Kansas Beef Quality Assurance - KLA Beef Quality Assurance. Across the nation, beef producers face...

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Focused on the safety, wholesomeness and quality of beef Kansas Beef Quality Assurance

Transcript of Kansas Beef Quality Assurance - KLA Beef Quality Assurance. Across the nation, beef producers face...

Focused on the safety, wholesomeness and quality of beef

Kansas Beef Quality Assurance

Across the nation, beef producers face the challenge of making a living

from the land, while producing safe, wholesome beef – beef that will provide

a great eating experience each and every time for American and international

consumers.

To meet that challenge, the industry’s Beef Quality Assurance (BQA)

program was created in 1987 to assist beef producers in raising, feeding and

harvesting high quality beef.

Through the use of science, research and educational initiatives, the BQA

program has identified production practices producers can implement each day.

The ultimate goal of these BQA practices is to maximize consumer confidence.

Because the BQA program is a holistic approach to beef production, practices

implemented can impact a producer’s bottom line in profits/returns, decreased

animal health costs, and improved records that allow for better tracking of

production practices.

The foodservice and packing industries are implementing similar management

principles to ensure the quality and safety of products leaving their production

facilities. The entire focus of the BQA program centers around good business

management practices and incorporates current FDA, EPA and USDA regulations.

By participating in the Kansas Beef Quality Assurance

(KS-BQA) program and adopting BQA production practices,

you are positioning your business to take advantage of

opportunities that lie ahead. Making a commitment to BQA

isn’t just the right thing to do for the consumer, it also can

open doors to new marketing opportunities for participating

producers.

Beef Quality Assurance:Putting the Pieces Together

THE BQA MISSION

To maximize consumerconfidence and acceptanceof beef by focusing theproducers’ attention todaily production practicesthat influence the safety,wholesomeness and qualityof beef and beef products.

Kansas’ Role ..........................................................2

History of BQA.....................................................3

Beef Quality Audits ..............................................4

Quality Control Points .........................................5

BQA Guidelines ................................................6-7

Feedstuffs ...............................................................8

Feed Additives, Medications ................................9

Processing/Treatment & Records ..................10-15

Injection Site Management...........................16-19

Care & Husbandry Practices .........................20-23

Industry Issues................................................24-25

Potential Disease/Infection Risks ................................26

KS-BQA Test ...............................................................27

KS-BQA Contract ..............................................28

Appendix ............................................................29

Table of Contents

Manual adapted from the Nebraska Cattlemen Beef Quality Assurance Program.Program Managed by:Kansas Livestock Association 6031 S.W. 37th StreetTopeka KS 66614 (785) 273-5115Fax: (785) 273-3399 E-mail: [email protected]

Since its inception in the early 1980sthe Kansas Beef Quality Assuranceprogram has been a cooperative effortbetween beef producers, veterinarians,nutritionists, extension staff and otherprofessionals from the Kansas VeterinaryMedical Association, Kansas StateUniversity, the Kansas Beef Council andthe Kansas Livestock Association (KLA).

The Kansas Beef Quality Assuranceprogram is designed to:

1. Set production standards that canbe met or exceeded.

2. Establish systems for dataretention and record keeping.

How can you participate?Participation in the BQA program is

voluntary and membership in KLA isnot a requirement. Anyone who worksregularly with beef cattle is encouragedto participate in the program. Thiseducational program is available overthe Internet, on CD, or in a writtenmanual. The self-study format allows allproducers and employees to completethe educational materials on their owntime frame. In order to receive acertificate of completion, complete theexam and personal contract (found onpages 27-28), and return to KLA.

This certification is good for twoyears. KLA will contact thosepreviously certified and ask that therecertification process be completed.Specific recertification forms arerequired and will be sent directly to theproducer.

For questions regarding certification,please contact KLA at 785-273-5115 ore-mail [email protected]

Kansas’ Role

The Hazard Analysis CriticalControl Point Program (HACCP)(pronounced hassip) gained USDAacceptance and is the dominant outlinefor quality assurance programs inprocessed foods and the packingindustry. The BQA programincorporates HACCP principles.

At the ranch level, HACCP is assimple as creating a plan – ahead of time – to deal with something thatdoesn’t go well. It includes planning toavoid physical, chemical and biologicalproblems and documenting correctiveactions. HACCP’s seven principles are incorporated in this manual. They include:

1) Review of all managementprograms to identify productionpractices that affect food safety,quality and the environment.For example, educating those who mightbe giving injections about the propertechnique and injection location.

2) Identify the critical pointswhere potential problems canoccur and steps to prevent orcontrol such problems. For example, storing vaccines atimproper temperatures or exposingthem to sunlight.

3) Establish critical limitsassociated with each control point. For example, understanding andfollowing withdrawal times associated with animal health products.

4) Establish control pointmonitoring requirements toensure that each control pointstays within its limit.For example, keeping records onpesticide application withdrawal timesso the records can be checked beforecattle graze treated forage crops.

5) Establish corrective actions inthe event a problem occurs.For example, training employees toavoid previous problems such asimproper injection techniques.

6) Establish effective recordkeeping procedures thatdocument the system is working properly. For example, taking the time to completethe processing map, recording whereinjections are given, how much, etc.

7) Establish procedures forverifying that the system isworking properly.For example, periodic review of records, production practices andtreatment protocols.

The BQA program acts as a catalyst to encourage use of the latestscience andtechnology to meetconsumer expectationsabout beef quality and safety.

HACCP: The Basis of BQA

HISTORY OF BQA

By uniting animal scientists, veterinarians, feed suppliers, animal health companies, packers, retailers and state andfederal regulators with producers, the BQA program acts as a catalyst to encourage use of the latest science andtechnology to meet consumer expectations about beef quality and safety.

In 1982, the United States Department of Agriculture – Food Safety Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS) began workingwith the beef industry in the U.S. to develop the Pre-harvest Beef Safety Production Program. Not wanting anyadditional government regulatory programs, the beef industry adopted the term Beef Quality Assurance (BQA).

In 1985, after three years of careful analysis and adjustment of production practices at three participating feedlots,they were certified by USDA-FSIS and called Verified Production Control feedlots.

What was learned during those three years serves as the foundation for the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association’s(NCBA) BQA program established in 1987.

Involvement with BQA provides cattlemen an important key for avoiding additional government regulation. USDA-FSIS has commended the national BQA program. Currently producers in more than 45 states are involved inthe voluntary program.

A series of landmark studies, theNational Beef Quality Audits, hastaken a closer look at the quality andconsistency of production practices.

Commissioned by NCBA, leadingmeat science departments, including

Colorado State University andTexas A&M University, beganthe audits in 1991, followed byanother comprehensive study in1995 and again in 2000.

The results were eye-opening.Injection-site blemishes cost the beef industry $188 millionannually and cost producersapproximately $7.05 per head,according to the 1995 audit.

In 1991, 22% of all top buttsin fed cattle evaluated hadinjection-site blemishes, with

the majority of those being fluid-filled. BQA guidelines have fostered ways to

improve management practices andreduce economic loss while improvingcarcass quality. The implementation ofBQA has been critical in reducinginjection-site lesions to less than 3% inthe 2000 audit.

Results from the 2000 National BeefQuality Audit calculated a loss of$100.10 per slaughter steer or heiferdue to carcass inconsistency, a 15.73%improvement over the economic lossestallied in the 1995 audit. The industryrecaptured $20.96 per marketed fedanimal from 1995 to 2000.

Beef Quality Audits

The industry conducted its firstmarket cow and bull audit in 1994.That audit, the National Non-Fed BeefQuality Audit, discovered the industrylost about $70 per cow or bull marketeddue to product-quality defects. A repeatstudy conducted in 1999 tallied theeconomic loss at $68.82. The 1999audit identified specific areas where thequality of market cows and bulls couldbe improved.

Regardless of herd size, all beef cowoperations produce some cull animals.Many of these animals are marketedbecause they are beyond their primeproducing years. Cull cows and bullsrepresent 15-20% of producer revenue.

In addition, cull animals supplybetween 15-20% of total U.S. beef production, depending on market conditions.

Ground beef is an important productof cull cattle and accounts for 43% ofthe total beef consumed in the U.S.However, cull cow packers today alsoare utilizing tenderloins, ribeyes, andstrip loins for merchandizing tosteakhouses.

