD[JuhRqlt[H.wwkRb.I ,HmwoDcHoDvDRI eD>bD,k>,hRtd.zJySRrk.yS>w*RtHRtod;w>zH;w>rRt*kRt*RvXtub.rR0Jud>ud>*DR*DRM.wtd.ph>uD;b.< td.’.xJtxgvk>xgx.< qkbkqk[k< zDtD.zDtDvX[H.ylRCDylRM.vDRI wkRw>zH;w>rRt*kRt*Rwtd.vXRb.’D;t0J’hxD.we>oDwl>< tlxD.wChR’D;rh>w>vXtrRrkmxD.[H.zdCDzdwz.tol.to;’d.r;M.vDRI

tcd. cHIeD>tH.rl’hw*RM>b.t0RvXwvDtzdcGgvDRI ‘D;’XxD.tzd,Hm

,HmuvJmySJRxD.oXeH.< wqH;p>b.tzdb.I qdurd.0JvXto;< w>tHRyub.vJRoHuG>vX0H’D;rXt0RvJRoHuG>vX0HvDRI pH;b.t0RM.vXxgwChRtylR’ftHR<=

_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJR,’X,zdoXeH.tHR{g<oXeH.wxH.trJmb.<,’X,zdoXeH.tHR{D><oXeH.wxH.trJmvD.<

oXeH.wxH.trJmr;<vJRp;uG>vX0HM.r;<oXeH.wxH.trJm{D><vJRp;uG>vX0HM.rD.I

0RwvDzdcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

65

unDw>pH.CJRwJCJRwz.

t0RwvDtzdcGgwcDw0Hcd.’d.cHCXb.< ‘D;vJRoHuG>0Hph>uD;vDRI rR0JvXxg=we>’ftHR<= -uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReR

rgo;bdrXvDRvJm,R<rgo;bd{g< ,vJRr;<rgo;bdrXvDR,R{D><o;bd{X< ,uvJRvDRI rgo;bd{D>bd{D>bd

wkREkRwpkwvDzdcGg[H;xD.tqht,.txX.trDm’D;tcsH.’D;vJR0JvDRIvJR0JwkR0Httd.’D;pH;b.0HM.vXxgwe>tylRvDRI=

-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReRrR’XzdoXeH.tHR{D>oXeH.wxH.trJmvD.<rR’XzdoXeH.tHR{goXeH.wxH.trJmb.

0Hrk>CgpH;qXwvDtzdcGgvXxg=we>’ftHR<= -uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReRwvDzdcGgwkRtd.rDR,R<,uuG>vDRM>rDReR<wvDzdcGgwkRtd.,R{D><,uuG>vDRM>eRvDRI wvDzdcGg{D>vD{D>vD

0HM.uG>vDR0J’f0Htvk>tv>tod;M.’D;0HwxH.w>vXngeDwrHRb.I woh.ngb.w>eDwrHRb.’D;pH;b.uhRtDRvXxgwe>tylRvDRI

-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReR=,uG>vDR,woh.ng<qDCHtHR,uu>r;<qJ;vDRqDCHxD.o-wJR<qDCHpH;,R’ftHReJm<

oXeH.wxH.trJmvD.<0Hrk>CguG>M>,RrD.<oXeH.wxH.trJmr;<0Hrk>CguG>vDRM>,RI 0Hrk>Cg{D>Cg{D>Cg

ub.’XEGHeH.EGHvg<EGHeH.exH.trJmr;<ub.’XEGHeH.EGHoD<xJM.exH.trJm{D>I

wvDzdcGg{D>vD{D>vD

66


wvDzdcGgoHuG>w>vX0H0HR’D;[JuhRpH;b.trgvXxgwe>tylRu’D;vDRI-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReRub.’XEGHeH.EGHvg<EGHeH.exH.trJmr;<ub.’XEGHeH.EGHoD<EGHeH.exH.trJmvDRI

wkREkRwbsDySR’Drg0RcH*RM.td.0JxGJb.xGJb.’D;wkRteH.b.vgb.’D;trgM.qH;p>xD.0JvXtzdcGgvDRI ‘f0HpH;b.tDRtod;,k>0JtrHRvXpDRysJ>pDvDRI wkRpDRysJ>pDzd.o.cGgxD.’D;ty>CkM>tw>rRvXck;wvD>’D;ck;’lvmM.rh>0J’lyS>oh.pD;’D;vXtcX.o;M.td.0J’D;urgz;’d.wzsX.vDRI ‘D;rXtzdcGgvJRzJ;ck;zJw>tvD>M.< zJ;0J0HR< ql;uGHm0J0HR< *d>0J0HR< w>plRvDRxd.vDRbk< xd.vDRol.vDRzs;vDRw>tD.w>tDtcsHto.< w>ud;rHR’J;0HR’D;rXtzdcGgusD>eD.zs;rHR< whwdmwh’J’D;rXtvJRrHvX’JxJw*R{dR‘D;[h.vDR0J’D;we>wzsX.vXtu’h0Jt*D>vDRI rR0Jck;M.’DwplRngtd.bSH;td.ogwcsK;ph>uD;b.I wkRvXqH;rk>qH;q.tylR’D;we>vXty>[h.tDRM.weD.[H;xD.’h0Jb.I vXcHwe>M.oD.xD.’.tw>’fM.vGH>eR,J>eR’D;ysJ>pDqdurd.0JvXto;< we>tHRrX,’htDRvDRI vXcHweRysJ>pD[H;xD.we>M.’D;’h0JvDRI ‘D;we>toD.M.uvHRpdmtDRwzVvDRto;< [lyX>vXeD>bD,k>,hRttd.ow;’D;b.w>o,k>qh.eDRtcHwwkRvDRvXRb.I ysJ>pD’hwe>tw>oD.M.xk;tDR’D;urd.vJRvlRto;w>toD.M.vDRI ysJ>pD’hwe>tk.xgtoD.rh>’ftHRvDRI

-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReRqH;rk>’D;qH;q.xD.ySJR<we>’d.oD.xD.}uJR}uJR<qH;rk>’D;qH;q.xD.{D><we>’d.oD.xD.}uDR}uDR<

EGHeH.exH.trJmr;<pDRysJ>pD,k>trHRr;<EGHeH.exH.trJm{D><pDRysJ>pD,k>trHR{D>I

rgo;bd{D>bd{D>bd

67

unDw>pH.CJRwJCJRwz.

we>’d.oD.xD.}uJR}uJR<we>’d.,[H;xD.eJmIwe>’d.oD.xD.}uDR}uDR<we>’d.,[H;xD.tDR<we>’d.,[H;xD.eJm<ok;y>p>o;y>p>eJm<we>’d.,[H;xD.tDR<ok;y>p>o;yok;tDRI -uLReR{D>-uLReR

we>z;’d.oD.xD.wzVvDRto;qleD>bD,k>,hRt’JylRvXrk>eRzJw>td.bO.,k>uvmtcgb.qJ;eD>bD,k>,hRte>’D;w>o,k>to;vXySR’hwe>tup>M.vDRI eD>bD,k>,hRrd.[JxD.vlRto;wuD>cgtd.wohvXRb.’D;ChtcGJ;vXtrk>*>vXtuvJRxD.vlRwe>oD.txH;M.vDRIChtcGJ;vXxgwChRtylRvDRI

_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJRxD.uGHm&J>oHt0DqH<pDysJ>pDwo,k>’H;<xD.uGHm&J>oHt0Dtg<pDysJ>pDwo,k>r;<pDysJ>pDwo,k>r;I,rk>*>b.ysJvDR,R<pDysJ>pDwo,k>’H;<,rk>*>ysJ,RcJtHRI

rk>*>{D>*>{D>*>eD>bD,k>,hRoh.ngwbsDCDvXySR’hwe>oD.t0JM.rh>pDRysJ>pDM.vDRI wkREkRwpkt0JChtcGJ;vXtrk>*>’fod;tuvJRxD.CkysJ>pD’D;M>b.0JtcGJ;upD’DvDRI ‘D;trk>*>whCHwhvRxD.tDRvXw>u,Xu,JzSLtDRvXw>eXrleXqSD’D;rR0JvXxgwChR’ftHR<=

68


_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJReH.eultHReH.odrD<eqhwdRq;bSX.bSJ{D><eH.eultHReH.od0g<eqhwdRq;bSX.bSJr;<eqhwdRq;bSX.bSJr;<ChEGHyORo.ySJRvdRr;<eqhwdRq;bSX.bSJ{D><qhEGHyORo.ySJRvdR{D><qhEGHyORo.ySJRvdRr;<[;xD.oD.yd>wH>yd>-w;<qhEGHyORo.ySJRvdR{D><yd>wH>yd>-w;[;xD.oD.<[;xD.oD.yd>wH>yd>-w;<zJphySJReudmtHRr;<yd>wH>yd>-w;[;xD.oD.<zJphySJReudmtHR{D><[;xD.oD.yd>wH>yd>-w;e>ug{D>e>ugphr;<e>ug{D>e>ugphr;<cd.usDR{D>cd.usDRphr;<cd.usDR{D>cd.usDRphr;<cd.olv.bVysJmodr;<

wkRekRwbsDeD>bD,k>,hRtrk>*>u,Xu,JwhCHwhvRxD.tDR0HRvH’D;eD>bD,k>,hRuvD;xD.trk>*>vDRI wJw>’D;trk>*>’D;rR0JvXxgwChR’ftHR<=

cd.olv.bVysJmodr;<bkvgpD>vDRcd.zVusRbkvgpD>vDRcd.zVusR<b.wb.ysJ>pDb.o;<,zdrk.pk’k.yvJ<qkbkuyhRpD>qJ;qJ;<,zdrk.pk’k.0gbD<qkbkuyhRpD>qD;qD;<qkbkuyhRpD>qJ;qJ;<rJmwl>wcGJ.bV.bsD.eJm<qkbkuyhRpD>qD;qD;<rJmwl>wcGJ;bV.bsD.{D><rJmwl>wcGJ;bV.bsD.{D><eHRw&H;x;cd.olpD<rJmwl>wcGJ;bV.bsD.eJm<eHRw&H;x;cd.olu,J><eHRw&H;x;cd.olpD<Ek>cd.rD.’D;w>rs>*DR<Ek>cd.rD.’D;w>rs>*DR<tvGJ>qJ;’frk>tod;<tvGJ>qJ;’frk>tod;<b.wb.pDysJ>tJ.’d;I

_cJRiJRiJR{D>iJR{D>iJR

69

unDw>pH.CJRwJCJRwz.

