Ősrégészeti Tanulmányok / Prehistoric Studies

I

MoMents in tiMe

Ősrégészeti Tanulmányok / Prehistoric Studies

Series Editors

Alexandra Anders, Gábor Kalla, Viktória Kiss,Gabriella Kulcsár and Gábor V. Szabó

MoMents in tiMePapers Presented to Pál Raczky

on His 60th Birthday

Edited by

Alexandra Anders and Gabriella Kulcsár

with

Gábor Kalla, Viktória Kiss and Gábor V. Szabó

Ősrégészeti Társaság / Prehistoric SocietyEötvös Loránd University

L’Harmattan

Budapest 2013

English and German text revised byLászló Bartosiewicz, Alice M. Choyke, Judith A. Rasson and Magdaléna Seleanu (English)

Ulf Morche and Éva Pávai (German)

The publication of this volume was generously supported byEötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Humanities

Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Eurasien-AbteilungŐsrégészeti Társaság / Prehistoric Society

Nóra ’97 Kft.Archeodata 1998 Bt.

Ásatárs Kft.

© The Authors, 2013© L’Harmattan Kiadó, 2013

ISBN 978-963-236-346-2ISSN 2063-8930

Typography byZsolt Gembela

Cover designGábor Váczi and Zsolt Gembela

Printed in Hungary by Robinco Kft.Director: Péter Kecskeméthy

Contents

Editorial / A szerkesztők előszava ..................................................................................................................14

Publications of Pál Raczky .............................................................................................................................16

Walter Meier-ArendtPál Raczky zum 60. Geburtstag. Ein Vor- und Grußwort ........................................................................ 27

The Early Neolithic — The First Moments

Krum BacvarovMalak Preslavets Revisited: The Early Neolithic Burials ..................................................................... 29

Eszter BánffyOn Neolithic Frontiers in the Carpathian Basin .................................................................................. 35

Paolo Biagi – Elisabetta StarniniPre-Balkan Platform Flint in the Early Neolithic Sites of the Carpathian Basin: Its Occurrence and Significance ................................................................. 47

Mihael BudjaPotters and Pots in the Mesolithic–Neolithic Transformation in Southeastern Europe .............................................................................................................................61

Ivan GatsovLithic Assemblages from the Area of the North-Western Pontic from the 9th–7th Millennia ........................................................................................................................ 85

The Middle Neolithic — The Time of the LBK

Piroska CsengeriFigural Representations from the Initial Phase of the Alföld Linear Pottery Culture from Novajidrány (Hernád Valley, Northeast Hungary) ........................................91

Ferenc Horváth – Florin DraşoveanRemarks on the Connections between the Banat and the Great Hungarian Plain at the Beginning of the Middle Neolithic (Satchinez–Alföld Linear Pottery–Esztár–Vinča) ................................................................................113

Gábor IlonThe Transdanubian Linear Pottery Culture in County Vas: Recent Finds and Findings ......................................................................................................................133

Eva LenneisBeobachtungen zu frühneolithischen Schlitzgruben ..........................................................................147

Tibor MartonLBK Households in Transdanubia: A Case Study .............................................................................. 159

Zsolt Mester – Jacques TixierPot à lames: The Neolithic Blade Depot from Boldogkőváralja (Northeast Hungary) ...............................................................................................................................173

Krisztián OrossRegional Traits in the LBK Architecture of Transdanubia ................................................................187

Tibor PaluchMaroslele-Panahát, Legelő: Data to the Middle Neolithic Anthropomorphic Vessel ....................................................................................................................... 203

Juraj Pavúk – Zdeněk FarkašBeitrag zur Gliederung der älteren Linearkeramik ............................................................................213

Jörg PetraschStandardisierung versus Individualität? Das Wesen der jungsteinzeitlichen Bestattungssitten ........................................................................ 237

Katalin SebőkTwo Ceramic-Covered Burials from the Middle Neolithic of the Carpathian Basin .......................................................................................................................... 249

Peter Stadler – Nadezdha KotovaThe Early LBK Site at Brunn am Gebirge, Wolfholz (5670–5100 BC): Locally Established or Founded by Immigrants from the Starčevo Territory? .............................. 259

Gerhard TrnkaEin bemerkenswerter Klingenkern aus Szentgál-Radiolarit von Groß-Schollach im westlichen Niederösterreich ........................................................................ 277

