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http://jwsr.ucr.edu/free e-journal

Journal of World-Systems ResearchVol. viii Number 2 Spring 2002

Contents

Elson Boles Critiques of World-Systems Analysis andAlternatives: Unequal Exchange and Tree Forms ofClass and Struggle in the JapanUS Silk Network,

18801890

John Talbot Information, Finance, and the New InternationalInequality: Te Case of Coffee

Bruce Podobnik Global Energy Inequalities: Exploring the Long-erm

Implications

Michelle BataAlbert J. Bergesen

Future Directions in Global Inequality Research

Special Issue on Global Inquality Part IIedited by albert j. bergesen and michelle bata

Editors

Christopher Chase-Dunn University of California, RiversideWalter L. Goldfrank University of California, Santa Cruz

Assistant Editors

Salvatore Babones Institute for Research on World-SystemsAndrew Jorgenson University of California, RiversideJohn Gulick Institute for Research on World-Systems

Eric W. itolo Binghamton University

Syed Farid AlatasGiovanni ArrighiPeter EvansGary FeinmanHarriet Friedmann

Edward KickRobert J.S. RossJohn W. Meyer

Patrick McGowanGeorge ModelskiKatherine MoseleyTomas SchottPeter J. aylor

Immanuel WallersteinDale Wimberley

Associate Editors

Design, Publication Services, & Site Administration

Global Hegemonicswww.globalhegemonics.com

Editorial Board Janet Abu-LughodAlbert BergesenVolker Bornschiererry Boswell

Carl DassbachJonathan FriedmanAndre Gunder FrankTomas D. HallDavid Kowalewski

Su Hoon LeeAlejandro PortesBeverly SilverCornelius erlouw

William R. TompsonMichael imberlakeDavid A. SmithDavid Wilkinson

The Journal of World-Systems Research (JWSR) (issn 1076-156x) is currently published underthe the sponsorship of the Institute for Research on World-Systems at the University ofCalifornia, Riverside; the Center for Global, International & Regional Studies, and the

Division of Social Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz.

Book Review Editor

Joya Misra University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Site Hosting

Communications for a Sustainable Future (CSF)University of Colorado at Boulder

Managing Editor:

Tomas Reifer University of California, Riverside

Cover Design by Eric W. itolo

[email protected] | see website for submission information

Review Essay

Andre Gunder Frank Real World Globalization and Inequality Yesterdayand oday

A Review Essay ofGlobalization and History: TheEvolution of a Nineteenth Century Atlantic Economy

146

150

214

252

276
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Global Inequality: An Introduction

journal of world-systems research, viii, 1i, spring 2002, 146148

Special Issue on Global Inequality Part IIhttp://jwsr.ucr.eduissn 1076156x

2002 Michelle Bata and Albert J. Bergesen

his is Part II of the special issue on global inequality. Te articles in thisissue extend some of the theoretical issues raised in the first issue. By focus-ing on specific regions and comparing the development of global inequalitiesin the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the articles in this issue suggest newdirections in global inequality research.

In the first article, Critiques of World-Systems Analysis and Alternatives:Unequal Exchange and Tree Forms of Class and Struggle in the JapanUSSilk Network, , author Elson Boles offers a critique of more recentworld-system analyses. His complaint is that such analyses rely too heavily onmacrostructural abstraction instead of giving weight to the total history ofinterstate relationships. As such, by examining the JapanUS silk network, heendeavors to focus not on the particulars of how modern capitalism might shapethat network, but instead concentrates on historical method, theory, and concep-tualizations.

Boles begins by noting that the form of the JapanUS network during was integral to the incorporation of Japan into the modern world-system.

Japans incorporation was critical because it allowed for the creation of a globaldivision of labor as it pertained to the silk network. He then develops an incor-porated comparisons method in order to reconstruct the relationships betweenthe agencies, labor forms, and social relationships involved in the JapanUSnetwork. He finds that interstate disparities of the network arose through theinterconnections among distinct capital-labor relationships. Specifically, Boles

Michelle BataAlbert J. Bergesen

Michelle BataUniversity of ArizonaDepartment of SociologySocial Science Building, Room 400ucson, AZ [email protected]

Albert J. BergesenUniversity of ArizonaDepartment of SociologySocial Science Building, Room 400ucson, AZ [email protected]

http://w3fp.arizona.edu/soc/default.asp
http://jwsr.ucr.edu/http://jwsr.ucr.edu/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://w3fp.arizona.edu/soc/default.asphttp://jwsr.ucr.edu/http://w3fp.arizona.edu/soc/default.aspmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]