_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJRvJRxD.vlRpDysJ>pDr;<,rk>*>ysJvDRrDR,R<vJRxD.vlRpDysJ>pD{D><,rk>*>ysJvDR,RuD;<,rk>*>ysJvDRrDR,R<

wkREkRwbsDeD>bD,k>,hRvJRxD.0JqlysJ>pDttd.vDRI vJRwvXusJtzXrk>yORo.yOR}odoD.&h&d.< bl;xD.bl;xD.vXurgwzsX.M.tCXR’D;td.zsgxD.0JvDRI pDRysJ>pDwcDxH.pdCDRw>rRto;vDRvd.vDRv;tCdt0JysHRw>zk;w>< qdurd.0JvXto;< ?w>tHRrh>w>’fvJ.< w>vDRqDvDRv;’fod;tHRwxH.eDwcD.eDwbsDr;vJ.I/ wkRtbl;xD.vX’J’D;[JyX>xD.vXydmrk.w*RtCdqdurd.u’D;0J< ?ySRtHRrh>w>*hR< rh>w>tXvJ.< ,JwcD,td.w*RvXck;ylR< wbl;rd>wbl;y>< wbl;wHRwbl;oud;< rh>,ub.rRb.’fvJ.I/ eD>bD,k>,hRwcD[JqlysJ>pDt’JcD.xH;’D;rXysJ>pDpJRvDRM>tDRCDvDRI tH.tkxD.tuvk>< rR0JvXxgwChR’ftHR<=

_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJRpJRvDRM>,CDcVcV<[H.xl.’Jxl.xD.woh<pJRvDR,CDcVcVrD.<[H.xl.’Jxl.xD.wnDI

pDwcGg{D>cGg{D>cGgysJ>pDwcDqdurd.0JvXto;< ?,wpJRvDRM>tCD’H;b.< ,uoHuG>’.uvdmtw>wbD< rhtrh>w>*hR{g< w>tX{gM.vDRI/ oHuG>0JvXxgwe>tylR<= -uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReR

erHRrwRvJ.{D>pD<bd;vDReCDb.bl.vD.<

oXbsDuvD;xD.rDReR<oXbsDuvD;xD.rDReR<oXbsDtlcG;xD.rDReR<oXbsDuvD;xD.rDReR<,rk>*>,vJR,Jr;I

,rk>*>{D>*>{D>*>

70


erHRrwRvJ.wcGg<bd;vDReCDb.bl.{gI

eD>bD,k>,hRwcDpH;qXuhRtDRwbsDCDvXxg=wChRM.vDRI_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJR

bD,k>,hRtrHRrh>,R<rd>rX,[JxD.td.eR<bD,k>,hRtrk.,R{D><rd>rX,[JxD.td.pDI pDwcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

ysJ>pDqdurd.0JvXto;< pH;0JvX< ?trd>rXt[JxD.td.,R< ,J,woh.ngtrd>eDwbsD,pJRvDRM>tCDubl.{gI ,wpJRvDRM>tCDb.< ,uuG>’.uvdmwpd>wvD>vDRI/ rh>vXysJ>pDrR,HmrReD>to;tCdbD,k> ,hRrRxD.u’D;xgwChR’ftHR<=

_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJRbd;vDR,CDcVcVrD.<ysJvJRxD.,RcVcVrD.<td.’JzDvmtd.wnD<rHvDRqh.eDRc;uDuDI pDwcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

ysJ>pDrRqXuhRtDRvXxg=we>’ftHR<=-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReR

bd;vDReCDwbl.{D><erd>uqJ;,RvXbD<bd;vDReCDwbl.r;<ey>uusD,RvXe;I eD>wcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

eD>bD,k>,hRrRqXu’D;vXxg=wChR<=_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJR

rd>o;bdysJvDRvJm,R<rd>wqJ;eRwc;eR<

71

unDw>pH.CJRwJCJRwz.

rd>o;bdysJvDR,R{D><y>wqJ;pDwc;pDI pDwcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

wkREkRwbsDpDRysJ>pDbd;vDRM>eD>bD,k>,hRtCD’D;tw>vJRxD.qlttd.vDRI wkRpDRysJ>pDxH.CDRydmrk.M.wbsDCD*hRb.trJm’D;ydmrk.ph>uD;xH.CDRydmcGgM.wbsDCDw>oH.pl;wtd.vXRb.< uG>vXySRb.w>&J>oHM.vDRI o;oud;o;cHzsX.td.qXxX.vdmto;wbsDCDw>uwdR*h>vdmwqJ;yJm’d;< cDuwdRvdmo;w>wcDcDwohwcsK;vXRb.I rRo;’frd>tJ.wDy>tJ.wD< rd>uH>pky>uH>cD.< rd>rRvdmy>rRvDRympXRvXysXRuJeD>td.oDo;w zsX.CD< td.0J’.vXpDRysJ>pDtpkcHcDtusDRylRM.vDRI ‘D;ydmcGgty>[JvDR’d;wh’d;zsDt0Joh.wbsDCDvDRI wbsDtHRpDRysJ>pDtd.0JvXck;ylRtoud;td.xD.uhR0J’D;td.0J’D;w>ol.cko;ckvDRI ‘D;ul;uhRtbkwz.yd.oud;wJoud;w>’D;eHR’D;thwbd,l>CDvDRI

t0Joh.td.0J’.cH*R< w,HmwrD>’D;trgeD.vDRto;’D;tcGgrk.vXt[JxD.yS>’D;zd.CJvXusJw*RM.eD.vDRto;ph>uD;vDRI wkRtb.rk>b.vg’D;qH;p>0JcH*RvdmvXrk>weHRCDtwD>ylRvDRI eD>bD,k>,hRtzdrh>tydmcGg’D;tcGgrk.w*Rtzdrh>tydmrk.vDRI wkRrk>qh.xD.’D;ydmrk.cH*Rt0RvJRzSd.tzdt’hM.zSd.b.0JvXoh.wxH;CD’D;zSd.0Jw*RwuyR’D;rh>vXoh.M.’d.0JtCdwxH.vdmto;b.I vXt[JuhRwcDqS.w&H;0J’.wcDCDtCdwwded.vdmto;ph>uD;b.I wkRtuhR’D;xH.vdmto;vXusJ’D;oHuG>vdmto;vXt[JuhRvXvJ.vXvJ.M.vDRI tw*RpH;qXtDRvXt[JzSd.tzdt’h’D;tw*RpH;ph>uD;0JvXt[JzSd.tzdt’hvDRI w*R’D;w*RoHuG>usdmxHvdmto;0HR’D;wvDtzdcGgoHuG>u‘D;tDR< ?cGg{X< ,e>[lvX,ySRrk.yS>wJ,RvXexD.yS>vXngow;’D;ezd-uX;td.wh>vXngvDRI/ tw*RpH;qXtDR< ?wrh>b.<td.’.cJtHRvDRI/ ?rhrh>’fM.’D;cGg{X< cJtHRy-uX;’D’d.vdmyo;vDRI eJ’.ezdtd.vXtydmrk.M.rh>e,k>trHR’fvJ.I/ ‘D;pH;qX0J< ?,zdrk.M.,,k>M>trHRvXeD>tH.rXRvDRI/ t0JwcDpH;qX0JvXt,k>tzdcGgtrHRvXtH.rDvhvDRI rh>vXy0JcH*RtHRyb.wded.vdmyo;oh

72


ohb.b.tCdyub.’D’d.vdmyo;vDRI ‘D;tX.vDRusdmvDRvdmo;< ym*X>ymusXRtw>o;wDcH*RM.0HR‘D;[;z;vdmto;vDRI

tcd. oXIySRcH’l.tHRtw>td.w>qd;w,HRvdmto;tgtgb.I vJRtd.o

ud;vdmto;wkR’.xDbdvDRI rhrh>wkRtH.rDvh’d.xD.’D;ty>uhRtd.uhRqd;0JvXudRusduDRusdt0>b;cD’D;twe>wzsX.M.vJRym0J’.vXeD>tH.rXRt’X;’D;eD>tH.rXRty>[h.tDRvXwChRwqdvXw>oh.eD.t*D>vDRIwkRtH.rDvh’d.xD.zd.o.cGgxD.’D;ty>rXtvJRul.vJRrRuRwkRtoh’d.ohxDvH’D;b.to;vXtzdcGguvJRrRvdw>ul.b.ul.ohvXvDvDRI ty>pH;tDR< ?zdcGg{X< erh>vDRb.’k.vDRb.’g’D;vJRrRvdw>vXvDwuh>I/‘D;tzdcGgvJRrRvdvDvDRr>EGHeH.ngvDRI ty>rR0JvXxg’D;’hxD.we><=

-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReR‘feueXRe’k.e’g<tH.rDvhvJRvXvDusg<‘feueXRe’k.’g{D><tH.rDvhvJRvXvDuD><tH.rDvhvJRwkRvDusg<‘fvDod;b.rRvdr;<

tH.rDvhwcDwkRty>pH;b.tDRvXt0Jub.vJRvXvDtuD>< ub.rRvdw>qJ;w>c;’D;ub.oh’fvDtod;’D;< t0J’.vJRqXxX.vJRrRvd0JvDRI w0Hcd.’d.cHCXb.< ue.ty>tuvk>upD’DvDRI

eD>tH.rXRwcDtrd>rXtvJRrRvdw>xgulxgod;< vk.{dReJ{dRb.jyH’fuyDRvkRtod;< ‘D;uxgqhxg,.uohu*hRtod;’D;rR0JvXxgwChR’ftHR<=

_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJR‘fuxge0R,.0g<

‘fvDod;b.rRvdr;<rRvd’D;w>qJ;w>c;<rRvd’D;w>qJ;w>c;<‘goXqHtd.cd;rDReR<‘goXqHtd.cd;eR{D><eb.oh’fvDtod;I

tH.rDvh{D>vh{D>vh

73

unDw>pH.CJRwJCJRwz.

tH.rXRb.vJRuyDRusg<‘fuxge0R,.*DR<tH.rXRb.vJRqluyDR<tH.rXRvJRwkRuyDRusg<‘fuyDRod;b.ohr;<tH.rXRvJRwkRuyDRuD><‘fuyDRod;b.oh{D>I eD>tH.rXR{D>rXR{D>rXR

eD>tH.rXRbk.xd.uH.wbh.vDRI wcsK;tvJRrRvdw>’H;b.M.uwJmuwDRto;tzXrk>< txd.uH.wbh.uG>vDRw>vXusdRcd.’D;uwdRxD.w>’ftHR<=

uwDRxD.eo;CJ;CJ;<tH.rXRevJRw>qlvJ.<uwDRxD.eo;CD;CD;<tH.rXRevJRw>qlvD.<

eD>tH.rXRwJqXuhRtxd.uH.<=uwDRxD.pvD>CD;CD;<rd>rXpvJRvXuyDR<uwDRxD.pvD>jp;jp;<vXuyDRprd>rX,RI