Zsuzsanna M. VirágOn the Anthropomorphic Representations of TLPC in Connection with Some Recent Finds from Budapest (Figurines and Vessels with Facial Representations) ...................................................................................................................................... 289

The Late Neolithic — Polgár-Csőszhalom and Its World

Judit P. BarnaA Miniature Anthropomorphic Vessel from the Early Lengyel Culture Site at Sormás-Török-földek in Southwestern Hungary......................................................................311

John ChapmanFrom Varna to Brittany via Csőszhalom — Was There a “Varna Effect”? ..................................... 323

Alice M. Choyke – Zsuzsanna Tóth Practice Makes Perfect: Quartered Metapodial Awls in the Late Neolithic of Hungary .......................................................................................................... 337

Contents

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Małgorzata Kaczanowska – Janusz K. KozłowskiThe Transition from the Neolithic to the Copper Age Lithic Industries in the Northern Carpathian Basin ........................................................................................................ 353

Nándor KaliczSiedlungsstruktur und Bestattungen mit Prestigeobjekten des Fundplatzes Tápé-Lebő (südliches Theißgebiet, Ungarn) ........................................................... 365

Katalin KovácsLate Neolithic Exchange Networks in the Carpathian Basin ........................................................... 385

Kitti KöhlerErgebnisse der anthropologischen Untersuchungen zweier spätneolithischer Bestattungen in Alsónyék ....................................................................................... 401

Johannes Müller – Robert Hofmann – Nils Müller-Scheeßel – Knut RassmannNeolithische Arbeitsteilung: Spezialisierung in einem Tell um 4900 v. Chr. ................................. 407

Zsuzsanna SiklósiTraces of Social Inequality and Ritual in the Late Neolithic of the Great Hungarian Plain ................................................................................................................ 421

Krisztina Somogyi – Zsolt GallinaBesonderes anthropomorphes Gefäß der Lengyel-Kultur mit doppelter Gesichts- und Menschendarstellung in Alsónyék (SW-Ungarn) ..................................................... 437

Alasdair WhittleEnclosures in the Making: Knowledge, Creativity and Temporality ............................................... 457

István Zalai-GaálTotenhaltung als Indikator relativer Chronologie im transdanubischen Spätneolithikum? .............................................................................................. 467

Neolithic Spiritual Life

László DomboróczkiNeolithic Cult Objects and Their Symbolism ..................................................................................... 487

Gheorghe Lazarovici – Cornelia-Magda Lazarovici“Sacred house” and Their Importance for the Reconstruction of Architecture, Inner Furnishings and Spiritual Life ....................................................................... 503

The Early Copper Age — Between Change and Tradition

Attila Gyucha – William A. ParkinsonArchaeological “Cultures” and the Study of Social Interaction: The Emergence of the Early Copper Age Tiszapolgár Culture ..........................................................521

Contents

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Svend HansenFigurinen aus Stein und Bein in der südosteuropäischen Kupferzeit ............................................. 539

Judit RegenyeSurviving Neolithic — The Early Copper Age in Transdanubia, North of Lake Balaton ............................................................................................................................ 557

Wolfram SchierAn Antiquarian’s Grave? Early Tiszapolgár Burials in the Late Vinča Tell Site of Uivar (Romania) .................................................................................. 569

The Middle Copper Age — Time of Axes

Attila László – Sándor József SztáncsujVessels with Handles with Discoid Attachments Discovered in the Ariuşd–Cucuteni Area and Some Problems in the Development and Chronology of the Ariuşd (Erősd) Culture in Southeastern Transylvania ..................................... 579

Ildikó SzathmáriKupferhammeraxt mit Spuren eines Holzschaftrestes vom Donauufer bei Szentendre ............................................................................................................ 595

From the Late Copper Age to the Beginning of the Bronze Age — Transitions

Mária BondárUtilitarian, Artistic, Ritual or Prestige Articles? The Possible Function of an Enigmatic Artefact ....................................................................................................................... 605

Szilvia FábiánA Preliminary Analysis of Intrasite Patterns at Balatonkeresztúr-Réti-dűlő, a Late Copper Age Site on the Southern Shore of Lake Balaton in Hungary ..................................613

László GyörgyLate Copper Age Animal Burials in the Carpathian Basin .............................................................. 627

Gabriella KulcsárGlimpses of the Third Millenium BC in the Carpathian Basin ....................................................... 643

Vajk SzeverényiThe Earliest Copper Shaft-Hole Axes in the Carpathian Basin: Interaction, Chronology and Transformations of Meaning ............................................................ 661

