ChartChart symbolssymbols Geographical positions p. 6 Natural features, Foreshore p. 9 – 11 & 25 – 27 Landmarks p. 14 – 15 Tides & currents p. 20 – 22 Depths & depth contours p. 23 – 24 Intertidal areas p. 26 Rocks, wrecks & obstructions p. 28 – 30 Offshore installations p. 31 – 32 Tracks & routes p. 33 –35 Submarine cables p. 32 Anchorages p. 36 Restricted areas p. 37 Lights p. 39 – 44 Buoys, beacons & fog signals p. 45 – 51 Radar p. 52 Pilotage p. 54

The international hydrographic organisation (IHO)The international hydrographic organisation (IHO)

Definition of hydrography

Hydrography deals with the measurement and description of features of seas and coastal areas for primary purpose of navigation and all other marine purposes and activities

IHO

Intergovernmental consultative and technical organisation Established in 1921 Main goal: to support safety in navigation and protection of marine environment Members: 74 states Object

o Coordination national hydrographic officeso Standardisationo Adoption reliable and efficient methods of carrying out hydrographic surveyso Development of new techniques in field of hydrography and oceanography

Standardisation

IHO publication M-4 Adoption of consistent colours, symbols, nomenclature and general presentation for

charts Part A: regulations for international charts Part B: chart specifications of IHO for medium- and large- scale national and

international charts (scales larger than 1:2 million) Part C: chart specifications for small-scale international charts (scales smaller than 1:2

million)

International charts

Common worldwide chart series (INT Chart) Internationally agreed limits and scales IHO publication M-11 (Guidance for the preparation and maintenance of INT Chart

Schemes)o Scheme determines which hydrographic office is responsible for mapping area

and at what scaleo Member States can join together => Regional Hydrographic Commission

Publication INT charto Producer nation = responsible for publicationo Printer nation = allowed to make some modifications such as languageo Produced by UKHO => only INT numbero Produced by other member state => INT number + national number

Definitiono Produced within limits and scales following international schemeo Has INT numbero Conform to chart specifications of IHOo Conform to regulations of IHO for international charts

S-57 standard

Standards for transfer of digital hydrographic data & chart display and content of ECDIS

If conform => Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC)

Nautical publicationsNautical publications Reasons for global reputation UKHO

o Global coverageo Informationo Languageo Organisationo Uniformityo Supply

Full range = listed in Catalogue of Admiralty Charts and Publicationso Standard Navigational Charts (SNC): 3300o Publications: 220o Also online catalogue (updated each Thursday (NtM))

NP 131 – Catalogue of Admiralty Charts and Publications

Graphical & textual Listed by region Full details each chart & publication, details electronic charts & Admiralty distributors Updated and published annually Part 1: general information

o Arrangement of Catalogueo Products and serviceso List of Admiralty authorized chart agents (location, contact & products)

International agents Immediate supply digital & paper products Supply of Admiralty Notices to Mariners Charts dispatched fully corrected Correction-tracing sets each week Notifying automatically of new products & editions appropriate

to ship’s trading pattern Weekly lists of applicable corrections Control & inspection routines

Chart agents / distributors Broad range digital and/or paper products All corrected for latest NtM

Retailers Small selection local charts and/or chart ordering service Uncorrected Full range of Admiralty Leisure products

o ENC software suppliers Part 2: digital services

o Admiralty digital catalogueo Admiralty updating serviceo Digital publicationso Admiralty ECDIS serviceo Admiralty ARCS serviceo Admiralty AVCS service (vector charts)

Part 3: nautical charts, paper & digitalo Index chart for worldo General charts of the oceano Planning chartso Admiralty chart folios (100) (each folio contains all Admiralty navigational

charts published for area concerned) Part 4: thematic charts Part 5: nautical publications, paper & digital

o Tidal publicationso Sailing directionso ALL & FSo ALRSo Other

Part 6: related Admiralty publicationso Admiralty notices to mariners and update serviceso Distance tableso Astronomical publicationso Leisure products

Part 7: countries with established hydrographical office Part 8: index of advertisers Part 9: numeric index & price list

Admiralty thematic charts

Routeing charts (pilot charts)o Passage planning & ocean voyageso Routes and distance between major ports, ocean currents, ice limits, load lines,

wind roses, expected meteorological and oceanographic conditions for each month

o Five charts North Atlantic South Atlantic North Pacific South Pacific Indian Ocean

Time zone charto To be able to relate local time to standard GMTo International date line on latest edition