‘D;eD>tH.rXRtxd.uH.pH;b.tDRvXtuvJRph>uD;vDRI eD>tH.rXRwJtDR<?xd.uH.{X< erh>vJR’D;vk.uGHmxHrh>pD< rh>*hR< rh>bVwuh>I/ wkREkRwpk<xd.uH.vJR,lRvDRxH< vk.xHvk.ed0HR,lRxD.qlw>z;zDud;xD.-uH-uR-uH-uR’D;t*dRrD.vXyS>ylR[J,lRqlttd.xJcsD.xlz;’d.cHzl< ,lRxD.bd.to;’D;eD>tH.rXRpH.xD.vXtvdR’D;t0Joh.,lRpdmtDRqluyDRttd.vDRI

wcsK;eD>tH.rXRvJRw>M.rR0JvXxgwChR’ftHR<=_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJR

tH.rXRrd>rXvDRvJm,R<

74


qluyDRusg,vJRr;<tH.rXRrd>rXvDR,R{D><qluyDRuD>,vJRvDRIqluyDRuD>,vJRr;<oXbsDtlcF;xD.rDReR<qluyDRuD>,vJRvDR<oXbsDuvd;xD.eR{D>I tH.rXRrd>{D>rd>{D>rd>

eD>tH.rXRw0Hcd.’d.cHCXb.< ‘due.trd>uvk>’D;vJR0JvDRI [;xD.wvXuGHmt[H.wxH.CDvDrd>zs;olxd.uH.-w;vDRI uyDRod.vdtDR’D;t0JrRvd0JwkRtxk;xgwk>xguJxD.qh,.wz.ng< xgxlxgxl0Jqh,.wkRtohvXm’D;uyDRpH;tDR< ?eD>tH.rXReR{X< wbsDngtHRe*JRvdeo;vXmvH’D;eohe’gbsJ;vXmvHI/ ‘D;wJqXuyDRvXogohw>rh>vXm’D;oguuhRqlogrd>ogy>ttd.vDRI t0Juvd;ypD>xD.uyDRM.0HR’D;[JuhR0JvDRI

tcd. vGH>IvXo0DylRwcDzd.o.cGgoXqHtcd.xDysDRzDurXur.b.tDR

’d.r;’D;qdurd.0J< w>tHRrh>w>’fvJ.< w>wb.tchtcgvDoD.vDzs;w><xd.uH.ud;< xd.uH.-w;wbX;bX;tHRrh>tb.rEkRvJ.I ,uoHuG>uG>,*dRrD.cGgwbDeJm< ,rh>woHuG>b.’D;,woh.ngw>rRto;tHRt*h>b.’D;oHuG>0JvXxgwe>tylRvDRI=-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReR

tchtcgwb.r;<vDrd>zs;olxd.uH.-w;<tchtcgwb.{D><vDrd>zs;olxd.uH.uD;<vDrd>zs;olxd.uH.-w;<vDrd>zs;olb.rwR<

vDrd>zs;olxd.uH.uD;<vDrd>zs;olb.rkRvD.<vDrd>zs;olxd.uH.-w;<*dRrD.cGgpH;b.uhR,R<vDrd>zs;olxd.uH.uD;<*dRrD.cGgpH;b.,RrD.I

*dRrD.cGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

75

unDw>pH.CJRwJCJRwz.

xDysDRzDoHuG>t*dRrD.cGgtw>M.t*dRrD.cGgpH;b.uhRtDRwohwb.b.I‘D;eD>odrk.zDqdurd.vXto;uH>ylR< w>tHR,rh>wpH;b.tDRb.’D;woh.ngb.w>*h>M.b.I xDysDRzDrh>0Jzd.o.cGg oXqHtcd.’Dw*RngyymvDRwJmtoh.w-uX;wb.b.< ‘D;,J,rh>rk.ueDRoXqHtcd.’Dw*Rng,oh.ngw>t*h>M.vDRwH>vDRqJ;tCd,ub.pH;b.tDRoyS>uwX>vDRI pH;b.0JvXxgwChR’ftHR<=

_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJRtchtcgwb.r;<vDrd>zs;olxd.uH.-w;<vDrd>zs;olxd.uH.-w;<eD>tH.rXRvJRuyDRusg<vDrd>zs;olxd.uH.uD;<eD>tH.rXRvJRqluyDRI pDwcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

xDysDRzDrRqXvXwe><=-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReR

eD>tH.rXRvJRqluyDR<eD>tH.rXRqH;’d.qH;xD<tH.rXRvJRqluyDRusg<eD>tH.rXRqH;*hRw*RI eD>wcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

eD>odrk.zDrRqXvXxgwChR<=_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJR

eD>tH.rXR’d.w>*hR{D><[;xD.[;vDRxd.uH.uD;<eD>tH.rXR’d.w>CHvR<[;xD.[;vDRxd.uH.-w;I pDwcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

xDysDRzDtd.xGJb.xGJb.e>[lu’D;xd.uH.-w;< vDyd>vDoJu’D;vHI qdurd.0JvXto;< w>tHRrh>’feD>odrk.zDwJtod;M.{gI ,uoHuG>u’D;eD>od

76


rk.zDvDRI rRxD.0JvXxgwe>’ftHR<=-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReRtchtcgwb.r;<vDrd>zs;olxd.uH.-w;<tchtcgwb.{D><vDrd>zs;olxd.uH.uD;<vDrd>zs;olxd.uH.uD;<vDrd>zs;olb.rkRvD.<

eD>odrk.zDpH;qXvXxg=wChR<= _cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJRvDrd>zs;olxd.uH.-w;<tH.rXR[JuhRuyDRusg<vDrd>zs;olxd.uH.uD;<tH.rXR[JuhRvXuyDR<

xDysDRzDqdurd.vXto;< ?ydmrk.w*R[;xD.[;vDR’D;xd.uH.uG>vDRxd.uH.uD;< vDvXrlcd.uG>vDRxH.vDoJvDzs;w>’krh>u*hRqH;’d.vJ.I rh>trRto;wbX;vJ.< rd.xH.b.,o;wbDuD;vDRI ,urXeD>odrk.zDvJRud;M>,RwbDvDRI ,u’k;eJ.,*H>,bg,w>o;’l’D;uuG>0J’D;ub.uD;0Jto;vDRI/ tCdt0JrRtd.eD>odrk.zDvXxgwe>’ftHRvDRI=

tchtcgub.r;<tcgb.ySRuxd.r;<tchtcgb.wh>rD.<tcgb.ySRuxd.vDR<tcgb.ySRuxd.r;<eD>tH.rXRvJRud;M>,R<

tcgb.ySRuxd.vDR<eD>tH.rXRvJRud;M>tDR<eD>tH.rXRvJRud;M>,R<xDysDRo;wH;uyF;r;<eD>tH.rXRvJRud;M>tDR<xDysDRo;wH;uyF;vDRI

odrk.zD{D>zD{D>zD

eD>tH.rXR’d.w>*hRr;<[;xD.[;vDRxd.uH.-w;<eD>tH.rXR’d.w>*hR{D><[;xD.[;vDRxd.uH.uD;I

pDwcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

vDrd>zs;olxd.uH.-w;<vDrd>zs;olb.rwR<vDrd>zs;olb.rwR<odrk.zDpH;b.uhR,R<vDrd>zs;olb.rkRvD.<odrk.zDpH;b.,RrD.I

eD>wcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

77

unDw>pH.CJRwJCJRwz.

eD>odrk.zDwcD’fxDysDRzDrXtDRtod;rk>qh.xD.vJR0JqleD>tH.rXRt[H.vDRI vJR0JwkRzJt[H.udm’hud;pd0J< ?td< cGgrk.< rqgtHRyuxd.ck;< rh>euvJRCh>vJR[;uG>uDuG>’d;w>ph>{gI/ eD>tH.rXRpH;qXuhReD>odrk.zD< ?cGgrk.{X< ,vJR’D;eod;wohb.< ,J,&H;wd>yDRvHI ,vJRvXrk.ueDRzd.o.cGgtql;tusgwohvXRb.I eJerk.obVvJR’.eJvDR< cGgrk.{XI/‘D;eD>odrk.zDuhRuhR0Jqlt[H.uwJmuwDRxD.to;’D;toud;rk.oXqH*R< wqhxD.tukzSJ.*R’k*R’k0HRvJRqlck;vXtubSJ.bkt*D>vDRI rhrh>ydmcGgwz.vJRymvXng’fod;uxd.ck;vJRusDymrSgbdvDRI t0Joh.usDrSgbd0HR’D;td.cd;ydmrk.vXtubSJ.bkqlrSgylRt*D>vDRI t0Joh.pl;&dtd.0JvXw>vl>cd.xJydmcGg’D;uG>vDRw>qlw>vl>tuyRvdR’D;uG>vDRydmrk.wz.[JxD.’fod;tuxH.b.eD>tH.rXRt*D>vDRI xDysDRzDuG>CkeD>tH.rXRvXydmrk.oXqH*Rtql;tusgM.wxH.M>b.0Jb.I ‘D;xDysDRzDqdurd.0JvXto;< ?w>vXeD>tH.rXRtHRteD>qH;tCdyvHmto;vXt*dRrD.tusg< t*dR’H*dRrD.tuql;uwhRoh’D;,wxH.b.I rhrh>wkR,’k;eJ.,w>o;’lwbsD’kueHRxD.0J[H[H’D;,uxH.tDRtcgzJM.vDRI cJtHR,ub.xd.ck;vDRI ,u’k;eJ.,w>o;’lvDRI/ xDysDRzDu’k;eJ.tw>o;’lt*D>rR0JvXxgwe>tylR’ftHR<= -uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReR

cGgoXqHtcd.rh>,R<pkEGHCHR,cD.EGHxg<cGgoXqHtcd.,R{D><EGHCHREGHxgpk’D;cD.<pkEGHCHR,cD.EGHxg<ql.’fuqDwH>tzg<ql.’fuqDwH>tzg<zsJ.’fchzgrh>rDR,R<

rk.ueDRoXqHtcd.eD>odrk.zDwcDwwh>p>to;b.< [H;xD.t

zsJ.’fchzgrh>rDR,R<rSgbdoXqH,xd.r;<pkcHcDrSgbdcHbd<udmylR{D>rSgbdwbd<pk’D;cD.qJ;cGJ;qJ;cGJ;<rwRrk.ubSJ.,RvJ.< ubSJ.,RvJ.qJ;cGJ;qJ;cGJ;pk’D;cD.<rwRrk.ubSJ.,RvD.< ubSJ.,RvD.I