The Early Bronze Age — The Rise of a New Age

János Dani – Viktória KisjuhászBestattungen der Makó-Kultur in Berettyóújfalu, Nagy Bócs-dűlő ................................................ 671

Contents

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Anna EndrődiRecent Data on the Settlement History and Contact System of the Bell Beaker–Csepel group .............................................................................................................................. 693

The Middle Bronze Age — Tells and Metals

Marietta Csányi – Judit TárnokiA Dinner Set from a Bronze Age House in Level 2 of the Túrkeve-Terehalom Settlement ................................................................................ 707

Klára P. Fischl – László ReményiInterpretation Possibilites of the Bronze Age Tell Sites in the Carpathian Basin ......................................................................................................................... 725

Szilvia Honti – Viktória KissThe Bronze Hoard from Zalaszabar. New Data on the Study of the Tolnanémedi Horizon – Part 2 ................................................................................................... 739

Magdolna ViczeMiddle Bronze Age Households at Százhalombatta-Földvár ............................................................ 757

The Late Bronze Age — Rituals of Power

Judit KoósSpätbronzezeitliche Grube mit besonderer Bestimmung aus Oszlár-Nyárfaszög (Nordostungarn) ............................................................................................. 771

Gábor V. SzabóLate Bronze Age Stolen. New Data on the Illegal Acquisition and Trade of Bronze Age Artefacts in the Carpathian Basin ........................................................... 793

Gábor VácziBurial of the Late Tumulus–Early Urnfield Period from the Vicinity of Nadap, Hungary ...................................................................................................817

The Iron Age — End of the (Pre)history

István FodorA Scythian Mirror from Hajdúnánás, Hungary ..................................................................................831

Miklós SzabóLièvre celte de la puszta hongroise ........................................................................................................ 839

Contents

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Interdisciplinary Archaeology

László Bartosiewicz – Erika Gál – Zsófia Eszter Kovács Domesticating Mathematics: Taxonomic Diversity in Archaeozoological Assemblages ....................................................................................................... 853

Katalin T. Biró More on “How Much?” ........................................................................................................................... 863 Zoltán Czajlik – András Bödőcs The Effectiveness of Aerial Archaeological Research — An Approach from the GIS Perspective ............................................................................................... 873

Ferenc Gyulai Archaeobotanical Research of the Neolithic Sites in the Polgár Area ............................................. 885

Pál Sümegi – Sándor Gulyás – Gergő Persaits The Geoarchaeological Evolution of the Loess-Covered Alluvial Island of Polgár and Its Role in Shaping Human Settlement Strategies ...................................................... 901

Zsuzsanna K. Zoffmann Significant Biostatistical Connections between Late Neolithic Ethnic Groups from the Carpathian Basin and Bronze Age Populations from Territories beyond the Carpathians .............................................................................................913

Contents

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29

Malak Preslavets Revisited: The Early Neolithic Burials

The site of Malak Preslavets lies on the north-eastern shore of Lake Malak Preslavets, less than 200 meters from the bank of the Danube River. It was partially excavated in 1985–1986. Nineteen early Neolithic buri-als were found on the site’s periphery; the unexcavated settlement section has since become submerged. The pottery assemblage can, for the greater part, be assigned to the Criş culture, although certain vessel types of the Dudeşti period have been identified as well.

Thirteen crouched inhumation burials were excavated. Six had the deceased lying on the right side and five on the left side; two other burials were disturbed and the placement of the body could not be determined. Two graves most likely represent the remains of secondary burials, while the rest were either disturbed graves or secondary burials. No grave goods whatsoever were found; however, some of the burials yielded animal bones and/or river mussel shells.

Malak Preszlavec lelőhely a Malak Preszlavec-tó északkeleti partján található, kevesebb, mint 200 m-re a Dunától. A lelőhely részleges feltárására 1985–1986-ban került sor. Ekkor tizenkilenc korai neolitikus sírt ta-láltunk a lelőhely szélén; a feltáratlan részt a tó mára már elöntötte. A kerámia leletanyag nagy része a Körös/Criş-kultúrába sorolható, míg néhány edénytípus a Dudeşti időszakhoz köthető.