Planning chartso Planning toolso Educational, travel & decorative purposeso Small-scale charts covering all significant ports worldwide

Load line regulations charto Draught as by the SOLASo Latest designated zones & seasonal periods

Astronomical chartso Facilitate accurate plotting of position from astronomical observations

Gnomonic chartso Used in passage planning (great circle as straight line)o Fifteen charts cover the worldo Scales: 1:13 500 000 & 1:26 500 000

Magnetic variation chartso Show variation of magnetic fieldso Provides more detailed coverage on worldwide level

Meteorological charts & diagramso Used to plot weather information

Bathymetric chartso Bathymetry = science of measurement of marine depthso Show ocean floor data

Soundings Magnetic anomalies Submarine relief

Instructional chartso Training school useo NEVER TO BE USED FOR NAVIGATION

Ships’ boats’ chartso Oceans of world covered by 6 small-plasticized charts for lifeboatso Show coastline, approximate strengths and directions of prevailing winds &

currents, limits of ice & isogonic lineso Directions for use of chart & general remarks on lifeboats and weather on

reverse Plotting sheets

o Radar plotting diagramo Ocean plotting sheets

Climatic chartso Average conditions for elements like pressure, winds, currents, temperature,

ice, fog & rainfallo For months of January & July

NP 100: the mariners’ handbook

Compendium of essential maritime information Listed as per subject 9 chapters

o Nautical publicationso Use charts & navigational aidso Regulationso The seao Meteorological informationo Iceo Navigation in iceo Reportingo IALA A & B

3 annexeso National flagso Collision ruleso Glossary

Admiralty list of radio signals (ALRS)

Covers all aspects of maritime communications 6 volumes Changes listed in NtM Volume 1: maritime radio stations

o Satellite communication (INMARSAT)o Maritime radio stations (tel., fax, telex, VHF…)o Quarantine reportso Pollution reportso Ship reporting system (voluntary system for SAR)

Volume 2: radio aids to navigation, satellite navigation systems, radio time signals & electronic position fixing systems

o Radar beaconso Satellite navigation systems (GPS & DGPS)o Radio time signalso Standard times

Volume 3: maritime safety information services (2 parts)o Navarea’so Radio weather services & navigational warningso Radio-facsimile stationso Ships’ weather reports (VOS = voluntary observing ship program)

Volume 4: meteorological observation stationso List of all meteorological observation stations with name, position, elevation &

type

Volume 5: global maritime distress and safety systemo Description of area’so Procedures for DSC & satellite communicationo ITU radio regulationso List of coast stations (VHF & DSC channels)o SAR

Volume 6: pilot services, vessel traffic services & port operations (5 parts)o Pilot serviceso VTSo Port operations & facilities

Admiralty sailing directions (Pilots)

Assists merchant mariner on all classes of ocean-going vessel Provides essential information on all aspects of navigation 74 volumes Complementary to Admiralty standard nautical charts Part 1: general info

o Covered areao Local navigation & rules (traffic separation schemes, IALA, dangers …)o Meteorological information (tides, currents)o Navigation on ice

Part 2: detailed information about the portso Topographyo Approacho Anchorageo Berthingo Port facilitieso VTSo Small craft

Other publications

NP 136: ocean passages for the world

Ocean voyage planning Routeing details for powered and sailing vessels Individual chapters on each of world’s oceans Advice on winds, weather, climate, seasonal factors, currents, swell, ice hazards &

shortest routes between ports & important positions

NP 350: Admiralty distance tables

Three parts Regional sub-division & tables

NP 5011: symbols and abbreviations used on Admiralty charts

Admiralty routeing guides

Important passage planning information For major shipping areas

o English Channelo North Seao Gulf of Suezo Malaccao Singapore Straits

Contentso Passage planning using the guideo General rules & recommendationso Specific rules & recommendationso MARPOLo Radio reporting (VTS)o Reporting by radio to port of destinationo Maritime radio serviceso Radio beacono Tidal infoo Pilot serviceso Passage planning chart

Refers to the other publications needed

IMO ships’ routeing

Chapter 1: rules of IMO Chapter 2: 10 parts / area’s Chapter 3: port routes Chapter 4: area’s to be avoided Chapter 5: difficult zones Chapter 6: general regulations and definitions concerning navigation Chapter 7

Guide to port entry

2 parts 4 volumes Part 1

o General information per country per harbouro Facilities of port & harbouro Position of port & harbour

Part 2o Terminal on chartso Marine arrangements

Updating charts & publicationsUpdating charts & publicationsSOLAS chapter V requires that vessels maintain all charts & publications necessary for intended voyage up to date