One of the larger quality losses amongnon-fed cattle is bruising. This oftenoccurs with non-fed cattle because: • They possess less fat cover.• Many cull cattle are lame, which

increases the incidence of bruising. The audit noted that groups of

horned cattle had twice as many bruisesas groups of non-horned cattle.

Quality Control: Market Cows and Bulls

Quality Defect Cost Per Head

Inadequate muscling $18.70Excess external fat 10.17Arthritic joints (trim loss) 9.72Yellow external fat 6.48Hide losses:

brands, injury, disease 6.27Condemnation of edible offal 4.49Whole cattle/

carcass condemnation 4.14Bruises (trim loss) 2.24Injection-site blemishes 1.46Dark cutters 1.41Lightweight carcass 1.28Trim loss – birdshot/

buckshot, zero tolerance .98Antibiotic residue .92Disabled cattle .56TOTAL $68.82

(Source: 1999 Non-Fed Beef Quality Audit)

Quality Losses Per Headon Market Cows and Bulls

BEEF QUALITY AUDITFINDINGS

Management Factors BQA Can Influence

Hide defects $1.70/headInjection-site lesions 3.59/headDark cutters 5.43/headBruises .75/headTOTAL $11.47/head(Source: National Beef Quality Audit, 2000)

Quality Control PointsUsing the HACCP program as a

basis, finding improvements in the beefproduction system requires a look atcontrol points throughout theproduction process.

These control points are commonmanagement steps, such as calving,purchasing feedstuffs, weaning calves,and transporting cattle, that are part ofan overall management scheme.

It is at these control points thatBQA practices should be incorporatedin order to limit any potential hazardsfrom occurring to impact food safetyand quality.

The chart below provides someexamples of control points impactingthe BQA program.

For example, prevention andtreatment of health disorders may occurat weaning time by administeringanimal health products.

If properly administered at thiscontrol point, any potential food safetyhazards – such as injection-site lesions orantibiotic residues should be eliminated.

CONTROL POINTS IMPACTING THE BQA PROGRAM

PROCESS CONTROL POINT POTENTIAL HAZARDFeeding/supplementation Purchasing Antibiotic residues

Receiving Chemical residuesStorage Feed toxinsFeeding livestock

Prevention and treatment Calving Injection-site blemishesof health disorders Weaning calves Antibiotic residues

Receiving breeding or stocker cattle Broken needles

Processing and cattle Working cows and calves Injection-site lesionshandling Weaning calves Bruises

Shipping cattle Hide damageCarcass defectsPoor health

Pasture chemical use Herbicide/pesticide applications Water qualityContainer disposal Soil contamination

Residues

Feedstuffs�� Maintain records of any pesticide/herbicide use on pasture or

crops that potentially could lead to violative residues in grazingcattle or feedlot cattle.

�� Adequate quality control program(s) is in place for incomingfeedstuffs. Program(s) should be designed to eliminatecontamination to incoming feed ingredients such as molds,mycotoxins or chemicals. Supplier assurance of feed ingredientquality is recommended.

�� Suspect feedstuffs should be analyzed prior to use.�� Ruminant-derived protein sources cannot be fed per FDA

regulations.�� Feeding by-product ingredients should be supported with

sound science.

Feed Additives & Medications�� Only FDA-approved medicated feed additives will be used in rations.�� Medicated feed additives will be used in accordance with the FDA Good

Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regulations.�� Follow judicious antibiotic use guidelines.�� Extra-label use of feed additives is illegal and strictly prohibited.�� To avoid violative residues, withdrawal times must be strictly adhered to.�� Where applicable, complete records must be kept when formulating or feeding

medicated feed rations.�� Feed records are to be kept a minimum of three years.�� Operator will assure that all additives are withdrawn at the proper time.

Processing/Treatment & Records�� Follow all FDA/USDA/EPA guidelines for product(s) utilized.�� All products are to be used per label directions.�� Extra-label drug use shall be used only when prescribed by a veterinarian, working

under a valid veterinary-client-patient relationship (VCPR).�� Extra-label drug use of Aminoglycosides is strictly prohibited. �� Strict adherence to extended withdrawal periods shall be employed.�� Treatment records will be maintained with the following recorded:

1) Individual animal or group identification.2) Date treated.3) Product administered and manufacturer’s lot/serial number.4) Dosage used.

The following is a summary of the Kansas BQA program guidelines. Theseguidelines closely follow those of the national BQA program, which have beenapproved and implemented by NCBA. More details on each of these guidelinesare explained in the remaining sections of the manual.

Details on how to obtain more specific information or resources on these topics are listed in the Appendix (page 29) or at www.kla.org.

Beef Quality AssuranceGuidelines

5) Route, location, and person administering the product.6) Earliest date animal will have cleared withdrawal period.

�� When cattle are processed as a group, record the following:1) Group or lot identification.2) Date treated.3) Product administered and manufacturer’s lot/serial number.4) Dosage used.5) Route, location, and person administering the product.6) Earliest date animals will have cleared withdrawal period.

�� All cattle (fed and non-fed) shipped to slaughter will be checkedby appropriate personnel to ensure that all treated animals meetor exceed label or prescription withdrawal times for all animalhealth products administered.

�� All processing and treatment records should be transferred withthe cattle to the next production level. Prospective buyers mustbe informed of any cattle that have not met withdrawal times.

�� Records should be kept for a minimum of three years.

Injectable Animal Health Products�� Products labeled for subcutaneous (SQ) or intramuscular (IM)

administration should be administered in the neck region only(no exceptions, regardless of age).

�� All products cause tissue damage when injected IM. Therefore, IM use shouldbe avoided if possible.

�� Products cleared for SQ, IV or oral administration are recommended.�� Products with low dosage rates are recommended. For multiple injection sites,

proper spacing should be followed.�� No more than 10 cc of products is administered per IM injection site.�� The dewlap is an acceptable SQ injection site location.

Care & Husbandry Practices�� Follow the “Cattle Care & Handling Guidelines” that conform to good

veterinary and husbandry practices.�� All cattle will be handled/transported in such a fashion to minimize stress,

injury and/or bruising.�� Facilities (fences, corrals, load-outs, etc.) should be inspected regularly to

ensure ease of handling and animal well-being.�� Strive to keep feed and water-handling equipment clean.�� Provide appropriate nutritional and feedstuffs management.�� Strive to maintain an environment appropriate to the production setting.�� Biosecurity should be implemented and evaluated regularly.

Note: In this manual, the editorshave summarized requirements orprovisions of state or federalstatutes and regulations. This isnot intended as legal advice.Moreover, this manual is notintended to be a comprehensivestudy of these legal provisions.

It is essential to monitor feed sourcesto prevent chemical residues andensure high quality feeds. Operationspurchasing outside feeds should set up a sampling program to test for qualitystandards in feedstuffs. Most goodsuppliers have a quality control testingprogram of their own. For example,bonded suppliers often test for:polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinatedhydrocarbons, organophosphates,pesticides, herbicides, and microbes(Salmonella).

Products, such as pesticides andchemicals, used on raised feeds must beFDA/USDA/EPA-approved. As requiredby the federal Worker ProductionStandard, proper training for pesticidehandling should be available to all whowork with these products.

A quality control program forfeedstuffs aids in preventing chemical residues and ensures high quality feeds.

Create a checklist that includes such items as color, odor, moisture,temperature, and no evidence offoreign material or bird, rodent orinsect contamination.

It is neither efficient nor econo-mically feasible to test every load ofgrain or forage for contaminants.However, it makes good sense to obtainand store a representative sample ofeach batch of newly purchased feed.Commonly, investigation of suspected feed-related problems ishampered because no sample isavailable for testing.

One suggestion for purchased grains,supplements or complete feeds is torandomly sample each batch of feed infive to ten locations and pool theindividual samples into a larger sampleof two to five pounds. The pooledsample can be placed in a paper bag orsmall cardboard box and labeled. Drysamples can be kept in a dry area.Higher moisture samples should be frozen. A feed tag can be attached tothe sample for future reference.

High-risk feeds include fats,rendered by-products, plant by-products, supplements and additives.These may be single loads or batchesthat will be fed to cattle over aprolonged period of time.

