Kanzi used symbols to represent objects and actions
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Transcript of Kanzi used symbols to represent objects and actions
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1. Describe how Kanzi’s communication skills fulfill
each of the four critical properties of language. 1. Describe how Kanzi’s communication skills fulfill
each of the four critical properties of language. • Kanzi used symbols to represent
objects and actions• He and the psychologists
understood a shared semantic system (“meanings”)
• He generated thousands of combinations (many of them spontaneous)
• He seemed to follow grammar rules, and understood how word order changed the meaning of a sentence
• Kanzi used symbols to represent objects and actions
• He and the psychologists understood a shared semantic system (“meanings”)
• He generated thousands of combinations (many of them spontaneous)
• He seemed to follow grammar rules, and understood how word order changed the meaning of a sentence
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2. Summarize Steven Pinker’s argument for
the evolutionary basis of human language. 2. Summarize Steven Pinker’s argument for
the evolutionary basis of human language. • Language is a species-specific
trait produced by natural selection
• Communication has adaptive value
• A small advantage to survival can increase that trait in populations in a relatively short amount of time (by evolutionary standards)
• Language is a species-specific trait produced by natural selection
• Communication has adaptive value
• A small advantage to survival can increase that trait in populations in a relatively short amount of time (by evolutionary standards)
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Behaviorist Theories
Behaviorist Theories
• Skinner (1957)• Claims language is acquired
through imitation, reinforcement, and other conditioning principles
• When language and syntax are understood, children are understood and gets what they need (rewarded)
• Skinner (1957)• Claims language is acquired
through imitation, reinforcement, and other conditioning principles
• When language and syntax are understood, children are understood and gets what they need (rewarded)
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Nativist Theories Nativist Theories• Noam Chomsky (1959, 1965)• Children have an inborn propensity
to develop language • They learn the rules of language,
not specific verbal responses• Humans are equipped with a
language acquisition device – innate process that facilitates the learning of language
• Language development is similar across very different cultures
• Noam Chomsky (1959, 1965)• Children have an inborn propensity
to develop language • They learn the rules of language,
not specific verbal responses• Humans are equipped with a
language acquisition device – innate process that facilitates the learning of language
• Language development is similar across very different cultures
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Interactionist TheoriesInteractionist Theories
• Biology and experience both make important contributions to language development
• Language is part of cognitive development
• Social communication plays a large role
• Emergentist theories examine the growth of neural networks that emerge in response to experience
• Biology and experience both make important contributions to language development
• Language is part of cognitive development
• Social communication plays a large role
• Emergentist theories examine the growth of neural networks that emerge in response to experience
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4. What evidence did B. L. Whorf present to
support the linguistic relativity hypothesis? 4. What evidence did B. L. Whorf present to
support the linguistic relativity hypothesis? • One’s language determines
the nature of one’s thought
• Based on observation, he claimed that Eskimo language had many words for snow, and thus they perceive snow differently than English-speaking people
• One’s language determines the nature of one’s thought
• Based on observation, he claimed that Eskimo language had many words for snow, and thus they perceive snow differently than English-speaking people
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5. What are some criticisms of his reasoning? 5. What are some criticisms of his reasoning? • Did not do systematic
cross-cultural comparisons of perceptual processes
• Overestimated the number of Eskimo words for snow
• Ignored the variety of English words for snow
• Did not do systematic cross-cultural comparisons of perceptual processes
• Overestimated the number of Eskimo words for snow
• Ignored the variety of English words for snow
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6. How did Eleanor Rosch’s work refute
Whorf’s hypothesis? 6. How did Eleanor Rosch’s work refute
Whorf’s hypothesis? • Examined color perception
• Compared the Dani of New Guinea (who only have terms for two basic colors) to English speakers
• Found no difference in their abilities to perceive and learn the names of colors
• Examined color perception
• Compared the Dani of New Guinea (who only have terms for two basic colors) to English speakers
• Found no difference in their abilities to perceive and learn the names of colors
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7. What is the weaker version of the
linguistic relativity hypothesis? 7. What is the weaker version of the
linguistic relativity hypothesis? • A given language
makes certain ways of thinking easier or more difficult
• A given language makes certain ways of thinking easier or more difficult