78


ukzSJ.0HRbs;wqhvDR0J,>cDbSJ.xDysDRzDvDRI rRqX0JvXxgwChRM.vDRI=_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJRrk.oXqHtcd.rh>,R<vX.vDRqX.vXoh.c.vm<qkbkw-wK;oh.c.vm<qkbkw-wK;oh.v.0;<qkbkw-wK;oh.v.0;<bk0gqJ;zsdqX.csXr;<qkbkw-wK;oh.v.vDR<bk0gqJ;zsdqX.csX{D><wkREkRwbsDxDysDRzD’D;eD>odrk.zD’D;toud;rk.rk.cGgcGgxd.tck;

bSJ.ck;0HR0J’.vDRI xDysDRzDrh>ydmcGgw*RvXtrd>ty>tJ.wDM>tDR’D;eD>odrk.zDvDRI t0Joh.tD.CH;tD.CD.0HRvH’D;rXeD>odrk.zDtd.v>tDR’D;td.v>0JvDRI xDysDRzDM.trd>ty>rXtvJRrRvdw>ul.b.ul.ohvXuqDwH>‘D;t*H>tbgql.xJuqDwH>w’kvDRI eD>odrk.zDph>uD;trd>ty>rXtvJRrRvdto;vXw>tlvDRI ohr;ph>uD;vDRI wkRt0JcH*R[JJuhRwkR’D;’ftrd>ty>cHcDtX.vDRvdmto;< tD.CH;tD.CD.’D;oh.rk>eHRz;rk>oDtod;uwhuzsD0JvDRI b.q.’D;wkReD>tH.rXRvJRrRvdw>[JuhRwkR[H.ow;’D;xDysDRzDe>[leD>tH.rXRM.’d.w>*hhRr;’D;to;td.M>0JeD>tH.rXRvDRI trd>ty>utD.uhRtrl;’D;eD>odrk.zDM.wb.vXRto;b.I rk>qh.xD.u’D;weHRvJRvDRnD0JqleD>tH.rXRttd.’D;we>wqdvDRI vJR0JwkR’D;eD>tH.rXRty>M.b.vXtbs.qSgxH.CDRxDysDRzD’D;ud;xD.tDRql[H.ylR’D;oHuG>tDR<?zd’d.{X<rh>euvJRqlvJ.cDvJ.I/ tw>pH;qXtDR< ?zgwH>{X< [Jtd.oud;rk.ueDRoX.I/ zgwH>wcDpH;qX< ?rk.ueDRtd.0JoX.< [Jtd.oud;rD.I/

wkREkRwpkxDysDRzDvJRxD.ql[H.ylRwJw>’D;eD>tH.rXRty>tzXrk>uG>xD.w>qlwuHRcd.xH.eD>tH.rXRtwe>M.’D;< oHuG>0JvDRI tH.rXRy>wJqXtDRvX< we>M.rh>eD>tH.rXRtwe>vDRI xDysDRzDoHuG>u’D;tDR<

bk0gqJ;zsdqX.csXr;<zDrhReXrl[D.oH.eg<bk0gqJ;zsdqX.csX{D><zDrhReXrl[D.u0DR<rSgbdoXbdxd.qJ;cGJ;<,Rodrk.zDbSJ._zJ;_zJ;<rSgbdoXbdxd.vDRpSD;<,Rodrk.zDbSJ.pSD;pSD;I

79

unDw>pH.CJRwJCJRwz.

?e’hwe>ohph>uD;{gI/ tH.rXRy>pH;qX< ?,’hwohb.< ySRzd’Hzdo.vXt[Jtd.oud;,Rwz.vXt’hohM.,rXt’hM>,RvDRI eJe’hohph>uD;{gIe’hrh>oh’D;’huG>uG>rD.I/ xDysDRzDxk;vDRwe>M.’D;0HmxD.’D;ok;uG>0JtysHR0HRqdurd.0JvXtb.vH’D;’huG>0Jwe>M.oD.<=

-uLReR< -uLReR< -uL>wHwl;< -uL.eH.-uL.wHwl;Itw>wb.’H;b.< 0HmxD.ok;vDRu’D;0J0HR’D;’hxD.u’D;0Jtw>oD.=

-uL>eR< -uL>wH< -uL>wl;Iwe>M.0HmxD.0HmvDRok;xD.ok;vDR0JwylRb.wylRwohvXRb.’D;trJmqS;ymxD.uhR0JvXtvD>upk’k0HR’D;[H;xD.’huhR0Jtwe>vXt[Jpdm0JM.vDRI t0Jtk.xD.xg’D;’h0J’.<=

-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReRwe>uH.vXxd.bSX.bSJ<we>rwRt0JvJ.<we>uH.vXxd.bSX.*DR<we>rwRt0JvD.I -uLReReR{D>eR{D>eR

eD>tH.rXRtd.vX’X;ylR[H;xD.wChR’D;’h0J<=_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJR

we>uH.vXxd.bSX.bSJ<we>tH.rDvht0J<we>uH.vXxd.bSX.*DR<we>tH.rDvh0JvDRI pDwcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

xDysDRzD[H;xD.we>’D;’hu’D;0J<=-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReR

we>uH.vXxd.*Hm*DR<we>xDysDRzD0JvDR<we>uH.vXxd.*HmbSJ<we>xDysDRzDt0JI eD>wcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

80


eD>tH.rXRrRxD.xg=wChR<=_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJR

we>epH;vXew><eok;wb.’hwb.<we>epH;vXe0J<e’heok;wb.vJ.I pDwcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

xDysDRzD[H;xD.we>’D;’hxD.0J<=-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReR

[JwkR[Jtd.oud;eR<[JxD.eJ.erJmeo;<[JwkR[Jtd.oud;zD<[JxD.vD.zsgeo;rD.I eD>wcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg


eD>tH.rXR&H;wd>yDRr;<w[JxD.eJ.to;b.<eD>tH.rXReD>&H;wd>yDR<[JxD.eJ.o;woh{D>I pDwcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

xDysDRzDrRxD.xg=we><=-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReR

obsK.’D;oJ;o.td.*DR<eD>tH.rXR[JxD.td.pD<obsK.’D;oJ;o.td.tg<eD>tH.rXR[JxD.td.,RI eD>wcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg


obsK.’D;oJ;o.td.*DR<

81

unDw>pH.CJRwJCJRwz.

tH.rDvhwrh>rDRpD<obsK.’D;oJ;o.td.tg<tH.rDvhwrh>rDReRI pDwcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

xDysDRzDrRxD.u’D;xg=we>-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReR

rk.tH.rXRweJ.to;<tJ.uG>,RxJvk>xJxg<tH.rXRweJ.to;{D><xJvk>xJxgtJ.,RrD.I eD>wcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

eD>tH.rXRrRqXvXxg=wChR<=_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJR

eD>tH.rXR&H;wd>yDRr;<xJvk>xJxgwtJ.eR<eD>tH.rXReD>&H;wd>yDR<xJvk>xJxgwtJ.pDI pDwcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

xDysDRzDrRxD.u’D;vXxg=we><=-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReR

xd;cd;n.vXxHvDRoH;<,cd;rDReRw>vDRCH;<xHvDRoH;xd;cd;n.r;<w>vDRCH;,cd;yDReRI eD>wcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

xDysDRzDvJRtd.oud;eD>tH.rXR’D;wxH.b.eD>tH.rXRtrJmb.I eD>tH.rXRw[JxD.eJ.to;vXtDRb.I eD>tH.rXRtd.vX’X;ylRtrd>wymzsgvXcdeDwpkeDwbsDb.I rh>vXttd.’D;tw>tJ.wD’D;tH.rDvhtCdvDRI xDysDRzDtrJmqS;to;’d.xD.’D;uhR,lRvDRCD}uDR}uDR’D;to;wrkmb.I t0JuhRwkRvJRyORM>x;rX’D;rXySRydmM>tDRbD’D;e;vXtuul.oHtH.rDvht*D>M.vDRI tbDue.wcDcDeD,mv.’D;tbdwcDxJwuGHzlvDRI

82


wkREkRwbsDeD>odrk.zDoHuG>tw>vXxgwChR’ftHR<=_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJR

vJRtd.oud;tH.rXRr;<eD>tH.rXRrh>tJ.eR{g<eD>tH.rXRvJRtd.ouD;<eD>tH.rXRb.tJ.eRuD;I pDwcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

xDysDRzDwkRte>[leD>odrk.zDtw>oHuG>’D;uwdRxD.zsJ;w>vXtx;cd.pH;0J< ?CJoJrk.M.qdurd.0JvX,utJ.tDRvDRugeJmI b.q.w>wkRrk.ueDRoXqHtcd.oHuG>w>’D;,wpH;qXb.’D;,td.wohb.wyXb.I,ymvDRwJmtoh.w*hRb.I ,ub.pH;b.u’guhRtDRvDRI/ rR0JvXxgwe><=

-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReRvJRtd.oud;tH.rXRr;<bl;vXtH.rXRutJ.,R<eD>tH.rXRvJRtd.oud;<bl;vXtH.rXRutJ.pDI eD>wcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

eD>odrk.zDoHuG>u’D;vXxg=wChR<=_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJR

eD>tH.rXRtuvk>wD<nDu.nDuH;tJ.jy.vD.<eD>tH.rXRtuvk>&R<nDu.nDuH;tJ.jy.eRI pDwcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

xDysDRzDto;thMuwdRxD.w>’D;pH;0J< ?CJoJrk.w*RM.uwdRrJmqS;,RwvD>vD>wvD>vD>qdurd.0JvX,utJ.tDRvDRugeJmI/ ‘D;xDysDRzDpH;qXuhRtDRvXxgwe><=

-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReRxd.cd;n.vXxHvDRoH;<

83

unDw>pH.CJRwJCJRwz.

,ucd;tDRw>vDRCH;<xHvDRoH;xd.cd;n.r;<w>vDRCH;,cd;tDRr;I eD>wcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

xDysDRzDto;wrHto;wrkmb.vXeD>tH.rXRwtJ.tDRb.tCdrXu’D;wvd>vJRwvd>M>tDR’D;ysJvDRwvd>CDu>EGHbdb.q.eD>tH.rXRwtJ.tDRb.I ‘D;eD>odrk.zDoHuG>u’D;tDRvXxgwChR’ftzDvmtod;vDRI=

_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJRxDysDRysJvDRwvd>y><eD>tH.rXRtJ.eRph>{g<xDysDRysJvDRwvd>{D><eD>tH.rXRb.tJ.eRuD;I xDysDRzD{D>zD{D>zD

?eD>tH.rXRw*RtHRrD.< ,ul.wrHR{D>wM>< ,ul.w*R{D>,wxH.b.I‘D;eD>odrk.zDwcDcd;oHuG>p;,RcJtHRcJtHRrX,wJb.pH;b.tDRvXrh>eD>tH.rXRtJ.,R{g< wtJ.,Rt*h>u’D;< rh>,upH;qXb.tDR’fvJ.I ,rh>pH;vXttJ.,R’D;wtJ.,R< ,rh>pH;vXtwtJ.,Rb.< ,rh>u’D;vXzd.o.cGgoXqHtcd.< ,rJmqS;vDRI ,rh>wpH;b.uhRtDRb.’D;t0Jrh>vXrk.ueDRoXqHtcd.,ymvDRwJmtoh.w*hRw-uX;b.I b.q.’D;,ub.pH;b.tDRoyS>uwX>vDRI/