If purchasing fats and oils, monitorfor potential contaminants. Letters ofguarantee from companies supplyingthese materials that state these materialshave been tested may be requested.

Feed ContaminationEPA pesticide product registration

and licensed pesticide applicatorrequirements provide significantprotection from pesticide residues inthe U.S. feedgrain supply.

Feed ToxinsMycotoxins are naturally occurring

chemicals produced by fungi. They canbe found in grains and forages and, ifpresent in sufficient concentrations,can cause reduced feed consumption,poor production and adverse healtheffects that may result in residues inmeat and milk products.

Mycotoxins can be produced infeedstuffs prior to harvesting or duringstorage. Mycotoxins may includevomitoxin, aflatoxin or fumonsins.

Chemical Residues:1) Use only agricultural chemicals

approved for application to land grazedby livestock or on land where feedstuffsare removed for animal consumption ata later time.

2) Follow label directions andobserve grazing restrictions on pastures,rangeland and crops treated withpesticides.

3) Document usage and observeappropriate withdrawal times beforemarketing cattle.

4) Only use products approved forcontrol of internal/external parasites.

Ruminant By-products

No ruminant-derived proteinsources can be fed. As of 1998,federal regulations prohibit thefeeding of certain mammalianprotein sources. The regulationsprimarily impact the feeding ofmeat meal and bone meal derivedfrom ruminants. This restriction is a step to prevent BSE fromentering the U.S. Tallow, bloodby-products, gelatin and milkproducts are excluded from theregulation and are acceptable foruse in ration formulations.

Feedstuffs/Feed Additives

The term “medicated feed” includesall medicated feed products intendedto be a substantial source of nutrientsin the diet of an animal. The termincludes products commonly referredto as supplements, concentrates (grainmixture that contains medication),premix feeds (concentratedmedications mixed with additionalroughage or concentrates) and basemixes, and is not limited to completefeeds (preconditioned feed used atreceiving/weaning). Feed additivesoften are used in the industry toimprove gains, for feed conversion andhealth of cattle on feed.

• No extra-label use of feedadditives is allowed. Only FDA-approved additives are allowed.

• No one, including a veterinarian,legally can prescribe the use of anyfeed additive other than as directed onthe product label.

• Keep records stating: a) additive used, b) date run, c) ration name or number, d) name of person adding the

additive or responsible for mixing the feed, and

e) amount produced. • Larger beef operations that use

certain highly concentratedmedications may be required to registerwith the FDA via an FD-1900 permit.

• Ensure all additives are withdrawn at the proper time to avoid violative residues.

• Identify treated individuals orgroups as described in the recordkeeping section.

Feed Additives andMedications

HANDLING FEEDSTUFFS

1) Maintain a quality controlprogram for incoming feedingredients.

2) Store feed in a manner toprevent the development ofmolds and mycotoxins andexposure to chemicals.

3) Build feed-handling facilitiesthat reduce the risk of feedcontamination.

4) Store all chemicals (pesticides,lubricants, solvents) away fromfeed supplies. Followmanufacturer’s directions foruse and disposal.

5) Prior to usage, submit foranalysis to a qualified

laboratory any feed ingredientsuspected of contamination.

6) Feeding equipment used forother purposes (e.g. pencleaning) must be thoroughlycleaned prior to re-handlingfeed.

7) When possible, protectfeedstuffs, feed troughs andwater supplies fromcontamination.

Calves moving through theproduction chain must stay healthy.Sickness requires treatment andincreases the probability of death loss,poor performance, injection-sitelesions and residues. Properhandling/administration of vaccines iscritical to this program. The highestquality vaccine available is useless ifit’s not handled and administeredproperly. Many treatment regimensinclude vaccines to stimulate immunesystem response and lessen the chanceof re-treatment.

Find and work with a veterinarianwho is willing to be involved withthe Beef Quality Assurance program.Your veterinarian must be a teamplayer and understand that eachanimal carries the reputation of yourbusiness and the beef industry. OnlyFDA, USDA and EPA-approvedproducts can be used in processingand treatment programs.

Extra-Label Drug UseThere are two classes of drugs.

Over-the-counter (OTC) andprescription drugs. OTC drugs can bepurchased and used as directed on thelabel without establishing arelationship with a veterinarian. (Seeexample label, page 11.)

Prescription drugs can be used onlyon the order of a veterinarian withinthe context of a valid veterinarian-client-patient relationship.

FDA Requirements for the Extra-Label Use of Drugs1) A careful diagnosis is made by anattending veterinarian within thecontext of a valid veterinarian/client/patient relationship This relationshipexists when:

a) the veterinarian has assumed theresponsibility for making clinicaljudgments regarding the healthof the animal and the need formedical treatment, and theclient has agreed to follow theveterinarian’s instruction;

b) the veterinarian has sufficientknowledge of the animal toinitiate at least a general orpreliminary diagnosis of themedical condition; and

c) the veterinarian is readilyavailable for follow-upevaluation in the event ofadverse reactions or failure ofthe treatment regimen.

2) A determination is made that:a) there is no marketable drug

specifically labeled to treat thecondition diagnosed, or

Processing/Treatment andRecords

Veterinarian:_____________________________________________Phone: __________________________________________

Address: __________________________________________________Date:______________Exp: ________________________

Owner/Farm: _________________________________________Animal ID: _________Species: ________________________

Active Ingredients/ Concentration: ________________________________________________________________________

Quantity:_____________________________________Drug Trade Name: __________________________________________

Indications: _______________________________________________________________________________________________

Directions: Give ________cc/bolus/oz _________times each day for______________________________________days

Drug Withdrawal Time for Slaughter: ________________________days

Test for Residues: Urine ____________Blood _______________________

Withdrawal Time:The time required between theapplication or feeding of a drug oradditive and the harvest of theanimal to prevent any residue of thedrug from remaining in the carcass.Withdrawal times are legallyspecified by the FDA.

Aminoglycosides:The KS-BQA program does notallow the injectable extra-label useof products such as neomycin,gentamicin, or kanamycin, becauseof potential violative residues.

FDA prohibits extra-label use of fluoroquinolones. Examples areBaytril and A180.

Label from veterinarianfor “Extra-Label” use.

#

b) treatment at the dosagerecommended by the labelingwas found clinically ineffective.

3) Procedures are instituted to ensureidentity of the treated animal iscarefully maintained.

4) An extended period is assigned fordrug withdrawal prior to marketing thetreated animal. The Food AnimalResidue Avoidance Databank can aidthe veterinarian in making theseestimates.

ImplantsWhen used properly, implants have

been proven safe and effective throughboth research and actual use in the beefindustry. Proper administration ofimplants is critical to achieve desiredresults.

Location for ImplantAdministration

The only approved location forimplant administration is the middlethird of the back side of the ear. (Seeillustration at right.) All implants mustbe located subcutaneously within thisarea. Implants never should be placed

in locations other than the ear.Restraint bars can be added to

processing chutes to increase thelikelihood of properly placing theimplant. The processing facility shouldbe adaptable to easily accommodatemultiple weights of cattle.

Additional health procedures also canbe administered when cattle are runthrough the chute system for re-implant.

Sanitation is important. Use sharp,clean needles, and lay the needle on adisinfectant-soaked sponge betweenuses. (See photo.) When implanting, lay the needle on

a disinfectant-soaked sponge betweenuses to keep it sanitized.

Ear Implant Location

EXAMPLE OF LABEL TYPE

COWBIOTIC(hydrocillin and streptazolidin)

Directions for use: See packageinsertWarning: The use of this drug mustbe discontinued for 30 days beforetreated animals are slaughtered forfood. Exceeding the highestrecommended dosage level mayresult in antibiotic residues in meator milk beyond the withdrawl time.Net Contents: 100 ml

Distributed by ABC Animal Health,Inc.

Name of Drug

Instructionsfor Use

Active Ingredients

Name of Distributor

Quantity of Contents

Note: A prescription label wouldinclude an additional cautionstating “Federal (USA) lawrestricts this drug to use by oron the order of a licensed veterinarian.”