Tizenhárom zsugorított temetkezés látott napvilágot, közülük hatot a jobb oldalára, ötöt pedig a bal oldalára fektettek. Két további sír bolygatott volt, ezért fektetésük nem határozható meg. Két síregyüttes nagy valószínűséggel másodlagos temetkezésnek tartható, míg a többi sír vagy bolygatott volt, vagy má-sodlagos helyzetű. Semmilyen sírmelléklet nem került elő, bár néhány sír tartalmazott állatcsontokat és/vagy folyami kagylót.

Bulgarian Academy of SciencesNational Institute of Archaeology and MuseumBG-1000 Sofia, 2 Saborna St.krum.bacvarov@gmail.com

Krum Bacvarov

MoMents in tiMe – Budapest 2013

Krum Bacvarov

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When I met Pál Raczky for the first time in 1997, I had already read several studies of his, and re-spected his deep knowledge of southeast European prehistory. One of his early papers on intramural burials (Raczky 1982–83) especially influenced my research interests. His charming personality turned out to be no less admirable. Therefore, it is with great pleasure that I present this short paper on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday.

IntroductIon

The site of Malak Preslavets lies on the north-east-ern shore of Lake Malak Preslavets, less than 200 meters from the bank of the Danube River (Silis-tra district, north-eastern Bulgaria). It was par-tially excavated in 1985–1986, by a team directed by Ivan Panayotov (Panayotov–Gatsov–Popova 1991). Nineteen early Neolithic burials were found on the site’s periphery; the unexcavated part is now flooded by the lake. The cultural deposits have been disturbed by recent construction activities, as well as by prehistoric burial pits. The pottery as-semblage can, for the greater part, be assigned to the Criş culture, although certain vessel types of the Dudeşti period have been identified as well.

Thirteen crouched inhumations were uncov-ered. Six had the deceased lying on the right side and five on the left side; two other burials were disturbed and the placement of the body could not be determined. Two graves most likely represent the remains of secondary burials, while the rest were either disturbed graves or secondary burials. No grave goods whatsoever were found; however, some of the burials yielded animal bones and/or river mussels. The skeletal remains were examined by human osteologists (Yordanov–Dimitrova 1996).

the burIal sample

Grave 1 (Fig. 1. 1)This is the best preserved burial at Malak Preslavets; the adult male (45–50 years old) was laid to rest in a crouched position on the right side, with the legs drawn up, the hands placed in front of the face, and the head oriented to the north. Mussel shells were found in the pit and mussel shells also covered the grave.

Grave 2 (Fig. 1. 3)The fragmented skull of an adult female (ca. 35 years old) lay in an undisturbed grave pit that was literally covered with mussel shells.

Grave 4 (Fig. 1. 2)Fully preserved primary inhumation of a juvenile buried in a crouched position on the right side, with the head to the west. Mussel shells were re-covered from the grave.

Grave 5 (Fig. 1. 5)A four or five-year-old child laid to rest in a crouched position on the right side, with the head to the north. The face rested on a large stone.

Graves 6 and 14 (Fig. 2. 2)These burials, interpreted by the excavator as two separate burials and therefore given two sepa-rate grave numbers, actually represent a second-ary double inhumation. The grave contained the skulls of two four-year-old children who may originally have been deposited in an upright po-sition, with one later falling sideways. One of the skulls lacked the mandible and the left half of the maxilla. It was laid on a cattle bone; a cattle skull lay between the two child skulls. The grave also contained mussel shells.

Grave 7 (Fig. 1. 4)Burial of a twenty-year-old female laid to rest in a crouched position on the left side, with the head to the south–south-west. The legs were drawn up and the hands were placed in front of the face.

Grave 8 (Fig. 2. 1)Crouched inhumation burial of a three-year-old child laid on the left (?) side, with the head to the south-west. Some of the bones were displaced and the grave pit was disturbed. An alternative interpre-tation is that it may have been the secondary burial of a partially decomposed body. A few stones and a cattle bone were found at some distance from the skeleton, but it is impossible to tell whether they had been associated with the burial or not.

Grave 9 (Fig. 1. 5)The long bones of the legs of an adult female were uncovered next to Grave 5. Judging from their partially articulated condition, it seems likely that they came from a destroyed burial, although al-

Malak Preslavets Revisited: The Early Neolithic Burials

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Fig. 1. Malak Preslavets — 1: Grave 1, 2: Grave 4, 3: Grave 2, 4: Grave 7, 5: Graves 5 and 9

Krum Bacvarov

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ternative interpretations are possible as well. The relation between Graves 5 and 9 is also unclear.