-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReRxDysDRysJvDRpDwvd><bl;vXtH.rXRutJ.pD<xDysDRysJvDRwvd>y><bl;vXtH.rXRub.o;I odrk.zD{D>zD{D>zD

eD>odrk.zDoHuG>u’D;vXxg=wChR<=_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJR

eD>tH.rXRtuvk>wD<nDu.nDuH;tJ.jy.pD<

84


eD>tH.rXRtuvk>&R<nDu.nDuH;tJ.jy.eR<eD>tH.rXRrh>wtJ.eR<[JvXtHRrRuhR’D;,R<eD>tH.rXRrh>wtJ.pD<[JuhRvXtHRtJ.,RrD.I pDwcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

tcd. ,J>Iw>rRto;zJtqXuwD>tHRM.tH.rDvhvJRrRvdw>[JuhRwkR

vHI ‘D;tH.rDvhty>uG>tol.zD*H>zDbDvDR!GH;vDRbJpG.vJ.I w>rRto;vXt’J.eD>tH.rXRt*D>’fvJ.td.xD.0JvXto;uH>ylR’D;ol.ud>o;*DRe;e;uvJm’D;pH;b.tzdcGgtH.rDvh< ?zdcGg{X< vXoDM.ey>b.wdb.wJmvdmto;’D;eD>tH.rXRty>ow;’D;ytX.vDRtDvDRvdmyo;vXyu’D’d.vDRI‘D;vXeeD>qH;e*DRuhvhtcg,uH>Ckmepk’D;eD>tH.rXRvDRI cJtHRw>uDw>cJtd.xD.wrHRrHR{gI ,wxH.pduG>zsgb.< ‘D;w>’k;oh.ng,RvX,ol.zD*H>zDbDwz.vDR!GH;vDRbJow;’D;,qdurd.ew>tJ.wDub.ud>b.*DRwrHRrHRvDRI uwJmuwDRxD.eo;’D;vJRud;uhRtDRwuh>I cJueH.tHRevJRrRvdw>0HRe[JuhRwkRvH< ‘D;tqXuwD>b.ph>uD;vHvXeutd.’D;e’X;evD>vDRI/ ‘D;tH.rDvhty>wJtDR’fM.0HRuwJmuwDRxD.to;[H;xD.txX.t,.< tcsH.tys>tvXwz.’D;uVxD.te;’D;vJR0JqleD>tH.rXRttd.vDRI wcsK;pH.vDRvJRw>’H;b.M.ty>pH;b.tDR< ?zdcGg{X< euvJRw>qlusJql;uydRvdRvXrHRod.yS>vmtylRM.td.’D;w>yvD>ol.yvD>o;<w>ol.o’h.o;o’h.’D;vJRuG>vJRuG>wuh>I/ tH.rDvhvJRw>vXyS>rk>ueXtylRtd.’D;w>yvD>y’DvhRwk>vhRwDRvDRI vJRvJR0JwkRvX’d;wugt0h>w0h>xH.vdmto;’D;’d;wugw’ktw>ogutD.tDR’D;pH;0J’.<=

w>eXvXchoDySRoD<w>w-wHmrJw-wHmcD<

85

unDw>pH.CJRwJCJRwz.

putD.rkp.eRwrDI‘D;’d;wugvJRCDRqlttd.’fod;tupSDRM>tDRvDRI tH.rDvhwcDwysHR’d;wugb.’D;pH;qX0J<=

etd.vXyS>rk>tylR<td.ed;ySRusJySRuylR<ewbk;,csH.cd.xd;<ewbk;,ys>cd.xd;I

tH.rDvhzh.xD.tcsH.c;’d;wugwbsDCD’d;wugoH0J’.vDRI ‘d;wug[JCDRu’D;w’kc;oHuGHm0JySJRxD.vXEGH’kw’kvXcHuwX>w’ktHRr;vDRysHRvDRzk;’D;rh>’d;wugwlmrJ>t’d.uwX>t’kuwX>w’k[JxD.wbsDCDrk>rJmvDRu’kr;wuyR< tcd.w%ke>w&D;< tql.xD.b.wys>< trJvDRplmvDRpJRogutD.tDRvH;xD.trJvJRCDRqlttd.’D;tuvk>’d.uxgoGg,RxD.tpkogupSDRCDRtH.rDvhM.’D;tH.rDvhzh.xD.tcsH.< c;0JwbDtw>wvDRCHRb.I wbsDtHRw>uDvXtH.rDvht*D>vHI ‘d;wugw’kpSDRvDRw>bl;tuwkRCDR< td.wh>xJuymcd.olwbdvDRI tH.rDvhwXRuGHmtcsH.< xk;xD.te;< yJmwusKm’d;wugwbsDCDtw>wJmr;EGHulm’D;oH0JvDRI

tH.rDvhvJRu’D;qlngb.wded.u’D;vXw>’lw>CdR< ch,k>uDRusJ.EGH’kvXttD.wkmySRM.vDRI w>vD>zJM.ySRvJRw*RtD.uGHm< cH*RtD.uGHm0JwkR’.vJmusJwbdM.ySRvJRtcD.vD>td.[JuhRtcD.vD>wtd.vXRb.vDRI wkRtH.rDvhvJRwkRvXch,k>tyeJylR’D;ch,k>eXb.tpd’D;vlRxD.tDRunDRxD.wbsDCDu,J>q.zduD>zd’D;xd.zdvH.zdvXyS>ylRwz.trJmC>vDR’;< t,Dmu>Ch>woh[;wvJR< ysHRw>zk;w>< yS>’DwyS>ngM.bO.r;jyH;uvmvDRI tH.rDvhwcDto’HySJR*hRr;< to;M.td.’.*X>wyX>vDRIvXw>ol.’lo;’ltylR[H;xD.tcsH.< c;ch,k>vXt[JCh>CDRqlttd.w’kvXtql.b.r;wys>< tzH;wcDwD.r;wpD;usR’d.r;vDRI tH.rDvhc;wbDwvDRCHR< c;cHbDwvDRCHR< ys>vJREkmM>’.xJtql.tusg’D;qlngys>bdwEkmvXRb.< [gr>uGHmzJM.vDRI ch,k>[JCDRbl;xD.vH< pH.ySDRtH.rDvh

86


’D;zJM.tcgtH.rDvhwXRuGHmtcsH.tys>cV’H;cV’l;xk;xD.te;’D;yJmwusKm0JwbsDCDwJmEGHulm’D;oH0J’.vDRI wbsDtHRtH.rDvhrRoHuGHmw>’lw>CdRvXttd.wHmCmusJM.cJvXmow;’D;ySRvJRySRuhRw>vXusJwbdtHRwb.ysHRb.zk;< w>b.,d.b.bSDwtd.vXRb.I ‘D;t0JvJRb.uhRw>rkmrkmwkRtwkRvXeD>tH.rXRto0DwpkvDRI ‘fod;uwkRvXeD>tH.rXRttd.t*D>b.cDzsd’H;0Jo0DEGHzsX.ngM.vDRI b.q.’D; eD>tH.rXRtd.vXo0DzJvJ.wzsX.zsX.M.woh.ng0Jb.I wkRtvJRwkRvXo0DtcD.xH;wzsX.tylRM.rk.ueDRw*Rxgw>}uDR}uDRxH.CDRtDR’D;qdurd.0JvXto;uH>ylR<?ydmcGgw*RtHRvX*H>vXeD>,wxH.r;eDwbsDvJ.I urh>r;ySRvXxHwcDuD>wbh.vDRI/ tCdud;xD.0Jqlt[H.< zDxD.rhR{dRxH{dR’k;tD.tDR0HR’D;oHuG>tDR<=

ebVxD.’D;csH.’D;e;<euvJRqlvJ.wcGg<

tH.rDvhpH;qXtDR<=‘D;csH.’D;e;,bVxD.<,vJRqltH.rXRo0DI

ydmrk.M.pH;b.tDRvXeD>tH.rXRto0DM.td.’H;0JvXx;’D;pH.vDRvJRu’D;0JqlngvDRI

tH.rDvhvJRw>wkRo0Drk.ueDRxH.vDRtDR’D;ud;tD.rhRtDxH0HRtw>oHuG>tDR’fvXngw*Rtod;< ySJRxD.Cko0D’D;pH.vDRvJRu’D;0Jqlngwo0DM.rh>eD>tH.rXRto0DvDRI wkRtwkRvXo0DM.’D;rh>eD>tH.rXRt[H.zJvJ.wzsX.zsX.M.woh.ng0Jb.I ‘D;woh.ngph>uD;eD>tH.rXRty>b.I vJRvJR0Jbl;xD.’D;eD>tH.rXRty>M.b.vXtw>bs.csD.bs.qSgtcgtw>xH.vDRtDR’D;ud;xD.tDRqlt[H.vDRI ‘D;oHuG>tDR< ?euvJRqlvJ.zd’d.cGg< [JxD.td.ck.td.ub;tDxHtDedtD.obsK.oJ;o.rD.I/tH.rDvh[JxD.td.oud;tDRvDRI eD>tH.rXRty>uwdRuwdRw>’D;tH.rDvhM.wkRrk>xl.rk>Ch>‘D;tH.rDvhuG>xD.w>qlwuHRcd.xH.we>wzsX.’D;

87

unDw>pH.CJRwJCJRwz.

oHuG>0J< ?zgwH>{X< ewe>wqd*hRr;vJ.< ysJ,’huG>wxH.rD.I/ zgwH>pH;qXtDR< ?zd’d.{X< e’hrh>oh’D;’hoX.I ySR’hrh>oh’D;yue.rkmr;vDRI/ tH.rDvh[H;xD.twe>M.ow;’D;0HmxD.ok;xD.ok;vDR0JtysHR’D;’JuG>0J’.,>cD,>cD’D;’hxD.0J’.<=-uLReH.-uLRe.< -uLRe.e.{D>e.{D>eR<=

we>uH.vXxd.bSX.bSJwe>rh>rwRt0J<we>uH.vXxd.bSX.*DR<we>rh>rwR0JvD.I

eD>tH.rXRwcDtd.vX’X;ylR[H;xD.wChR’D;’hxD.0J’.<=pJ;nJ;nJ;{D>nJ;{D>nJ;

we>uH.vXxd.bSX.bSJ<we>tH.rDvht0J<we>uH.vXxd.bSX.*DR<we>tH.rDvh0JvDRI

wkREkRwpktH.rDvhbk;vDRtxX.ylRxk;xD.wChR0.wbd’D;[h.vDReD>tH.rXRty>< 0HR’D;tH.rXRy>uhREkmql’X;ylR’D;uhRCDRwJb.tzdrk.’D;pH;0J’.<?zdrk.{X< ySR[JwbsK;*R’hwe>wqdtHRwohb.I rhrh>t0Jw*RtHR’h0JohtCdurh>r;ySRt0JtHRvXy>tJ.wDM>eR< uH>CkmpkvXeRM.vDRI zDtD.,kRtxd.tqDtrhRtxH< zDtDRrh>*hRwuh>/I tzdrk.wcD*JRqXxX.vXw>ol.cko;ck< w>ol.rkmo;rkm’D;w>ol.zSHo;nDtylR[H;xD.[kbk.[ko;wX>oyXR’D;ohpH>xD.[kzDxD.rhR{dRxH{dRvDRI ud;xD.u’D;xd.zdqDzdjyK<jyK< jyKbSJ.vDR0Jtq.tw>bSgr;vXtDR< uG>0JvXtrd>ueDzgysdwbh.cHbh.< zDtD.whRtD.0HR< cGJ;vDRM>0JtH.rDvhtrhRtxH*hR*hRb.b.vXobH.vDcDtylR< ySJR’D;w>tD.w>tD< xd.w0HqDwysDm0HR’D;ty>wcDwJb.tH.rDvh< ?zd’d.cGg{X< ewcGgrRvDRrhR{dRxH{dRvXe*D>0HRvHI vJRtD.wuh>Iw>uo.0HRvHeo;oX.I/ ‘D;tH.rDvh[H;xD.we>’D;’hxD.u’D;0J<=