Over-the-counter (OTC) product

Causes of Implant Failure:• Improper site (in the cartilage) • Abscess due to poor sanitation,

prevents active ingredients from absorbing

• Missing implant (through the ear)

• Partial implant due to poortechnique or gun failure

• Bunched or crushed pellets• Improper implant storage

Withdrawal Time

Record keeping, either computer orhand-generated, is a criticallyimportant management tool. To ensureconsumer confidence and maintainmarket share, beef producers must beable to document the safety and qualityof their product.

This includes effective documentationto demonstrate control over risk factorsthat have a residue potential.Controlling violative drug residues canbe accomplished by placing emphasis onthe identification and handling ofindividually treated cattle.

Record the use of all processingproducts (vaccines, dewormers, pour-ons, etc.).

Regulatory inspections by FDA,USDA, EPA or OSHA will prove thenecessity of good records. Effectivedocumentation that shows appropriatecompliance with training, inventorycontrol, use orders, animalidentification, withdrawal and disposal

will help avoid liability from aresidue contamination.

The only way to accuratelydetermine if you are incompliance with withdrawaltimes is to know exactly whatwas given, how much wasgiven, where it was given, andhow and when it was given.

The key to record keepingis finding a method you arecomfortable with, and that you

will continue to use on a regular basis.

Veterinary Drug OrderA Veterinary Drug Order (VDO) is

a veterinarian-approved list ofmedications used in your operation thatfit BQA guidelines.

The VDO should include allproducts that have a withdrawal time,including vaccines, antiparasitic drugs,and all injectables (includingvitamins). When all medications,vaccines, etc., are managed as if theywere prescription items, an additional

measure of quality assurance and safetyis obtained.

All cattle medications and vaccinesshould be included on the VDO andshould be updated at the same time theTreatment Protocol Book is updated.

Treatment Protocol BookAsk your veterinarian to develop a

“Treatment Protocol Book” specific toyour operation. Keep the TreatmentProtocol Book on file at the treatmentfacility.

The concept of a Treatment Protocol Book may be more familiar tofeedyards and larger stocker operations. However, it is a valuablemanagement practice for cow-calfproducers as well. It is simply writing down a plan for what treatment(s) is to be used when cattleget sick for various reasons.

Also write down your plan for follow-up and/or alternative treatments if the initial treatmentdoesn’t produce the desired result.

The book should be reviewedregularly and updated at least every 90 days, or as often as appropriate. Asyou update the protocol book, previousversions should be kept on file for a yearor more, so you can refer back totreatments that have worked in previoussituations. When the book is updated, itmust have your veterinarian’s signatureand the date recorded.

All processing products(vaccines, dewormers, pour-ons, etc.) should be recordedand label directions foradministration followed.

Record KeepingTreatment records shouldinclude:

• animal treated• treatment type• treatment date • treatment dose• prescribed withdrawal time

Contact Information for Beef Quality Assurance Team

Name Phone #

Name of Operation: ________________________________________________ ____________________

Owner/Manager: __________________________________________________ ____________________

Feed Employee or Company: ________________________________________ ____________________

Cattle Employee: __________________________________________________ ____________________

Maintenance Employee: ____________________________________________ ____________________

Office Employee: __________________________________________________ ____________________

Veterinarian: ______________________________________________________ ____________________

Extension Educator: ________________________________________________ ____________________

Nutritional Advisor: ________________________________________________ ____________________

University Specialist: ______________________________________________ ____________________

WHY TREATMENT RECORDS ARE IMPORTANT

1) Cattle not responding to therapy may require a delayed drug clearance. Good records would indicate if this were the case.

2) Under FDA guidelines, extra-label drug usage is permitted only under a veterinarian-client-patient relationship.Individual animal identification and record keeping is important.

3) Should a feedyard be cited for a residue violation and that feedyard believes a mistake in identity has been made,good records may be the only proof of compliance.

4) Records will indicate the list of drugs used at the feedyard. Accusations that certain drugs have been used can be avoidedwhen the feedyard can prove it does not use specific drugs.

Accurate records also allow you to know exactly what is going into each animal. This information prevents there-administration of treatments that previously have failed to work. Furthermore, the information tells the consultant/veterinarian what treatments you are applying so they can:

• make sure treatment recommendations are being followed, and • judge whether treatment regimens need to be adjusted for changing animals and conditions.

Animal Treatment Records1) Keep all records for at least three years from the date of transfer or sale of

the cattle.

2) Treatment records should contain:• Treatment date • Animal or group identification • Approximate weight of animal or group average • Product administered• Product lot/serial number • Earliest date the animal could clear withdrawal time • Dose given • Route of administration (IM, SQ, IV or oral) • Location of injections • Name of person who administered the treatment

3) A copy of the appropriate records should be made available to the buyer of yourcattle. Records should include all individual and group treatment/processinghistory and other information deemed appropriate.

Common Types of Records

Animal Health Products Inventory

Date Supplier Product Quantity Cost ExpirationReceived or Distributor Name Date

Treatment Record for Individual Cattle

Date Diagnosis Temp Severity Rx 1 Rx 2 Rx 3 Comments WD(1-5)

Animal ID: __________Home Group/Pen: _______________Color:_______(Rx = medication name, WD = withdrawal time)

Example records and forms:These records are examples. A

number of formats provide the sameinformation. For additional formsand records, visit the KLA Web siteat www.kla.org or contact KLA at785-273-5115.

Click here to viewprintable forms.

Feed Records 1) Keep all feed records for at least three years from the date of transfer or sale of

the cattle.

2) It is a good management practice to require that all feed products beaccompanied by an invoice that includes the:• date • amount• lot/batch number • signatures of both the person who delivered the product and the person

receiving the product.

Chemical RecordsPrivate pesticide applicators must maintain a record of each restricted-use

pesticide or general-use pesticide application for three years. Restricted-usepesticides require a private applicator’s license to apply the product. Records mustinclude the following:

• Brand or product name and the EPA registration number of the pesticideapplied.

• Total amount of pesticide applied.• Location of application, size of treated area and the crop, commodity, stored

product or site to which the product was applied.• Month, day and year of application.• Name and certification number of certified applicator who made or

supervised the application.• The animal(s) exposed to the pesticide and the withdrawal time. Pour-on product usage can be included in the processing record for the

group of cattle.

Processing/Treatment MapGive all injections in the neck region and, when possible, use SQ products.

Date: _________________Time:____________ No. of Head: ________________________

In Weight (average/variation): ______________ Breed: ______________________________

Sex: S, H, Bulls, mixed Frame Size: S, M, ML, L Air Temperature: __________________

ID: Right Ear or Left Ear/Group Number: _________/Individual _____________________

Lot or Supplier Route of Dose WithdrawalProduct Serial of Time Crew Comments

# Admin (WD)

R1__________R2__________R3__________

L1 __________L2 __________L3 __________

Click here to viewprintable forms.

Injection Site ManagementInjection-site lesions were first

identified as a serious problem in the1991 National Beef Quality Audit.Thanks to the work of BQA andthe efforts of cattle producers, thefrequency of lesions has beenreduced substantially.

In March 1991, injection-siteblemishes were found in 22% of the top sirloin butts studied in the audit.The 2000 audit recorded an incidencerate below 3% for top sirloin butts.

However, as further study continued,researchers learned that, in addition tothe loss in product caused from theremoval of an injection-site lesion,there was a substantial impact ontenderness of the wholesale cut as well.

In 1994, Colorado State Universityresearchers revealed a highlysignificant increase in the Warner-Bratzler shear force values(toughness) in cooked steaks extendedoutward up to three inches from thecenter of a lesion, compared to shearforce values for steaks without lesions.

Factoring in the impact ontenderness, the 1995 Quality Auditrecorded a loss of $7.05 for every fedsteer and heifer marketed that year.

Injection-site lesions are the result ofan injection such as clostridialbacterins, antibiotics and vitaminsadministered intramuscularly (IM).

The lesions are scar tissue thatdevelop from the irritation in themuscle.

Contaminated needles and syringescan contribute to the resulting lesions.

Injection lesions don’t affect just onesteak. IM injections in the hindquarter can damage numerous high-priced cuts.

Injection lesions may appear smallbut, in this case, the lesion occurredin the center of the eye of the round,damaging the entire retail cut.

This lesion from an IM injectiontraveled deep into the tissue.Tenderness often can be impactedwithin a three-inch diameter of theresulting lesion.