Admiralty notices to mariners, paper version

General

Weekly published in small booklet Obtained by subscription Lists important changes to charts & lights, radio signals & sailing directions Contents

o Cover Number of week of publication Numbers of all notices in the booklet

o Part I How to use the booklet Index of all charts to be corrected Index by Folio, numerical & geographical

o Part II – corrections for Admiralty charts Text Full colour blocks

Significant amount of new complex safety-critical data Relatively small area Volume of changes would clutter if done by hand

Temporary & preliminary correctionso Part III – listing of all radio navigational warnings still in useo Part IV – corrections for Admiralty sailing directionso Part V – corrections for Admiralty list of lightso Part VI – corrections for Admiralty list of radio signals

Working method

See p. 30 – 31

Admiralty notices to mariners, digital version

Free service Data available on date of publication Search for

o Chart updates latest editiono Chart updates last NtMo Chart updates between specified dateso Individual NtM, by number, by year

Downloado Chart update listingso NtM text chart updateso NtM full colour blocks & note updateso Temporary & preliminary NtM updates

Advantageso Quick & easy accesso Immediate access to official paper chart & publication updateso View & print individual notices & full colour blockso Reduces delays in obtaining safety critical navigation information

Chart folio management system

CHART-TRACK

Not by the Admiralty Complete chart & publication management solution On-board inventory management

o Tracks each chart & publication held on boardo Captures updated information & compares list of new editions with inventory

Automatically places order Entry added in order file New edition available => supplied to the vessel

o NtM & tracings downloaded every weeko Includes complete list all standard nautical publications

Guide to port entry SOLAS MARPOL

Simplified chart correctingo Receives only those corrections in need to be appliedo Corrections arrive via e-mail => easily transferred into databaseo Activate & de-activate charts & books

On-shore ship managemento Check on current inventory statuso Check on status of chart correctionso Check on ship’s orders

CHARTCO

Chart folio management system of UKHO (Admiralty) Maritime data supply service

o Paper chart correctionso Paper nautical publicationso Electronic chart updateso Updates to British Admiralty electronic productso Global weather datao Global & regional news serviceso Easy-to-use fully searchable database

Flag state legislation SOLAS MARPOL EC Directives

Transmitted through Inmarsat Satellite Network via Inmarsat Terminal Passes data to ChartCo Broadcast Receiver ChartManager service

o Management & delivery of NtM & corrections to paper chartso Complete NtM received but corrections applicable are highlighted

OceanXpress serviceo Delivery of updates to electronic charts & publications

RegsManagero Easy & up-to-date access to relevant documentation

News serviceso Digital news & information service

MetManager serviceo Weather information & computer based onboard vessel routeing adviceo Broadcast dailyo Forecast data automatically receivedo Large format full ocean region coverage

Supplementary means

NP 294: How to keep your Admiralty charts up-to-date

Good chart management practice with step-by-step correcting techniques using real Admiralty NtM

NP 133A: Chart correction log

Log to record Admiralty chart correction details Record weekly NtM & new charts & editions Index to check NtM against all Admiralty charts

NP 247: Annual summary of Admiralty NtM

First Notice of each year Notices covering important subjects Reprints of all temporary & preliminary notices still in force Reprints all amendments to admiralty sailing directions published & in force

Admiralty list of lights and fog signalsAdmiralty list of lights and fog signals

Introduction

Navigation aids

Special structures like lighthouses, lightships, beacons, buoys etc used to enhance safety by providing more opportunities to obtain LOPs

Prescribed by IALA (International Association of Lighthouse Authorities)

Light identification

Features to describe lighto Colouro Period (time in seconds needed for one complete cycle of changes)o Phase characteristics (particular pattern of changes within one complete cycle)

Fixed (F) = unblinking, steady intensity, always on Flashing (Fl) = duration light less than duration darkness, frequency <

30 times / minute Quick flashing (Q) = frequency > 60 times / minute Very quick flashing (VQ) = frequency > 100 times / minute Interrupted quick flashing (IQ) = quick flashing with one moment of

darkness in one period Isophase (Iso) = equal duration between light & darkness Group flashing (Fl (x+x)) Occulting (Occ) = opposite of flashing Alternating (AL) = changes colour (in same direction) Morse “U” (Mo (U)) Long-flashing (LFL) = one long flash (at least 2 seconds) Fixed & flashing (FFl) = always on, sometimes greater intensity