88


-uLReH.-uLRe.< -uLRe.e.{D>e.{D>e.cGJ;vDRrhR0gtcd.Ch<eD>wtD.pDtD.woh<cGJ;vDRrhR0guzDvD<eD>wtD.pDtD.wvDRI

tH.rDvh’hxD.we>0HR’D;eD>tH.rXRty>wcDrXtzdrk.vJRtD.CkmrhRcH*RM.vDRI tD.rhR0HR’D;uhRtd.0Jw*RvXtvD>w*RvXtvD>vDRI wkRrk>qh.xD.’D;eD>tH.rXRty>ysd.vDRbkysd.vDR[k< ‘dxD.oH;< zDxD.rhR’D;rX0JydmcGgM.vJRtd.ymvXySR’X;C>CXRwzsX.vDRI tD.0Jrl;weHRCD0HR’D;qSXEkmuhR0JydmcGgM.qlydmrk.t’X;ylRweRCDvDRI

xDysDRzDwcDrh>ydmcGgvXt*H>ql.bgql.xJuqDwH>w’ktd.’D;twHRoud;ydmcGgt*RoXqHvDRI wkRte>[lvXeD>tH.rXRzsDto;M.to;wrkmb.’D;vJRwkRph>uD;0JwbsDCDvDRI t0Juul.usDul.qJ;tH.rDvhvX’X;zDvmzJtrH0JM.vDRI eD>tH.rXRbk.ymxd;zgEGH’kvDRI ty>wcDrH0J’.vXo.vmylRvDRI bl;vXySRurHtqXuwD>M.xDysDRzDvJRCDRqlySR’X;zDvm<upDRw>oGJ;oGJ;’fw>bs.tod;< xd;xH.tDR’D;xd;ogykmxD.[k;[k;vDRI eD>tH.rXRty>wcDrRoD.xD.tuvk>tCdxDysDRzDxH.CDRtDR’D;[;uGHm0JvDRI w>weRM.xDysDRzD[J0JcJtHRcJtHRoDweRusXRvDRI wkRxd;ogykmxD.’D;eD>tH.rXRty>rRoD.xD.tuvk>ud;bsD’J;ph>uD;vDRI wkRrk>qh.xD.qDtd.tdxD.ySR*JRxX.zDrhRzDxH’D;tH.rDvhtd.vX’X;zdylRuG>w>vXtuydmuyR< uG>vDRph>uD;w>ql’X;cd.’X;zDvmwxH.w>’lw>CdRtcD.vD>eDwylRb.tCdoHuG>eD>tH.rXRtrd>M.<=

xd;ogykmjcK;b.rkRvJ.<‘X;zDvmw>vD>w[J<xd;ogykmjcK;b.vJ.cGg<‘X;zDvmw>vD>wcgI

89

unDw>pH.CJRwJCJRwz.

tw>wJqXtDR<=eD>tH.rXRpDRtH.rDvh<ql[H.qlCDeb.uhR<eD>tH.rXRpDRtH.vhr;<ql[H.qlCDeb.cgI

‘ftvk>tv>td.0J’.tod;tH.rDvhzsDto;0HRub.rH0J’.zJtrHRyS>t’X;M.EGHeRb.q.rh>vXt’k.t‘gtd.0JtCdtd.0Jwohb.I eD>tH.rXRuwdRw>’D;t0RtH.rDvhM.pH;0J< ?ydmcGgo;bd{X< cJ*DRudm*DR*DRrfeuuhRwuh>IeuhRrh>w*DRb.’D;xDysDRzDvlRySRucsK;’D;urRoHySRvDRI ewcsK;[J’H;b.tcg,b.ud>b.*DRvXxDysDRzDw*RtHRtCde;r;< urR,RvXtrg< rX,uJtrg’D;[Jtd.oud;,RwvD>vD>wvD>vD>< rXySR[Jwvd>,RwvD>vD>wvD>vD>’D;,wrR’D;tDRb.I t0Jol.xD.o;[h,RvDRI cJ*DRudmuhR*DR*DR,uydmecHvDRI/ rk>wcsK;qh.’H;b.M.eD>tH.rXRzDrhRbd.rhR0HR0HxD.pdmxD.w>bd.w>pSXR’Drg0RcH*RM.’D;uhR0JvDRI w>rkmo,k>wtd.vXRb.I t0Joh.uhR0Jrk>qh.M>tDRvXusJ’D;xd.uH.xH.vDR’D;xd.uH.ud;<xd.uH.-w;< vDyd>vDzs;w>[lb.u’D;vXxDysDRzDte>’D;xDysDRzDoHuG>u‘D;tysJ>oXqH*RM.vDRI tysJ>wz.pH;b.tDRwohwb.eDw*Rb.’D;eD>odrk.zDoh.ngM>tw>oHuG>’D;pH;b.uhRtDRvXxgwChRtylR’ftHR<=

_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJReD>tH.rXRt0RuhRud;<[;xD.0Jxd.uH.zdud;<eD>tH.rXRt0RuhR[;<vDrd>zs;olxd.uH.-w;<eD>tH.rXRt0RuhRpdm<vDrd>zs;olxd.uH.ud;I pDwcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

wkRrh>xDysDRzDoh.ngvXtH.rDvhuhRpdmvHeD>tH.rXRvH’D;*JRqX

90


xX.ud;xD.tchwH>ySRcGgoXqH*RM.’D;pH;0J< ?ysJ>*dRrD.cGgoh.{X< cJtHRuVxD.bDuVxD.e;< [H;xD.csH.[H;xD.ys>’D;vXud;*R’J;wuh>I yub.vlRrRM>uhReD>tH.rXRvXtH.rDvhtpkylRvDRI/ ‘D;tchtySRtysJ>tbD.oXqH*RM.ol;ys>wz.weDR< uVbDuVe;weDR< rhrh>xDysDRzDwcDuVxD.tbDuqDwbh.< tue.eD,mv.< uV0JCD>Cd>CD>< CD>CD>0HR’D;wJb.t*dRrD.wz.M.vXtuwDRto;0HRvH{g< ‘D;[H;M>uGJRye>eXR*RzsX.*RzsX.0HR[;xD.0J< tlxD.uGJR’D;vJRvlRtH.rDvhvDRI wcsK;pH.vDRvlR’H;tH.rDvhM.uhRxD.uvd;ypD>xD.trd>0HR’D;vlR0JwbsDCDvDRI trd>M.}wDtDR’ftHR<=

tH.rDvhySRzsJ.ySRcV<xDysDRzDvlRv>w*hR<tH.rDvhySRzsJ.ySRqSg<xDysDRzDvlRv>b.’;I

xDysDRzDwJqXtrd><=w>ql.uqDwH>rh>,R<tH.rDvh,uvlRrR<w>ql.uqDwH>rh>pD<tH.rDvh,uvlR’D;<eD>odrk.zDph>uD;}wDtDRoyS>yS>’D;Chun;tDRvXtokwrR’fM.

w*hR< rh>rR0JoemuhweXRb.< rh>vXtH.rDvhvJRrRvdto;vXvD’D;tw>zsJ.M>tDRwuh>vDRI eD>odrk.zDpH;b.tDRvXxgwChR’ftHR<=

_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJRtH.rDvhySRzsJ.ySRcV<qd.tDRvXchtD.w*hR<tH.rDvhySRzsJ.ySRqSg<qd.tDRvXchtD.b.’;I xDysDRzD{D>zD{D>zD

xDysDRzDwJqXeD>odrk.zDvXxgwe><= -uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReR}wD,Rw*hRodrk.zD<

,rh>oHvXeD>tCd<[D.,Rw*hRrd>o;bd<,rh>oHvXeD>Cdr;<[D.,Rw*hRrd>bdo;I

91

unDw>pH.CJRwJCJRwz.

tH.rDvhpupd>tDR<odrk.zD}wD,Rb.’;<tH.rDvhpupd>r;I odrk.zD{D>zD{D>zD

xDysDRzDtrd>’D;eD>odrk.zDwJtDRb.q.wue.0Jb.I ud;xD.tysJ>oXqHpdmxD.’D;tuGJRz;’d.< tcsH.z;’d.< tys>z;’d.< tbDz;’d.’D;vJRvlReD>tH.rXRvDRI tH.rDvh’D;trguhR0J’.wkRvXupX>twDRvdRqh.eDRtd.bSH;td.og0JtcgxDysDRzDwcDvlRtDRwkRupX>cD.xH;tlxD.tuGJRz;’d.[lxD.yX>vXupX>’Dcd.’D;tH.rDvhp;uG>trgvXxgwe><=

-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReRuGJRtl%l>[JoD.r*DR<uGJRtl%l>qlvJ.wcD<uGJRtl%l>[JoD.rqg<uGJRtl%l>qlvJ.wyRI eD>tH.rXR{D>rXR{D>rXR

eD>tH.rXRwJqXvXxgwChR<=_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJR

uGJRtl%l>[JoD.r*DR<e’goXqHtd.pd>pD<uGJRtl%l>[JoD.rqg<e’goXqHtd.pd>eRI tH.rDvh{D>vh{D>vh

tH.rDvhp;uG>u’D;vXxgwe><= -uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReRuGJRtl%l>[JoD.r*DR<rh>u.eRySRqSXySRrD.<uGJRtl%l>[JoD.rqg<rh>u.eRySRvJRqSXySRI eD>tH.rXR{D>rXR{D>rXR


uGJRtl%l>[JoD.r*DR<

92


‘gxDysDRzDvlRySRvDR<uGJRtl%l>[JoD.rqg<‘gxDysDRzD[JvlRySRI tH.rDvh{D>vh{D>vh

tH.rDvho;xD.trg’D;wJqXtrgvXxgwe><=-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReR

,’goXqHtd.pd>pD<rh>eD>tH.rXRtoH.zD<,’goXqHtd.pd>,R<rh>eD>tH.rXRtoH.0RI eD>tH.rXR{D>rXR{D>rXR

eD>tH.rXRwcDue.wrkmph>uD;b.< uDRto;’D;pH;qX0JvXxgwChR<=_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJR

w>tHRrh>zDtd.v>eR<xDysDRzDuJvXe’g<w>tHRrh>zDtd.v>pD<uJvXe’gxDysDRzDI tH.rDvh{D>vh{D>vh

tH.rDvhp;uG>u’D;vXxgwe><= -uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReRxDysDRzDrh>[JvlRySR<rh>u.eRuvJRqSXySR<xDysDRzDrh>[JvlR{D><rh>u.eRuqSXySRrD.I eD>tH.rXR{D>rXR{D>rXR

eD>tH.rXRpH;qXvXxgwChR<= _cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJRwrh>xDysDRqSXySRb.<rh>csK;ySRurRoHySR<wrh>xDysDRqSXySR{D><rh>csK;ySRurRoHvDRI tH.rDvh{D>vh{D>vh

wkREkRwpktH.rDvh’D;eD>tH.rXRuhRu’D;0JqlngvDRI uhR0JwcDcDuGJRtoD.bl;xD.wpJ;pJ;’D;eD>tH.rXRto;tk;o;ysHRw>e;e;uvJmvDRI xDysDRzDvlR

93

unDw>pH.CJRwJCJRwz.