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http://jwsr.ucr.edu/http://www.svsu.edu/~boles/mailto:[email protected]

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http://wsarch.ucr.edu/archive/papers/kohlertoc.htmhttp://wsarch.ucr.edu/archive/papers/kohlertoc.htmhttp://wsarch.ucr.edu/archive/papers/kohler/svtv.htm

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http://jwsr.ucr.edu/http://www.colby.edu/sociology/Talbot/Talbot.htmlmailto:[email protected]

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http://jwsr.ucr.edu/mailto:[email protected]://www.lclark.edu/~podobnik/

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Bruce Podobnik Global Energy Inequalities

Figure 1 Commercial Energy Production and Consumption, 18601998

5000

Figure 2 Per Capita Commercial Energy Consumption, 18601998

6000

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starker illustration of these inequalities is captured in the estimation that around percent of the worlds populationover billion peoplestill has no regular

access to commercial energy products in their homes (World Energy Council).

19901980197019601950194019301920191019001890188018701860

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

Developed CountriesConsumption

Production

MillionTonsofOilEquivalent

19901980197019601950194019301920191019001890188018701860

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

Less-Developed CountriesConsumption

Production

MillionTonsofO

ilEquivalent

Sources: See Appendix A

urning to a more focused analysis of the present situation, we again findthat countries exhibit very divergent patterns of energy consumption. As shownin Figure , the average citizen in the United States consumes five times as muchas the world average, ten times as much energy as a typical person in China, andover thirty times more than a resident of India. Even in such major oil exporting

nations as Venezuela and Iran, per capita consumption of commercial energyresources is less than one half and one quarter of the US average, respectively. A

Sources: See Appendix A.