Grave 10 (Fig. 1. 4)This grave contained a few long bones of an eight-year-old child found immediately to the north of Grave 7, by the feet of the deceased in the latter grave. It is impossible to tell whether it was a de-stroyed burial or a secondary one, or whether the two burials are related in any way.

Grave 11 (Fig. 2. 3)This burial was not fully excavated because it lay beneath a modern tarmac road. However, it ap-peared to have been a regular crouched inhuma-tion burial: the deceased was laid on the right side, with the head to the north-east.

Grave 12 (Fig. 2. 4)Burial of a juvenile (14–16 years old) in a crouched position on the right side, with the head to the north-west. This was the perhaps most tightly flexed burial at Malak Preslavets, with the legs drawn up and the hands placed in front of the face.

Grave 13 (Fig. 3. 1)The articulated lower leg bones of an adult male were found in a disturbed grave. Judging from their position, it seems almost certain that the body had been deposited in a crouched position on the right side. Moreover, the orientation seems to have been more or less similar to that of Grave 12. A cattle bone was found beside the feet, but it is unclear whether it had been related to the burial or not.

Grave 15 (Fig. 3. 2)This grave contained the arm and hand bones of a young female. They were partially articulated, suggesting that it was a partially disturbed prima-ry inhumation burial.

Grave 16The left tibia and fibula of an adult female were found together, perhaps the remains of another disturbed inhumation burial.

Grave 17 (Fig. 3. 3)Burial of an adult female (30–35 years old) laid to rest in a crouched position on the left side, with

Fig. 2. Malak Preslavets — 1: Grave 8, 2: Graves 14 and 6, 3: Grave 11, 4: Grave 12

Malak Preslavets Revisited: The Early Neolithic Burials

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the head to the south-west. The excavator suggested that the deceased had been bur-ied beneath a house floor, but there is no definite evidence for this.

Grave 18This grave yielded the skull, limb bones and the body of an adult male (30–35 years).

Grave 19 (Fig. 3. 4)Burial of a four or five-year-old child in a crouched posi-tion on the left side, with the head to the north.

Grave 20This grave contained the skull of an old male (55–60 years old).

dIscussIon

Malak Preslavets is the single site in Bulgaria that has yield-ed such a high number of Ear-ly Neolithic burials. The exact date of the burials is still un-certain; a 14C dating project is in preparation. Certain gener-al observations could be made regarding the burial practices. Firstly, there were two main burial types: crouched inhu-mation and secondary burial. While the latter is usually more difficult to interpret, it nonetheless seems that there were at least two secondary burials at Malak Preslavets: one contained two child skulls together with some animal bones, the other a female skull completely covered with mus-sel shells. Regarding crouched inhumation burials, a definite difference can be noted be-tween the bodies laid on left Fig. 3. Malak Preslavets — 1: Grave 13, 2: Grave 15, 3: Grave 17, 4: Grave 19

Krum Bacvarov

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and the right side. The former were oriented with the head to the south, south-west and north, and were laid in a more loosely flexed position, with the hands placed at some distance from the face. The latter were oriented with the head to the north, north-west and north-east (with one exception), and were laid in a more tightly flexed position, with the hands almost touching the chin or the face. These graves formed a separate cluster in the north-western part of the excavated area.

AcknowledgementsI would here like to thank Ivan Panayotov, the ex-cavator of the site at Malak Preslavets, for gener-ously allowing me to publish this material. Special thanks are due to Petar Leshtakov who gave me a hand with the illustrations when the deadline was pressing. Thanks are extended to the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung; this research was partial-ly conducted as part of a research project gener-ously funded by the Foundation.

references

Panayotov, I.–Gatsov, I.–Popova, Ts. 1992: Панайотов, И.–Гацов, И.–Попова, Ц.: “Помпена станция” близ с. Малык Преславец – ранненеолитическое поселение с интрамуральными погребениями. Studia Praehistorica 11–12 (1992) 51–61.

Raczky, P. 1982–83: Origins of the custom of burying the dead inside houses in South-East Europe. Szolnok Megyei Múzeumok Évkönyve 1982–83, 5–10.

Yordanov, Y.–Dimitrova, B. 1996: Йорданов, Й.–Димитрова, Б.: Антропологични данни за погребаните в интрамурален некропол в селище от ранния рисуван неолит – с. Малък Преславец, Силистренско. Годишник на Департамент Археология – Нов Български Университет 2–3 (1996) 106–118.