tDRbl;xD.bl;xD.uG>pdtH.rDvhzsgvXysD’d.cd.tcX.o;’D;xDysDRzDxk;xD.tuGJRtlxD.0JwcDcDChuhReD>tH.rXRvXtH.rDvhuhRpdmtDRM.vDRI Ch0JvXxgwe>tylR’ftHR<= -uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReR

pDRtH.rDvhtH.rDvh<eD>tH.rXReb.[h.uhR<pDRtH.rDvhtH.rD{g<eD>tH.rXReb.[h.,RI tH.rDvh{D>vh{D>vh

tH.rDvhwJqXvXxgwe><= -uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReReD>tH.rXR,ykR,zD<nDu.nDuH;[h.jy.vD.<eD>tH.rXRuJvX,rg<nDu.nDuH;w[h.eR<eD>tH.rXR,ykR,rg<ChvXRw*hR*dRrD.cGgI xDysDRzD{D>zD{D>zD

eD>tH.rXRwcDto;ud>tlud>oG;td.wohqd;wb.vXRb.’D;oHuG>t0RtH.rDvhtw>u’D;rR0JvXxgwChR’ftHR<=_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJR

eD>w*ReD>oXqHng<pDtH.rDvhb.eXR{g<cGgw*RcGgoXqH{D><pDtH.rDvhb.eXRuD;<csH.wbh.csH.oXqHng<tH.rDvheueXR{gI tH.rDvh{D>vh{D>vh

tH.rDvhwJqXvXxg=we><= -uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReRpDcsH.x;oHys>rh>vD<xDysDRzD,wysHRtDR<pDcsH.x;oHys>vDr;<‘goXqH,wysHRb.<

94


eD>tH.rXRo;ysHRw*hR<[JuhRydm,cH*hR*hR<o;ysHRw*hReD>vd.bd<ydm,cH[JuhRvdRvdRI eD>tH.rXR{D>rXR{D>rXR

xDysDRzDvlRtH.rDvhtzXrk>vX[H.vXCDwcDeD>odrk.zDb.ud>b.*DRol.tk;o;tk;0JvXtH.rDvhurRoHb.zk;xDysDRzD’D;toud;wz.vDRI ‘D;eD>odrk.zDpH;b.toud;ydmrk.wz.M.vXtub.vlRuhRxDysDRzDvDRI yrh>wvlRuhRb.’D;uoH*DR0JvXyS>rk>ylRusJqX.usJwDRvDRI wkREkRwbsDeD>odrk.zD’D;tysJ>oXqH[H;xD.[ko;weDR< rhRbd.weDR’D;vlR0JoXeHRvJRusJ’D;xH.pdCDRxDysDRzDvXysDcX.o;’D;eD>odrk.zDxk;xD.wChRrR0JvXxg’ftHR<

_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJRvlRvXRw*hRxDysDRzD<tH.rDvhySRzsJ.’D;vD<xDysDRzDvlRvXRw*hR<tH.rDvhySRzsJ.ySRcVI xDysDRzD{D>zD{D>zD

eD>odrk.zDvlRun;uhRxDysDRzDb.q.tw>wue.tDRb.< ymudRto;rRuh.te>’D;vlR’H;tH.rDvhvDRI tH.rDvhuhR0J’D;bl;vXxDysDRzDucsK;tDRM.eD>tH.rXRuGHmvDRuoH.rh.tl’D;xDysDRzDxkuz.w>tl’D;tl0J’ftHR<=

rh.z;’d.tlzG;tlzG;<rh.z;’d.vDRr>wzG;I

‘D;rh.z;’d.vDRyHmuGHmwbsDCDvJR0JrkmrkmvDRI xDysDRzDb.,d.0JvXt*dRrD.cGgto;u[;*DRb.zk;M.uwdRql.xD.t*dRrD.to;vXxgwe>’ftHR<=

-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReRo;bSH;w*hR*dRrD.cGg<eD>tH.rXRyucsK;r;<[;*DRw*hRpDR*dRrD.<eD>tH.rXRyucsK;tDRI

eD>tH.rXRyucsK;tDR<eD>tH.rXRuJyoH.zD<eD>tH.rXRyrh>csK;r;<eD>tH.rXRuJyoH.rgI *dRrD.cGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

95

unDw>pH.CJRwJCJRwz.

eD>odrk.zDwcDvlRun;’H;xDysDRzDoyS>yS>< xH.pdtDRvXt,HRvXysDz;vJ>tylR’D;Chun;0JvXxg=wChRu’D;vDRI

_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJRvlRvXRw*hRxDysDRzD<euoHb.vXusJwDR<xDysDRzDvlRvXRw*hR<euoHvXusJo&hRI xDysDRzD{D>zD{D>zD

tH.rDvh’D;trguhRuhR0J’D;uG>pdw>qlng< xH.udRusduDRusdtd.zsgpdvH’D;xDysDRzDvlRtDRucsK;vDRI eD>tH.rXRuGHmvDRu’D;uoH.wRq+.’D;xDysDRzDxk;xD.tw>tl’D;tl0J<=

wRq+.’d.tlzG;tlzG;<wRq+.’d.vDRr>wzG;I

wRq+.wRrJ[gr>uGHm0J’D;xDysDRzDvlRu’D;qlngrkmrkmvDRI ‘D;eD>tH.rXRwcDto;wck.b.< to;ud>vXtuwkRb.zk;vXxDysDRzDtpkylR’D;ysHRw>e;e;uvJmvDRI qdurd.0JvXto;< ,0Rw*R{dRvDR< ySR0JwcDcsH.oXqHbh.< ,0RrRueXR’fvJ.I xDysDRzDvlRtDRbl;xD.vH< ucsK;tDRvDRI eD>tH.rXRuGHmvDRu’D;uoH.yD.vJ.’D;xDysDRzDxk;xD.tw>tl’D;tl0J’D;yD.vJ.vDRr>uGHm0JvDRI xDysDRzDvlRtH.rDvhucsK;wh>’D;eD>odrk.zDvlRun;tDRvXxg=wChRtylRvDRI

_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJRpDxDysDRzDxDysDRzD<tH.rXR’D;,R’fod;od;<eD>tH.rXReD>odrk.zD<yrh>ydmrk.’fod;od;<weH.tHRySRuzsDySR<,R’D;eRtcgb.r;I pDwcGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

xDysDRzDwkRte>[lb.eD>odrk.zDtw>uwdRtxgwz.’D;pH;0J< ?CJoJrk.

96


w*RtHR[JvlR,Rrh>urRt0RvX,R< ,rRvXt0RuuJ{gI wrRb.I,uvlR’.eD>tH.rXRwkRtM>wbsDvDRI/ ‘D;t0JrRM>uhReD>odrk.zDvXxgwe>vDRI=-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReR

vlR,Rw*hRodrk.zD<rRqlngtD.qlngvDR<ySR’feRrh>uJ,rg<,uoltDRvXrwR<

wbsDtHRtH.rDvh’Drd0RcH*RuhRwkRvXudReHRuDReHRvDRI ‘D;tH.rDvhp;trgvXxgwe>tylR’ftHR<=

-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReRtH.rXRrRvduyDRusg<‘fuyDRod;vJRoh{g<tH.rXRvJRrRvduyDR<vJR’fuyDRb.ohuD;I eD>tH.rXR{D>rXR{D>rXR


vJRrRvdw>vXuyDR<‘fod;uyDRpH.qD;qD;<vJRrRvdw>uyDRusg<‘fuyDRod;pH._zg_zgI tH.rDvh{D>vh{D>vh

tH.rDvhoHuG>trg< ?evJRrRvdw>vXuyDRM.ew0Hb.vk.{dReJ{dRb.{gI/ trgpH;qXtDR< ?,0HrXRI/ tH.rDvhpH;< ?*hRvH< rhrh>’fM.’D;xk;xD.evk.cl.M.wuh>I/ eD>tH.rXRxk;xD.tvk.wcl.< xk;qS.vDR0J’fod;u*musdRusduDRusd’D;pXCm0JvXys>’H;cH< ymxD.ys>M.vXcsH.tvdR‘D;tH.rDvhc;CDR0JqludRusduDRusdt0>b;cDvDRI eD>tH.rXRrXt0R*mvXng’D;t0J*m

ySR’feRrh>uJ,zD<,uoltDRrwRvD.<ySR’feR,wrR{D><uhRuhReJql[H.qlCDI

odrk.zD{D>zD{D>zD

97

unDw>pH.CJRwJCJRwz.

cl.*mcl.uhR0JvXcHvDRI *m0JvX0>b;cDwkRwbsDCDxDysDRzDwkRph>uD;vXtvD>M.vDRI eD>tH.rXRwbsDtHRo;ck‘d.r;vDRI wkREkRwbsDxDysDRzDwJxD.0J<

Cd.vdm’D;uDRvdmvDRqJ;<tH.rDvhcsK;ysmeRvJ.<Cd.vdm’D;uDRvdmqJ;vDR<tH.rDvhcsK;ysmeRvD.I

b.q.’D;xDysDRzDt*dRrD.cGgwz.to;okw[;*DRw*hRM.wJql.xD.0Jto;vXxgwe>’ftHR<=-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReR

*dRrD.cGg{X< [Jjy;jy;<eD>tH.rXRyucsK;r;<*dRrD.cGg{X< [Jqdqd<bl;uwkRvDRudRuDRusd<*dRrD.cGg{X< [Jql.ql.<udRuDRusdM.bl;uwkR<udR’D;uDRtw>vDRqJ;<

xDysDRzDvlRtH.rDvhwkRvDRvXudRusduDRusdteHR’D;xH.pdCDRtH.rDvhvXxH0>b;cD’D;vJR0JwohvXRb.I zJM.tH.rDvhpH;b.trg< ?xDysDRzDvlReRM.rRM>tw>tD.w>tDwuh>I ,uc;CDRM>tDRvDRI/ trgrRM>w>tD.w>tD’D;c;CDRM>xDysDRzDql0>b;cDM.wkR0J’.’D;xDysDRzDtD.0J’.’D;tysJ>zdysJ>vHR’D;rR0JvXxgwe>’ftHR<=

-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReRysJ>zdysJ>vHRtD.w;w;<eD>tH.rXRo;td.’H;,R<ysJ>zdysJ>vHRtD.CD;CD;<eD>tH.rXRo;td.’H;pDI *dRrD.cGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

eD>tH.rXRyucsK;eJm<tw>vDRqJ;udR’D;uDR<eD>tH.rXRyucsK;tDR<eD>tH.rXRyrh>csK;tDR<eD>tH.rXRuJyoH.zD<eD>tH.rXRyrh>csK;r;<eD>tH.rXRuJyoH.rgI