Major lightso Used for key navigational points along seacoasts, channels, harbour & river

entranceso Installed on permanent structureso High intensity & high reliabilityo Primary lights (very strong, long range, marking landfalls or coastal passages)o Secondary lights (shorter range, harbour & river entrances)o In list of lights

Minor lightso Low to moderate intensityo Within harbours, along channels & rivers

Special lights

Sector lighto Sector of a light = portion of circle defined by bearings from seaward within

light shows specified character or colour, or is obscuredo Used to indicate presence of navigational hazards & safe water aroundo Limits marked on charts

Leading lights (Ldg.Lts)o Lights at different elevations so situated to define leading line when into transit

Aero lights (Aero)o Aids to aircraft

Aeromarine lightso Marine-type light in which part of beam is deflected

Obstruction lights (Aero + “Obstruction” in ALL)o Light marking obstruction to aircrafto Not on chart

Occasional lights (Occas) Fog detector light

o Automatic detection of fog (blue shine)o Various types

Direction light (intens)o Light shining over very narrow sector, forming single leading lighto Sometimes flanked by sectors of greatly reduced intensity / different colours /

character Directional light (Dir)

Fog signals

Sound signals emitted in thick weather or low visibility (less than 3 miles) Attention

o Signals heard at greatly varying distanceso One of the notes may be inaudible due to atmospheric conditionso Fog may exist at short distance from station but observable from there

Sound signalso Bell

Mechanically / wave action Mostly on small buoys

o Diaphone Compressed air Generally powerful low not, ending with sharp descending note

o Horn Compressed air / electricity Vibrates a diaphragm Vary greatly in sound & power

o Siren Flow of compressed air through rotating slots Different tones On LANBY’s

o Gong Used instead of bell

o Whistle Machinery / hand / wave action Usually weak sound On pillar buoys

o Explosive Firing explosive charges

o Reed fog horn Thin metal reed vibrating by compressed air Weak low noise

Range of a light

Range is the distance at which a light can be seen

Luminous range

Maximum distance determined by intensity and meteorological visibility No account of elevation / eye height / curvature earth Diagram in ALL

Nominal range

Nominal range is luminous range when meteorological visibility is 10 sea miles

Geographical & extreme range

Geographical range is distance limited by curvature of earth, refraction of the atmosphere, elevation of light & height of eye of observer

See in ALL Extreme range is distance limited by elevation of light and height of eye See in Nories Distance to horizon

o D = 1,15 √h in feeto D = 2,08 √h in meters

Remarks

Super refractiono Light seen farther than usualo Temperature water < temperature air

Sub refractiono Range is lesso Temperature water > temperature air

ALL & FS – paper publication

Listing all lighthouses, lightships, lit floating mark (higher than 8 m), fog signals & lights of navigational significance

Lists characteristics lights & fog signals & equivalent foreign language light descriptions

Tables to calculate geographical & luminous range of lights Details including international number, location and/or name, geographical co-

ordinates, characteristics, intensity, elevation, range & description of structure New editions published annually Changes listed in NtM 11 volumes for covering the world

Properties

International number Name & location

o Capital letters = place nameo Bold letters = lights with range 15’o Big italic letters = light-vesselso Small italic letters = light-floatso Normal letters = fixed lights with range < 15’

Geographic position (approximate, exact position on chart) Characteristics

o Charactero Periodo Colouro Fog signal

Elevation of structure in meterso Vertical distance between focal plane & chart datumo Normally MHWS

Range in mileso Nominal range used standardo Check in ALL!

Description of structure in meters + height (distance between top & base) Special remarks

Abbreviations used in ALL

See p. 56

Distance by vertical angle

D = h * cotg Height & distance in same terms Assume

o Height of eye = 0o Earth = flato h = elevation (MHWS)

Table in Nories

Effect of height of eye

Ignore observer’s height of eye Angle measured too large Margin of safety is given by ignoring height of eye!