Injection-site lesionsare scar tissue thatresults when anintramuscular injectionis administered toodeep within the muscle tissue.

ECONOMIC LOSS PERRETAIL CUT

Top-sirloin butt $0.71Bottom rounds $2.88Total $3.59/hd

(Results fromNBQA 2000, based on eachsteer/heifer slaughtered, 30.31 million head)

INJECTION GUIDELINES:

1) Regardless of animal age, injections (all IM and SQ medications and vaccines) should be given in front of theshoulders, in the neck region – never in the rump, top loin or back leg.

2) Preference is given to injections that can be administered SQ, IV or orally.

3) Never exceed more than 10 cc per IM injection site. (If 24 cc is recommended, use three 8 cc injections instead oftwo 12 cc injections).

4) Do not use chemical disinfectants in the syringes when using a modified live virus product, as effectiveness of theproduct will be decreased.

5) Provide proper restraint to avoid breaking needles in animal tissue.

6) Use the needle size proper for the situation. Consider a) route of administration; b) size of animal; c) location or siteof injection; and d) product administered. The volume or amount of fluid injected also may be considered.

a) 16-18 gauge 1/2 to 3/4 inch needles for SQb) 16-18 gauge 1 to 1-1/2 inch needles for IM

7) Space injections at least four inches apart. (See photo 4 below.)

8) Never mix products. Mixing products can cause unnecessary tissue damage, reduce the effectiveness of the products,and may extend the withdrawal time.

9) Processing cattle in wet, muddy conditions can increase the chance of injection site contamination. Injection sitesshould be clean if possible.

10) Follow the proper record keeping protocol. (Refer to section on Records.) Records will document individual and grouptreatment. Include route of administration, product used, product lot number and serial number.

2

3 4

1

A B

C

When administering aninjection, follow theseguidelines:1) Give injections within the

injection zone triangle, locatedin the neck. Draw the trianglelocating: A) slope of the shoulder, B) nuchal ligament (orapproximately three inchesbelow top of neck), andC) vertebrae.

2) All SQ and IM injections mustbe administered in the triangleregion ahead of the slope of the shoulder.

3) Tent skin for all SQ injections.

4) Space injections at least fourinches apart.

An SQ injection in the dewlap is an approved KS-BQA practice, aslong as the injection site remains ahead of the point of shoulder. Toadminister injections in the dewlap:

1) Restrain calf on its side. Pull the front leg back and locate thedewlap. The dewlap is the flap of skin from the throat of the calf thatfollows the neck down to the brisket region.

2) Find a location ahead of the slope of the shoulder. 3) Grasp the skin, using the tenting technique, and conduct the SQ

injection.4) Use the correct needle size. An 18-gauge x 5/8 inch needle is

recommended.5) If more than one SQ injection is administered in the dewlap, space

injections a hands-width apart (at least four inches).

Subcutaneous injections may be given in thedewlap region by tenting the skin andstaying ahead of the point of shoulder (areato the right of the red line).

Dewlap Technique

Injection zonetriangle

Slope of shoulder

Dewlap Region

The triangle represents approved injectionzone for IM and SQ injections.

Foreign Object AvoidanceBirdshot/Buckshot – The 1999market cow and bull quality auditrevealed more than 10,000 head ofslaughter cattle were condemneddue to the presence of lead shot.Lead birdshot/buckshot poses a foodsafety threat and if detected theentire carcass is condemned.

Broken Needles – Under nocircumstances can animals carryingbroken needles be sold or sent to apacker. Broken needles can migratein the tissue and, if not removedimmediately, the needle fragmentwill be impossible to find andrequire the animal to be destroyedrather than sold.

NEEDLE KNOW-HOW

Gauge – diameter of the needle, adjust to match cattle weight. Length – fit the route of administration, adjust to cattle weight.

Change Needles – immediately if the needle bends – if the needle becomes contaminated with feces, dirt or irritating chemicals – if the needle point is damaged/burr develops– before the needle becomes dull (every 10 to 15 head)– between cattle with known blood-borne infectious disease

Inadequate vaccine syringe cleaningis frequently responsible for localizedinfections associated with vaccination. Ifthe infection is severe, it may becomegeneralized and the animal may die.

Injection-site swelling is common,especially when vaccines such asclostridial bacterins are given SQ. If theswelling is hard, it could be due togetting the subcutaneous injection toodeep and penetrating part of the firstlayer of muscles. If this is the cause,consider using a 5/8-inch needle or a short (1/2 or 3/4 -inch) regularbevel needle.

Sterile, disposable syringes willvirtually eliminate injection-siteinfections. If you require multiple dosesyringes, several brands of disposablesterile, automatic vaccine syringes are available.

Syringe cleaning steps for multipledose syringes:

1) Clean the external syringesurface with soap, water and a brush.

2) Rinse the inside components ofthe vaccine syringe, including tubes

and connectors with distilled or de-ionized water that is near the boilingpoint (hotter than 180o F). This isaccomplished by drawing water that isgreater than 180o F into the syringeand squirting it out. Three to five rinsesshould be adequate. Removeas much water from insidethe syringe as can be squirtedout and let the syringe coolbefore using. Heat killsmodified live vaccine (MLV)products.

You should not use a soapor disinfectant on internalcomponents as residues maykill MLV vaccines.

3) Store the vaccinesyringe in a dust-free, dry(low humidity) environment. It is bestif the newly cleaned vaccine syringe isstored in a new zip-lock bag and placedin the freezer.

Syringe Care

Repeatedly draw boiling water intoa syringe, then squirt it out to cleanthe syringe. Heat without pressurewill not kill bacterial spores.

Even experienced producersoverlook many key aspects whenpreparing and administering vaccines.With the increased use of ModifiedLive Virus (MLV) and ChemicallyAltered (CA) vaccines, you need to re-evaluate how everyone involvedwith your operation handles products.

First, purchase vaccines from areputable dealer. A vaccine will be lessthan 100% effective if it ever has beenstored improperly. Managementpractices can increase the percentage ofcattle that respond to vaccine, andgreater efficacy of the vaccine greatlyenhances immune response.

Reducing exposure and stress andimproved nutritional management, alongwith proper timing of a vaccination, willincrease the response rate to the vaccine.

Handling Vaccines 1) When purchasing an animal

health product, always transport it ina closed, refrigerated container. Keepvaccine shielded from UV light bystoring it in a refrigerator and transportit using cold packs.

2) Always keep the vaccine coolwhile you process cattle. Keep theworking bottle of vaccine and syringesin a cooler. Unused and unmixedproduct should be in a closed,refrigerated container until used.

3) Only mix MLV product withinan hour of use.

4) If you are processing a smallnumber of cattle, purchase theproduct in small containers withfewer doses.

Do not allow vaccine or syringesto sit in direct sunlight. Example: Styrofoam cooler used to keep syringes cool and outof direct sunlight.Source: Thrift University of Florida

Vaccines

Care & Husbandry PracticesSound animal husbandry practices

based on research and decades ofpractical experience are known toimpact the well-being of cattle,individual animal health and herdproductivity.

Because cattle are produced using avariety of management systems, in verydiverse environmental and geographicallocations in the United States, there isnot one specific set of productionpractices that can be recommended forall cattle producers to implement.Personal experience, training, andprofessional judgment are key factors inproviding proper animal care.

Feeding and NutritionCattle should have access to an

adequate quantity and quality ofnutrients (feed, water, minerals andvitamins) for body maintenance and growth.

The nutrient requirements of cattle vary according to age, sex,

weight, body condition,stage of production andenvironmental temperature.

Nutritionists can providespecific information aboutthe nutrient needs of cattleand nutrient availability infeed ingredients.

Cattle should have accessto an adequate supply ofclean water. Although waterrequirements vary greatly, asa rule of thumb, waterconsumption will range fromone gallons per 100 lb. ofbody weight during coldweather, to nearly two

gallons per 100 lb. of body weightduring hot weather.

Livestock FacilitiesFacilities (fences, chutes, etc.)

should be maintained in good workingcondition to provide efficientmovement and reduce stress whenworking cattle. Sharp objects and

protrusions can result in bruising andshould be avoided whenever possible.