*dRrD.cGg{D>cGg{D>cGg

98


wkRxDysDRzDtD.w>tDw>’D;tysJ>wz.0HR’D;rRtd.CDRtH.rDvhvXxgwe>’ftHRvDR<=

-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReRtH.rDvherh>ysHR,R<eD>tH.rXR[h.vDRuhR,R<tH.rDvherh>ysHRpD<eD>tH.rXR[h.vDRuhRpD<eD>tH.rXRew[h.,R<

tH.rDvhwJqXtDRvXxg=we><=-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReReD>tH.rXRrh>r;,rg<,[h.vDReRwuJb.<eD>tH.rXR,ykR,zD<,[h.vDReRwuJ{D><,[h.vDReRwuJb.<

xDysDRzDwJxD.u’D;vXxg=we><=-uLReR< -uLReR< -uLReR

eD>tH.rXRew[h.,R<csH.z;’d.,uc;eR<eD>tH.rXRew[h.vDR<csH.z;’d.,c;eR{D><olxD.csH.’d;xD.ys>bD<tH.rDvh,c;eR{D><olxD.csH.’d;xD.ys>0g<tH.rDvh,c;rDReRI tH.rDvh{D>vh{D>vh

csH.z;’d.puc;eR<tH.rDvhpuc;eR<zJvJ.ylRylReJ.vDR,R<tH.rDvhpuc;tDR<zJvJ.ylRylRuc;pDI

tH.rDvh{D>vh{D>vh

c;tph.c;txGJc;<xDysDRzDuG>vXuc;<c;uydmc;uyRc;<xDysDRzDeuc;pD<uG>vXeo;c;uG>tDRI

xDysDRzD{D>zD{D>zD

99

unDw>pH.CJRwJCJRwz.

wbsDtHRxDysDRzDzh.xD.tcsH.c;pdtH.rDvhyl;yl;’D;tcsH.z;’d.M.c;0JwbDwbDoD.r;wkmvkmvkmvkm< z.url.ck.vHvl< ySRwxH.w>eDwrHRvXRb.I tH.rDvhrh>ySRvXtzsJ.’fvDtod;< ow;’D;ok;uGHmto;wpJ;ys>wvJRb.tDReDwbh.b.I b.vXcsX.z;’d.vXxHuX>eHRwxH;M.tupX>ydmuGHmwuyR‘D;rk>CgcsX.wcDeHRxD.vXcsX.cH[D[D[D[DvDRIxDysDRzDtcsH.c;0Jtys>vJRwcVxJod;tH.rDvhtup>zsJ.b.tCd< rRtH.rDvhueXR0J’fvJ.I rk>CgcsX.uwdRw>’fM.xDysDRzDe>[lto;xD.c;yoH;csX.wxH;M.td.pJbl;xJys>vDRI

ys>xJcsD.xlxJcsD.xl<pD>vDRvXudR0>uql;<ys>xJcsD.xlxJcsD.r;<pD>vDRvXudR0>wqG;I

xDysDRzDtd.cd;0JwkRz.url.ck.vDR,h>ow;’D;xH.tH.rDvh’D;trg[;’.tw>vXxH0>b;cDM.wb.w>eDwrHRb.I rhrh>eD>odrk.zDwcDvlRydmxDysDRzDtcH’D;pH;b.tDRvXxgwChR’ftHRvDRI=

_cJRiJR< _cJRiJR< _cJRiJRodrk.*hR*hRtH.rXR*hR<odrk.uJtH.rXRyk>’h<odrk.0g0gtH.rXR0g<odrk.uJtH.rXRyk>’gI xDysDRzD{D>zD{D>zD

xDysDRzDe>[lw>uwdRM.wbsDCD< to;xD.&R’D;pH;tDR<=eD>uysD>{>uysD>{><tH.rDvhM.,uvlRrR<wbsDbsDerRwHmwm,R<cHbsDbsDerRwHmwm,R<oD.vXReudm’fM.w*hR<,vD>cHM.vlRvXRw*hRI odrk.zD{D>zD{D>zD

100


wbsDtHRtH.rDvhoHuG>u’guhRxDysDRzD’D;pH;0J<=cGgoXqHtcd.rh>eR<xDysDRzDpuc;eR<cGgoXqHtcd.eR{D><puc;eRxDysDRzD<pDcsH.x;oHys>x;eg<

xDysDRzDpH;qXtDR<=evD’D;ecsH.wdRyR<c;tph.c;txGJc;<evD’D;ecsH.vDRvh<c;tph.*hRtxGJ*hRI tH.rDvh{D>vh{D>vh

wkREkRwpktH.rDvhuc;xDysDRzD’D;pH;0J<=pDRvJRrRvdw>vXvD<xDysDRzDpuc;tDR<pDRvJRrRvdw>vDusg<xDysDRzDpuc;eR<xDysDRzDpuc;tDR<puc;to;egyS>vDR<pDRvJRrRvdw>vDusg<eo;egyS>uc;r;I xDysDRzD{D>zD{D>zD

xDysDRzDpH;qXu’D;<=xDysDRzDtHR,RtHR,R<ql.’D;uqDrh>rDR,R<evD’D;ecsH.wdRyR<c;tph.c;txGJc;<od;xD.CD;bh.bDEGHxX<

xDysDRzDokwwR,R<xDysDRzDpuc;eR<xX.vDR*DRvDRymeo;<xDysDRzDpuc;vDR<xX.vDR*DRvDReo;{D>I

xDysDRzD{D>zD{D>zD

101

unDw>pH.CJRwJCJRwz.

tH.rDvhc;up>oX.I tH.rDvh{D>vh{D>vhwbsDtHRtH.rDvhzh.xD.tcsH.c;CDRcs;uemys>vJRw>wh>r;vHvHvHvH’D;b.xDysDRzDt[XzXz;’d.ysLmuvm< wbXw0>ys>twuhRb.’D;xDysDRzDwxJ;xD.0Jb.< ‘k;eJ.tysJ>wz.’D;pH;0J< ?w>tHRoHM>yS>M>ySRuoh{gI/ys>M.[l;’.wJ;wJ;weJ;eJ;vDRI tH.rDvhwcDc;ySR0HRvJRxD.qlupX>wkRvXt’Dcd.ue.vDRpd0J’D;pH;0J’.<=

ys>bDrh>wkRvXwuhR<xDysDRzDeuvR*hR<ys>bDrh>wkRtz;zD<xDysDRzDeuvRvDR<

tH.rDvhtys>M.0;wJ;wJ;< wJ;wJ;*HmvDRto;,HmxD.,dmxD.’D;b.xDysDRzD,HmxD.qgxD.< ‘D;rXtysJ>xk;xD.b.q.xk;xD.0JwM>b.wkRxDysDRzDoHwpkvDRI eD>odrk.zD[JwkR’D;toud;rk.oXqH*RuG>xDysDRzDtpd.’D;rR0JwohvXRb.I wJvdmto;xJrk.ueDRzd.o.cGgwu&XM.[H;xD.ys>*RzH;*RzH;’D;xJ;xD.ys>M.vDRCHRqJ;xlcHud;*R’J;vDRI ‘ftvktv>td.0Jtod;<t0Joh.uk>CdpDrh.uGHmxDysDRzDtpd.< [lxD.[d.xD.’D;rRM>0JtxgEGHeHREGHeR0HR’D;tw>rRuwX>0J’.vDRI

eD>odrk.zDwcDpH;b.t*dRrD.rk.*dRrD.cGgCkqH*RM.vXtwuhRvXRb.I uvJRydmtH.rDvhtcHM.vDRI ‘D;rXt0Joh.uhRu’guhR’D;uG>uhRoH.zdck;zd’D;wJ,kRtrd>ty>wz.vXw>rRto;t*h>tusdRwz.M.vDRI0HR‘D;wJu’D;0JvXtwuhRvXRb.t*h>M.rh>vXtqdtz;vXt*D>wtd.vXRb.I t*h>‘ftHR< ol.uho;yS>wz.usJRym0JvXtuxD.yS>’D;xDysDRzDwkRbkvXmck;wkmM.wvXxD.ySJRxD.b.tCdvDRI

wkRySRuhRu’guhRvXm’D;eD>odrk.zDtd.wh>w*R{dR[D.ud;[D.ud;0J’D;wkReD>tH.rXRe>[leD>odrk.zD[D.’D;o;unDRb.0J’D;rXt0RvJRpd>uhRtDR0HR’D;uhR0J’.oX*RvDRI tH.rDvhuhRwkRvX[H.’D;tH.rDvhty>xH.CDR’D;ud;trg’D;pH;0J< ?yzdcGg[JuhRpdmM>y’J.cH*R*hReD>r;vDRI rReJvXe’J.

ys>bDrh>wkRvXw’H;<xDysDRzDrfeuoH<ys>bDrh>wkRtz;zD<xDysDRzD0;,JR0;,DRI

102


w*R’D;,J,urRvX,’J.w*RvDRI ‘D;tH.rDvhtrd>ty>ol.cko;ckvXtzdcGg[JuhRwkRuhRvXttd.tCd< ty>tD.uhRrl;tD.uhRyGJuH>uhR0JtpktcD.td.CkmuhR0JxGJb.xGJb.vDRI

tH.rDvhtrd>wcDrXt’J.cH*RM.xgo}wDRuG>x.’D;tw>xgo}wDR0JvDRI eD>odrk.zDwcDxgx.weHRyJuGHm0Jtbh.oXqHoXqHvDRI rhrh>eD>tH.rXRwcDxg0JwuJxD.’H;wbh.b.< ‘D;tx.M.wvJRz;zD‘H;b.<‘D;trHRyS>qdurd.0JvXt’J.eD>tH.rXRw*hRb.I wJ0JvXtw>rRw>wcVb.< wuJb.’D;uX.0JvDRI ‘D;ul.oHuGHmt’J.eD>tH.rXR’fod;turRuhRt’J.vXeD>odrk.zDM.vDRI wkRtul.oH0J0HReD>odrk.zDwcDwJtDR<=

tH.rXRrh>oHo’.,R<wuHRwX.,qS.w0;<tH.rXRrh>oHo’.zD<wuHRwX.qS.w0;vD.I

zJtrHRyS>ydmrk.uxguhRx.vXeD>tH.rXRtvD>tcgrXeD>odrk.zDpdmxD.pXRx.M.’D;pdmxD.0JwM>b.’D;eD>odrk.zDwJtDR<=

tH.rXRxk;ohuyDRvkR<ySRbk;vXtvD>wwkR<tH.rXRxk;ohuyDR,JR<ySRbk;vXtvD>wuJI

wkREkRwpktrHRyS>oh.ng0JvXt’J.eD>tH.rXRtw>zH;w>rRM.ySRrRvXtvD>wwkmwuJeDw*Rb.‘D;oh.nguhR0JvXtrRur.w>vHow;’D;ol.tk;o;tk;< ‘k.rhR’k.xHwkRvXtu0H>oHwcDvDRI

tH.rDvhty>rk>CgwcD[JvDR’D;rRorlxD.uhRt’J.M.0HRuH>uhR0JtpktcD.’D;’k;td.*hRtd.b.uhR0JwylRCDxGJb.xGJb.ud;’Hud;*R’J;cJvXm’D;xD.zdvdRvHRtd.rkmtd.ck.b.uhR0Jud;*R’J;vDRI

103

unDw>pH.CJRwJCJRwz.

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Karen folklore draft - Drum Homepagedrumpublications.org/download/folklore.pdf · II...

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Transcript of Karen folklore draft - Drum Homepagedrumpublications.org/download/folklore.pdf · II...