Danger angle

Vertical danger angleo Maximum angleo Reflected image below sea level => ship in safetyo Charted height used, ship further away from danger

Horizontal danger angleo Between two fixed objectso Angle measured less than danger angle => ship in safety

Admiralty digital list of lights

Details of more than 70 000 lights Global coverage across 9 areas on 1 CD-ROM Advantages

o Global coverage on 1 CDo Powerful search & identification toolso Geographical search facilitieso Lights can be grouped in user-defined fileso Unique light identifier tool: panoramic impression of all lights together with

rangeo Flexible subscription optionso Access to additional areas easily obtainedo Automated weekly update service

Licence runs for 1 year Expensive

Admiralty tide tablesAdmiralty tide tables

General arrangement

Published annually Volumes

o Vol 1: UK & Ireland, including European channel portso Vol 2: Europe, Mediterranean Sea & Atlantic Oceano Vol 3: Indian Ocean & South China Seao Vol 4: Pacific Ocean

Contentso Index to standard portso Instructions for use of tableso Part 1: daily predictions of times & heights of high & low water at standard

ports + diagram for calculation heights at times other than high & low watero Part 1a: hourly height predictions for some standard portso Part 2: data for prediction of large number of secondary portso Part 3: harmonic constants for use with simplified harmonic method of tidal

predictiono Geographical index

Methods of prediction

Standard ports

Predictions based on continuous observation over period of at least 3 years Average changes in mean sea level are calculated & included All times given in official standard time kept at that place Summer time => one hour added Predicted heights in meters above chart datum

Secondary ports

Predictions made by applying time & height differences to predictions at selected standard port

Tidal characteristics should be similar Times in time zone of secondary port Correction for summer time NOT for difference in zone time

Seasonal changes in mean level

Monthly variations in mean sea level If maximum variation < 0,1 m => negligible

Meteorological effects on tides

Effect of the wind

Wind raises sea level towards which it is blowing Positive surges (wind from the sea) Negative surges (wind to the sea) Along the coast => long waves => in crest raising sea level, in through lowering sea

level

Barometric pressure

Low barometer => raise sea level High barometer => depress sea level Water level doesn’t adjust immediately => responds to average change in pressure Seldom exceeds 0,3 m Important in combinations with negative / storm surges

Seiches

Oscillations due to abrupt changes in meteorological conditions Large seiches can set up strong currents dangerous to small craft

Storm surges

Storm generates long waves travelling faster than storm in deep water Along coastline speed of waves falls & depends on depth of water If storm keeps pace with waves => continuous input of energy Can attain considerable height (flooding if coincides with HW springs)

How to find the time and height of HW & LW at a secondary port

See exercise p. 69 – 71

Other Admiralty tidal products

Co-tidal charts

Predict offshore tidal conditions

Admiralty tidal stream atlases

Major tidal streams for selected waters of North West Europe shown in diagrams Include

o Direction & rate of tidal streams at hourly intervals by use of graded arrowso Display mean neap and spring tidal rates in tenths of a knoto Diagram to help calculate tidal stream rate for required date

NP 102: Admiralty manual of tides

Detailed description of tidal theory Application to analysis & prediction of tides & tidal streams Approach = largely mathematical

NP 122: Admiralty tidal handbooks

Outlines Admiralty method of harmonic tidal analysis Volume on datums for hydrographic surveys

SHM

Simple Windows-based tidal prediction programme on CD-ROM

Admiralty total tide

Tidal prediction software Rapid access to more than 7000 ports & 3000 tidal stream stations worldwide Tidal information for 7 geographical areas Advantages

o Latest tidal data (port & streams)o Licence valid for chosen areao Safe water tab providing information on minimum & maximum tidal heights

that will allow safe passage during seven days following prediction timeo Tidal curve for 24 hourso Determination of tidal window (draught, under keel clearance & air draught)o Astronomical information for any set of coordinates worldwideo Easy update

Means of fixing the position of the ship in coastalMeans of fixing the position of the ship in coastal navigationnavigation

See p. 75 – 85

Voyage planning principlesVoyage planning principles

What?

Key element of bridge resource management Comprehensive berth-to-berth guide Developed & used by vessel’s bridge team Goal

o Determine most favourable routeo Identify potential problems or hazardso Adopt bridge management practises to ensure vessel’s safe passage

Regulations

MCA SAFETY OF NAVIGATION – implementing SOLAS CHAPTER V, 2002

Regulation 34 – safe navigationo Master shall ensure that intended voyage planned using appropriate charts &

publicationso Voyage plan shall identify a route which

Takes into account relevant ship’s routeing systems Ensures sufficient sea room Anticipates all known hazards Takes into account marine environmental protection measures

Regulation 28o In short: keep a logbook

Annex 24 & 25o States principles of voyage planning based on IMO Resolution A.893 (21)

IMO Resolution A.893 (21)

See p. 87 – 90

STCW Code Section A-VIII/2 part 3-1

Navigation planning for all conditions Routeing according with general principles on ship’s routeing Voyage planning principles with respect to weather conditions & wave height

Procedure

See p. 91 – 93

Passage planning guidelines

See p. 95