Equipment to restrain cattle shouldallow for quick and secure restraint inorder to minimize stress or injury to theanimal or the operator.

Experienced and trained personnelshould operate restraining equipment.

ShelterBeef cattle are produced in a

variety of production settings, frompasture and range to dry lot andconfinement facilities.

When behavioral and physiologicalcharacteristics of cattle are matched tolocal conditions, beef cattle thrive invirtually any environment withoutartificial shelter. However, duringextreme weather conditions, cattleshould have access to well-drainedresting areas and/or natural orconstructed shelter.

Animal Health PracticesProducers should implement herd

health programs that address theprevention and treatment of disease.These programs will vary dependingupon the type of operation and diseaseprevalence. Cattle producers areencouraged to consult with theirveterinarian to establish effective herdhealth programs.

Cattle should be observed regularly,particularly during critical periods ofthe year such as calving season orweather-related events.

When procedures such asvaccination, castration, dehorning andbranding are performed, propertechniques and/or equipment should beutilized. Only experienced or properlytrained personnel should perform these procedures.

Beef producers are encouragedto follow state or national BQAguidelines.

Improper handling causesmore than 50% of all bruises.

Click here to view theGuidelines for Care andHandling of Beef Cattle

Handling Sick, Disabled orDeceased Livestock

It is the responsibility of cattlemen tohumanely care for their animals andmake every effort to obtain veterinarycare for animals that are sick or injured.

Sick or injured livestock that are non-responsive to medical treatment fora reasonable period of convalescenceshould be humanely euthanized on thefarm or ranch.

Moreover, cattle exhibiting symptomsof advanced disease or cattle that arenon-ambulatory, “downers,” should notbe transported to market facilities.

Euthanasia is defined as humane deathoccurring without pain and suffering.Techniques for euthanasia should followguidelines established by the AmericanVeterinary Medical Association and theAmerican Association of BovinePractitioners.

Producers should use proper methodsof disposing of deceased livestock inaccordance with federal, state and localregulations. If utilizing a renderingservice, keep deceased livestock awayfrom public view.

TransportationDuring the movement of cattle to and

from farms, ranches, feedlots andmarketing facilities, proper handling andtransportation are important for thesafety and welfare of the animals.

When loading and unloading cattle,personnel should move cattle as quietlyand patiently as possible to prevent stressor injury.

Cattle should be separated by size orgender prior to shipping and, if possible,different groups should be loaded intoseparate compartments of the truck or trailer. To prevent livestock fromfalling while in transit, drivers shouldavoid sudden starts/stops and sharp turns.Moreover, the floors of trucks and trailers should be clean and slip-resistant.

While in transit, occasional stopsshould be made to ensure cattle are welldispersed and still standing.

Severe weather conditions must beconsidered when transporting livestock.As appropriate, adequate ventilation andprotection should be provided duringtransit.

Training & EducationAll individuals working with livestock

should be provided a sound workingknowledge of proper care and handlingtechniques.

Cattle producers shouldobserve their employees toensure they are properlytrained. Never assume anyonecan properly handle cattle, orthat they will always utilizeproper techniques.

Ongoing education shouldbe a part of any managementplan.

When working with cattle,individuals should understandan animal’s flight zone. (Seefigure at right.)

Avoid sudden movement, loud noises,or other actions that may frighten orconfuse animals. Handling devices,including canes, prods, sorting sticks andpaddles, should be used humanely.

Cattle Handling Key Points:1) Be aware of the flight zone for

cattle. To move cattle forward,move toward their rear past their point of balance (shoulder).To stop or back up cattle in achute, move forward past theirpoint of balance.

2) Never fill a crowding pen morethan three-quarters full; cattleneed room to turn around.

3) Cattle should move easily up thechute. Avoid hanging chains,shadows, backstops, noises, dogsor people that might preventmovement.

4) Loading ramps and handlingchutes should have solid walls toprevent animals from seeingdistractions outside the workingarea.

5) Minimize the use of cattle prods.

6) Reducing stress on the animalwill reduce animal injuries andsickness, employee injury andincrease overall efficiency.

During the movementof livestock to and fromranches, feedlots andmarketing facilities,proper handling andtransportation areimportant for the safety and welfare ofthe animals.

Understanding an animal’sflight zone can make cattlehandling easier and less stressful on the animal.

Ongoing education ofindividuals workingwith livestock shouldbe a part of everymanagement plan.

Breeding And GeneticsIndustry targets will allow the beef

industry to meet requirements for portionsize, marbling preferences and efficiencyin the packing industry. Knowing theindustry targets and understanding howto reach those is the first step towarddeveloping a sound, logical breedingprogram. (See Fed Cattle Targets at left.)

Some specialty targets like high-yielding cattle, extra-lean cattle, or“all-natural” cattle may require slightlydifferent specifications to reach thosegoals.

Discounts usually are applied to cattlethat are in the undesirable category –often referred to as “out cattle.”

Networking with calf buyers, stockeroperators and feedyards that purchaseyour calves and feeder cattle is one wayto find out how your cattle will performafter they leave your business.

Carcass traits have become the focusof many information feedback programs,especially in branded beef and value-added programs.

Performance traits such as daily weightgain, feed efficiency and health also are“quality” factors that should be measured.

Management PracticesDehorning: Cattle with horns can

cause significant carcass damage due tobruising. Bruises from horns are trimmed,resulting in lost carcass weight, devaluedprimal cuts and reduced carcass value.

Calves born with horns should be properlydehorned to prevent horn growth.

Castration: Early castration improvesanimal performance and gain, andreduces health complications. Plus, beeffrom steers has a finer texture, highermarbling score and is more consistent intenderness than that from bulls.Castration is recommended to occurbetween birth and four months of age.

Branding: Branding is a permanentand proven means of identification, andbrand inspection is required in some partsof the United States. But, the placementof a brand does have an impact on thevalue of the hide. It is recommended thatbrands be placed on the hip, allowing thedamaged portion to be cut away from thehide without significantly reducing thevalue of the hide.

Nutrition: Body Condition Score(BCS) is a measurement tool todetermine the nutritional status of cattle.The range is from 1 (very emaciated) to 9(overly fat).

The Texas A&M University Ranch-to-Rail program documented healthycalves were $93.20/head more profitable than sick calves (12,595 headtested).

FED CATTLE TARGETS

DesirableCarcass Weight – 650-850 lbs

Quality Grade – Select or higher

Yield Grade – 1, 2 or 3

UndesirableCarcass Weight – <600 or >950 lbs.

Quality Grade – Standard

Yield Grade – 4 or 5

(Source: National Beef Quality Audit)

Quality defects in mature cows and bulls include: • Inadequate muscling• Excessive fat trim• Lightweight or heavy carcasses• Lameness and downer animals • Eye lesions • Horns • Brands • Bruising

Optimum range for cows at calvingtime is BCS 5. Cows calving below aBCS 5 produce less volume of colostrum,lower quality colostrum and havedecreased milk production.

Nutritional stress can impact theanimal’s health and immune system. Aproper balance of protein and energy isvery important to the nutritional needsof cattle.

Calf Nutrition: Weaning is one of themost stressful periods for young calves.Stress will decrease immune response.

In a short period of time, a calf isweaned, removed from its mother’s dailynutrition and oftentimes shipped to anew environment, commingled withother calves and started on a new rationor feeding method.

Preconditioning allows for calves tobe managed and transitioned into thenext phase of their life cycle.Preconditioning programs with a 45-daypost-weaning period have been acceptedby the industry to improve animalperformance, health and carcass quality.

Calves with fewer health problemsafter leaving the ranch will:

1) require less medication, 2) suffer less death loss, 3) perform more efficiently and 4) potentially have higher valued

carcasses.

Excess fat cover decreases profitablity.

Culling Management1) Do not market cull animals that

pose a public health threat orthat have a terminal condition.

2) Be certain ALL animals shippedto market have cleared properwithdrawal times.

3) Do not send cull animals that are disabled or have advancedeye lesions to market .

4) Market cull animals BEFOREthey become severely emaciated.

5) Using products properly andobserving withdrawal times willprevent violative residues.

