K. Hanumantha Rao

• Initial conditions – over dependence On agriculture; ag. – f(RF)

• Traditional and low productive technologies

• Weak institutions• Low human capital • Skewed distribution of productive

resources

Goal of RD - - increase in SOL of all on sustainable basis

• Community Development and Institutional Reforms (50s and early 60s)

• Food crisis and Technological interventions (mid 60s and 70s)

• Technology focus and special programmes (80s)

• Era of poverty alleviation programmes (90s)- Paradigm shifts: NERs, Decentralisation, HD

• Restructuring of PAPs and strengthening economic reforms (1st decade of the century)

Outcomes and effects of development efforts

• High Economic Growth

• Food Security

• Poverty and unemployment

• Disparities

• Environmental degradation

• Weak institutions

Main causes

Weak governance structures

Non-inclusive growth - Centralisation - Lack of people’s participation • People’s participation – f (design and

relevance, awareness)• Quality of participation in all stages

a) How to make people active partners in the development process?

b) How PRI led local governance institutions be made more responsive to the needs of the people and also accountable to community about their actions and outcomes?

c) How to promote leadership and political capacity in the rural community and make development endogenous?

Approach

• Mobilsation and organisation of community• Participatory work culture – delivery system• Mechanisms could provide (3Rs)

information, guidance and counseling • Platforms for citizen – official / ER interface

(constructive development dialogue)

• Investments in community for capacity

development (para professionals/ Bharat

Nirman Volunteers)• Capacity development of all stakeholders• Social accountability mechanism• Incentive – disincentive mechanisms