19901980197019601950194019301920191019001890188018701860

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

Core

Semi-PeripheryPeriphery

KGOilEquivalentConsumedPerC

apita

Figure 3 Per Capita Commercial Energy Consumption, 19501998

19901980197019601950

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0


North America

Western Europe

Pacific

Middle EastLatin America

AsiaAfrica

Eastern Europe

KGOilEquivalentConsumedPerCapita

Bruce Podobnik Global Energy Inequalities

COUNTRY 19881978196819991988197819681958

Table 1

KG of oil equivalent, commercial energy consumed per capita

1999

Percent change in per capita consumption

COUNTRY

Per Capita Commercial Energy Consumption for Selected Countries

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COUNTRY

UAE

CANADA

SINGAPORE

KUWAIT

USA

NETHERLANDS

AUSTRALIA

BELGIUM

SWEDEN

NEW ZEALAND

SAUDI ARABIA

RUSSIA/USSR

FRANCE

JAPAN

UK

TAIWANDENMARK

SKOREA

ITALY

ISRAEL

VENEZUELA

SAFRICA

HONG KONG

POLAND

MALAYSIA

ARGENTINA

IRAN

CHILEMEXICO

NKOREA

JAMAICA

IRAQ

BRAZIL

THAILAND

TURKEY

CUBA

COLOMBIA

EGYPT

CHINA

PERU

ZIMBABWE

INDONESIA

BOLIVIA

ELSALVADOR

PHILIPPINES

INDIA

HONDURAS

IVORY COAST

ZAMBIA

GUATEMALA

NIGERIA

GHANA

KENYA

1988

17

5

-7

-18

-1

-15

3

-15

30

39

-27

27

-10

-10

-4

43

34

98

-11

-18

-19

29

132

2

65

11

-44

-1316

49

86

30

8

51

50

13

3

37

31

-9

18

57

-31

-9

18

60

17

43

-47

-25

-4

-14

-39

-41

9

5

2

5

1978

390

32

53

-30

10

61

26

35

-19

11

38

63

31

59

150

14

98

17

108

-37

37

2670

50

117

28

37

-1953

35

-28

72

108

23

44

44

80

156

46

-1

70

95

71

22

11

57

-39

-12

236

10

39

1968

852

48

566

-14

30

76

37

59

62

99

241

15

47

209

16

97

167

259

173

67

-20

11

-51

40

19

78

48

14925

168

632

166

96

303

130

-18

15

50

-22

42

-48

-16

50

49

114

61

33

295

788

41

402

65

366

87

1999

15188

8877

8700

8407

7960

6801

6480

5914

5822

4769

4715

4026

3857

3821

3753

3448

3426

3388

3156

2890

2569

2279

2273

2060

1846

1709

1642

13941366

1331

1300

1104

1080

877

876

857

706

681

614

485

473

402

374

357

333

292

266

252

242

236

183

142

121

12

1988

19314

8445

5338

3525

7890

6081

4607

4855

5099

3605

6166

4740

3137

2463

3671

2035

3217

1675

2417

1830

2845

2269

1354

3447

1000

1593

1312

9301410

2104

912

2049

679

296

721

765

615

614

564

486

387

338

205

244

281

201

183

318

168

96

171

111

118

39

1978

16450

8041

5735

4293

7970

7123

4457

5693

3919

2585

8503

3743

3474

2735

3818

1421

2404

847

2702

2232

3504

1753

583

3392

606

1437

2361

10731217

1416

491

1578

628

196

481

680

600

447

430

535

329

216

298

268

238

126

157

222

315

127

178

129

192

67

1968

3356

6084

3748

6104

7239

4418

3551

4218

4830

2333

6171

2291

2661

1721

3499

569

2102

428

2311

1071

5557

1283

21

2263

279

1124

1724

1327796

1046

680

918

302

159

335

473

571

248

168

366

331

127

153

157

233

103

142

141

516

144

53

117

184

48

1958

352

4110

563

7085

5583

2511

2599

2653

2980

1174

1808

2001

1806

557

3026

288

786

119

846

642

6949

1161

43

1622

236

630

1165

534639

390

93

345

154

40

146

580

495

165

215

258

641

151

102

105

109

64

107

36

58

103

11

71

39

26ZAIRE

1999

-21

5

63

139

1

12

41

22

14

32

-24

-15

23

55

2

69

7

102

31

58

-10

0

68

-40

85

7

25

50-3

-37

42

-46

59

196

22

12

15

11

9

-0

22

19

82

46

18

45

45

-21

44

147

7

28

3

-71


COUNTRY

UAE

CANADA

SINGAPORE

KUWAIT

USA

NETHERLANDS

AUSTRALIA

BELGIUM

SWEDEN

NEW ZEALAND

SAUDI ARABIA

RUSSIA/USSR

FRANCE

JAPAN

UK

TAIWAN

DENMARK

SKOREA

ITALY

ISRAEL

VENEZUELA

SAFRICA

HONG KONG

POLAND

MALAYSIA

ARGENTINA

IRAN

CHILEMEXICO

NKOREA

JAMAICA

IRAQ

BRAZIL

THAILAND

TURKEY

CUBA

COLOMBIA

EGYPT

CHINA

PERU

ZIMBABWE

INDONESIA

BOLIVIA

ELSALVADOR

PHILIPPINES

INDIA

HONDURAS

IVORY COAST

ZAMBIA

GUATEMALA

NIGERIA

GHANA

KENYA

ZAIRE

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mailto:[email protected]

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Review Essay

Andre Gunder Frank

Real World Globalization and Inequality Yesterday and oday: A Review Essay

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Andre Gunder Frank

World History CenterNortheastern University270 Holmes HallBoston, MA 02115 [email protected]://csf.colorado.edu/agfrank/

journal of world-systems research, viii, 2, spring 2002, 276290

Special Issue on Global Inequality Part IIhttp://jwsr.ucr.eduissn 1076156x

2002 Andre Gunder Frank

Globalization and History : Te Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy.By Kevin H. ORourke, Jeffrey G. Williamson. Cambridge, MA: Te MI Press. pages, isbn ---, . (paper).http://mitpress.mit.edu/

his book shows that the current globalization buzzword refers to a processthat in fact already characterized the nineteenth century until the beginningof the First World War. From then and until the end of the Second World War,the process of globalization was severely reversedin exemplification of one of

the authors sub-theses that this process can and does have itsown ups and downs and is not a one way ever-onward andupward road, as latter day parlance would have it. During thehalf century past, the globalization process was re-initiatedlaboriously but haltingly until the last two and especially thelast decade of the twentieth century, when globalism morethan globalization recovered the reach it had already nearly acentury earlier. Although this book focuses on the nineteenth

century period, the authors nonetheless express important concerns for presentand future praxis and policy. Not the least of them is the warning that globaliza-tion should not be regarded as an automatic and irreversible process; but that itmust also be cultivated and protected, in particular from protectionism itself.

Tis wide-sweeping and far-reaching book represents a major piece, or setof pieces, in a still on-going assembly of a yet larger jigsaw puzzle, the outlines
mailto:[email protected]://csf.colorado.edu/agfrank/http://jwsr.ucr.edu/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=8675http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=8675http://jwsr.ucr.edu/http://csf.colorado.edu/agfrank/mailto:[email protected]://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=8675http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=8675

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