Food Safety Food safety continues to be a

challenge for the industry. Ongoingresearch is being conducted to identifynew and improved technologies and toexplore opportunities to strengthen thesafety of today’s meat supply. Due topublic concern over the incidence ofE. coli 0157:H7 in the food supply inthe early 1990s, the 1996 PathogenReduction – HACCP Final Rule wasdeveloped. This rule mandated theimplementation of HACCP throughoutthe meat industry. (See page 3 forHACCP information.)

USDA-FSIS inspects all meat soldin interstate commerce and re-inspectsimported products to ensure they fulfillall U.S. food safety requirements.

FSIS inspectors are in packing plantsdaily to ensure the products are fit forhuman consumption and in compliancewith all federal laws governing food safety.

Current microbiological decontami-nation technologies include:

• Spot cleaning of carcassesby knife-trimming orsteam/hot watervacuuming.

• Spraying/washing/rinsing ofcarcasses with water,chemical solutions and/orsteam or hot water duringcarcass processing.

• Animal cleaning.• Chemical dehairing at

slaughter. Contamination can enter

packing plants on the hides ofanimals as well as in ananimal’s digestive tract.Research efforts currently

address live animal interventions toreduce pathogen levels in and on liveanimals.

Management and EmergencyPreparedness

Security is designed to preventintentional introduction of pathogen(s)into an operation. Developing asecurity management strategy involvesevaluating potential risks, outliningsteps to manage the identified risks and instituting a security plan based on therisk assessment.

At the very least, posting securitysigns, establishing a buffer zone orperimeter fence to separate livestockfrom the public, securing all accessgates and establishing visitor andintruder policies should be considered.

Biosecurity management andpractices are designed to prevent thespread of disease. The goal ofbiosecurity is to prevent, minimize orcontrol cross-contamination of bodyfluids (feces, urine, saliva, etc.)between animals, from animals tofeed and from animals to equipmentthat may directly or indirectly contactanimals.

BiosecurityTo implement a biosecurity program,

consider these practices for:Controlling disease within the herd• Vaccinate the herd against all

endemic diseases (BVD, Clostridialdisease, etc.).

• Use low-stress management formovement and processing. Provideample feed, water, and shade.

• Isolate all sick animals.• Maintain a closed herd, if possible.• Purchase feed from reputable sources.• Minimize fence-line contact with

neighboring animals.• Do not place cattle of different ages

in the same pen.• Keep records of all disease

occurrences.

Steam vacuumingcarcasses is onemanagment option toreduce the incidence ofE. coli 0157:H7.

Industry IssuesFoodborne BacteriaThorough cooking of food will killthe following foodborne bacteria.

E. coli 0157:H7 – a virulent strainof this bacteria found in theintestinal tract and feces of animalsand humans.

Salmonella – a family of bacteriathat includes more than 2,000strains, 10 of which are responsiblefor most cases of reported illnessassociated with bacteria. It can befound on any raw food of animalorigin.

Listeriosis – a bacterium that growsin a damp environment and maycommonly be found in dairyproducts, raw meats and poultry.

Purchasing replacement animals• Quarantine all new animals for

30-60 days.• Test new animals for disease (BVD,

Johne’s, Salmonella, etc.).• Purchase animals from healthy,

reputable herds.

Environmental and pest control• Provide human foot baths at

entrances and exits of confinementfacilities.

• Provide timely manure and deadanimal removal.

• Keep grounds and feed bunks as dry aspossible.

• Have an insect control program inpractice. (Insects can be vectors for diseases such as anaplasmosis andblue tongue.)

• Have a rodent control program inpractice.

Disinfection• Clean and remove as much organic

material as possible beforedisinfecting.

• Choose a disinfectant that will workagainst the pathogen you want tocontrol.

• Be aware of any toxic, harmful orcorrosive effects of the disinfectant.

• Follow the label on the disinfectantpackage.

Visitors• Minimize the number of visitors to

the facility and their contact withanimals.

• Be sure all visitors have cleanclothing/coveralls, boots, and hands.

• Be sure all vehicles or equipmentbrought onto the farm are disinfected.

• Do not allow foreign visitors on thefarm until they have been in thecounry for five days. Do not allowforeign visitors to bring clothing,foods, or accessories they have had inanother country onto the farm.

Employees• Be sure all employees understand and

follow the biosecurity protocol.• Realize that employee-owned animals

(horses, dogs, etc.) can be a possiblesource of contamination to yourfacility.

Posting check-in signs at livestockentry points can aid in animalhealth biosecurity.

Maintaining abiosecurity program is thecheapest, mosteffective means to control disease, and nodisease prevention program will beeffective without it.

Infectious Disease Can BeSpread By:• The introduction of diseased

cattle or healthy cattle incubatingdisease.

• Introduction of healthy cattlewho have recovered from disease,but are now carriers.

• Vehicles, equipment, clothingand shoes of visitors or employeeswho move between herds.

• Contact with inanimate objectsthat are contaminated withdisease organisms.

• Carcasses of dead livestock thathave not been disposed ofproperly.

• Feedstuffs, especially high-riskfeedstuffs, that could becontaminated with feces.

• Contaminated water (surfacedrainage water, etc.).

• Manure handling and aerosolizedmanure and dust.

• Non-livestock (horses, dogs, cats,coyotes, raccoons, other wildlife,rodents, birds and insects).

There are a number of foreign animaldiseases and bacterial and viral pathogensthat pose a threat to the safety andeconomic viability of the U.S. livestockindustry. Following are brief definitionsand the treatment protocol, if available:

BVD – Bovine Virus Diarrhea is aviral disease that affects the respiratory,reproductive, digestive, immune andnervous systems of cattle. It is transmittedin urine, feces, nasal secretions andsemen. Persistently infected (PI) cattleplay a key role in transmitting andmaintaining the disease in a herd.Biosecurity, vaccination and testing areimportant in controlling BVD.

TSE – Transmissible SpongiformEnchephalopathies are a group of rare,degenerative brain diseases that affectboth animals and humans. The means oftransmission is still unknown, but thisdisease appears to be spread in bodysecretions (urine, feces or saliva).

• BSE – Bovine SpongiformEnchephalopathy, part of the TSEfamily, is a rare, chronic degenerativedisease affecting the central nervoussystem of cattle, often referred to asMad Cow Disease. It was firstidentified in Great Britain in 1986.Based on USDA surveillance efforts,there are no documented cases of BSEin the U.S. One form of human TSE isCreutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD). Anadditional TSE in humans that hasbeen associated with BSE in cattle isnew variant (nv) CJD.

The U.S. has banned theimportation of beef, ruminant animalsand rendered animal products fromEurope and other countries that haveconfirmed cases of BSE. Since 1997,the U.S. also has banned feedingmammal-derived animal protein by-products in cattle feed.

Affected animals may displayaggression, difficulty in coordinationand rising, decreased milk productionand loss of body weight. There is notreatment or vaccine to prevent the

disease, and no test to detect thedisease in a live animal. BSE isconfirmed by postmortem microscopicexamination of brain tissue protein. • CWD – Chronic Wasting Diseaseis also a form of TSE and was firstidentified in Nebraska’s deer and elkpopulation in 1998. The disease isprogressive and always fatal. The most obvious sign is weight loss overtime. CWD never has been shownto infect cattle. FMD – Foot-and-Mouth Disease is a

highly contagious viral disease thatusually does not affect humans, but hasdevastating effects on cloven-hoovedanimals such as cattle, swine, sheep,goats and deer. The U.S. has not had acase of Foot-and-Mouth Disease since1929. FMD can be spread by movementof infected animals, movement ofcontaminated vehicles, and bycontaminated facilities used to holdanimals. People can carry the virus onclothing and other surfaces. Quickreporting will greatly reduce theeconomic losses associated with anoutbreak of FMD.

The most obvious signs of the diseasein animals are excessive slobbering,going off feed and lameness. Affectedanimals may have blisters in the mouthor other areas of tender skin, such asudders in females, nostrils and betweenthe hooves.

Johne’s Disease – Johne’s is aninfectious bacterial disease of animals,primarily affecting the intestinal tract. It is caused by Mycobacteriumparatuberculosis, a distant relative of thebacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB)in humans and animals, but is a differentdisease than TB. There is no vaccine forJohne’s, but there are several diagnostictests available. Clinical signs of Johne’sdisease do not develop until cattle areadults, even though transmission of thedisease occurs as a calf. Johne’s is spreadvia colostrum, feces or, rarely, trans-placentally.

Potential Disease/Infection Risks

For more informationabout these or otherdiseases, contact yourlocal veterinarian or referto the Appendix on page29 to locate a Web sitereference.

Name: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

Training Location: ____________________________________________________________________________________

Return test and contract to Kansas Livestock Association. (See pg 2)

Identify the letter or symbol that indicates the correct answer for each of the questions.

1) ____ True or False. All products labeled for intramuscular (IM) use shall be given in the neck region only. (Page 17)

2) ____ Who can legally prescribe the use of any feed additive other than as directed on the product label? (Page 9)

a) feed supplier b) veterinarian c) both a and b d) no one

3) ____ When administering a subcutaneous (SQ) injection to a calf weighing 500 lbs., which needle is

recommended? (Page 18)

a) 18 gauge x 1-inch b) 18 gauge x 5/8-inch c) 20 gauge x 1-inch c) 16 gauge x 1 1/2 inch

4) ____ Which of the following is not true when giving injections? (Page 17)

a) give injections within the injection zone triangle c) when possible, use IM injections

b) tent skin for all subcutaneous (SQ) injections d) space injections 4 inches apart

5) ____ For a vaccine to be most effective, it must be: (Page 19)

a) kept out of direct sunlight and UV light c) administered in a clean injection site

b) kept cool at all times d) all of the above

6) ____ Market cull cows and bulls must follow KS-BQA regulations. Non-fed beef is what percentage of total

U.S. beef production? (Page 4)

a) 30-35% b) less than 5% c) 7-12% d) 15-20%

7) ____ True or False. All products cause tissue damage when injected IM. Therefore, IM use should be avoided

if possible. (Page 7)

8) ____ Bruising in market cows and bulls is a large problem because: (Page 4)

a) they possess less fat cover c) they have a higher incidence of lameness

b) they encounter more situations where bruising can occur d) both a and c

9) ____ The KS-BQA program is designed to assist producers to: (Page 2)

a) set production standards c) be educated on industry issues and practices

b) establish systems for data retention and record keeping d) all the above

10)____ Under KS-BQA guidelines, records should be maintained for a minimum of: (Page 6-7,14)

a) three years b) two years c) one year d) until the cattle have been transferred

11)____ True or False. Over-the-counter (OTC) drug dosage can be adjusted by a veterinarian within the context of a

valid veterinary-client-patient relationship. (Page 10)

12)____ The federal mammalian protein ban prohibits the use of which by-products in formulating ruminant feed products:

a) blood and blood by-products b) meat and bone meal c) gelatin d) tallow (Page 8)

KS-BQA Certification Test

KANSAS BEEF QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM

BQA Checklist and Contract

I am committed to producing beef cattle that are safe, wholesome, high quality, consistent and produced in an environmentally sound manner. To do this, I will strive for the following:

Feedstuffs/Feed Additives ✔ A feed quality control program will be maintained for all incoming feed ingredients. ✔ Only FDA-approved medicated feed additives will be used in rations. ✔ Proper withdrawal time for all additives and pesticide/herbicide use will be observed to avoid violative residues. ✔ Ruminant-derived protein sources will not be fed.

Processing/Treatment and Records✔ Extra-label drug use will be used only when prescribed by a veterinarian with a valid veterinarian-client-patient

relationship. ✔ Records will be maintained for all treatments (individual or group) following BQA-suggested record keeping

guidelines and will be kept for a minimum of three years.✔ When requested, all processing and treatment records will be transferred with the cattle to the next production level.

Injectable Animal Health Products ✔ All injections will be administered in the neck region only. This includes both subcutaneous and intramuscular

injections. ✔ All individual treatments will strictly follow only FDA/USDA/EPA guidelines, and products which cause tissue

damage will be avoided.

Care and Husbandry Practices ✔ Cattle management will follow animal care and well-being guidelines that conform to good veterinary and

husbandry practices to avoid bruising, stress, or injury. ✔ Biosecurity practices will be implemented and regularly evaluated.

Signature: ______________________________________________________ Date: ______________________________

Name: ___________________________________ Business Name: ____________________________________________

Address: __________________________________________________City: _______________ ST: ____ Zip: __________

E-mail:____________________________________Phone: ________________________Fax: _______________________

Check those that apply to your busines: " Feedlot " Cow-Calf " Seedstock " Stocker " Other

Employees, please list employer’s name and address:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________ ______

Contract

Additive: An ingredient or substanceadded to a basic feed mix, usually insmall quantities, for the purpose offortifying it with certain nutrients,stimulants and/or medications.

Antibiotic: A class of drugs, such aspenicillin, used to control or curedisease.

BQA: Beef Quality Assurance

Cutability: An estimate of thepercentage of salable meat (muscle)from the round, rib and chuck vs.percentage of waste fat.

EPA: Environmental ProtectionAgency

Extra-label usage: Administering a drug or other substance in a mannernot specified on the label.

FSIS: Food Safety and InspectionService

HACCP (Hazard Analysis AndCritical Control Points): A systematic,science-based approach to ensuring theproduction of safe food. The USDAFood Safety and Inspection Servicerequires all U.S. meat and poultryprocessing facilities to implement thesystem.

Immunity: The ability of an animal toresist or overcome an infection towhich most members of its species aresusceptible.

Immunization: The process andprocedures involved in creatingimmunity in an animal. Vaccination is a form of immunization.

Intramuscular injection (IM): Aninjection into the muscle.

Intravenous injection (IV): Injectionof a drug or other substance directlyinto a vein.

Medicated feed: Any feed that contains drug ingredients intended orrepresented for the cure, mitigation,treatment or prevention of diseases ofanimals.

OTC: Drugs and other substances thatcan be bought by anyone over thecounter because adequate instructionsfor layman use can be printed on thelabel.

Pesticides: Broad class of cropprotection compounds used to combatinsects, fungus and rodents.

Residues: Remnants of compounds indrugs and other substances found influid, tissues and feeds.

Route of Administration: the methodby which a drug or other substance isgiven to an animal (oral, subcutaneous,intramuscular, topical, etc.).

Rx (prescription drugs): Drugs thatmust be prescribed by a licensedveterinarian.

Subcutaneous (SQ): An injectionunder the skin.

Vaccination: An injection of vaccine,bacterin, antiserum, or antitoxin toproduce immunity or tolerance todisease.

Vaccine: A preparation containingmicroorganisms controlled in such away as to create a response by therecipient animal’s body that results inincreased protective immunity.

Zero-Tolerance: The standard to whichU.S. beef processors must adhere whenit comes to fecal and ingesta carcasscontamination. In layman’s terms, novisible contamination is allowed on beef carcasses.

Web sites For More Information:

Kansas Livestock Association www.kla.orgNCBA – National Cattlemen’s Beef Association www.beef.org Kansas State University Dept. of Animal Science www.oznet.ksu.edu/dp_ansi/Kansas Animal Health Department accesskansas.org/kahd/Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center www.gpvec.unl.edu Biosecurity Information www.biosecuritycenter.orgCenters for Disease Control www.cdc.org FDA – Food and Drug Administration www.fda.org USDA – United States Department of Agriculture www.usda.gov

Glossary:

Appendix

Producer Code of Cattle CareBeef cattle producers take pride in their responsibility to properly care for cattle ontheir farms and ranches. The following are general recommendations for producersto consider in raising and handling cattle:

• Provide necessary food, water and care to protect the health and well-being of animals.

• Provide disease prevention practices to protect herd health, including access toveterinary care.

• Provide facilities that allow safe, humane, and efficient movement and/orrestraint of livestock.

• Use appropriate methods to euthanize sick or injured livestock and dispose ofthem properly.

• Provide personnel with training experiences to properly handle and care for cattle.

• Make timely observations of livestock to ensure basic needs are being met.

• Minimize stress when transporting cattle.

• Keep updated on advancements and changes in the industry to make decisionsbased on sound production practices and consideration to animal well-being.

• Persons who willfully mistreat animals will not be tolerated.

Kansas Beef Quality Assurance Program6031 S.W. 37th Street

Topeka, KS 66614(785) 273-5115 www.kla.org