Just%transition% Job%Conversion%–%%...

Just%transition%%

Job%Conversion%–%%From%Dirty%to%Green%Jobs%

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Compilation*of*existing*cases*of*job*conversion*programmes**

with*focus*on*vocational*retraining*and*the*training*mechanisms**!

!With!examples!from!South!Africa,!UK,!USA,!Spain,!Denmark,!Brazil,!Germany,!

Australia!and!Switzerland!!

2nd*draft,*February*2013,*for*internal*use.*!!

!!

Foto:@Greenpeace/Fojtu*!

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Lead:%Carolina!ItenBBocanegra%%Supervision:!Kuno!Roth!Support:!Laura!Weidmann!&!Simone!Pulfer!Consulting:!Greenjobs!GmbH!

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I.# Introduction#!Greenpeace! International’s! Energy! [R]Evolution! scenario1! shows! that!by! shifting! from! fossil! to! renewable!energies!and!energy!efficiency,!more!jobs!are!created!in!the!long!run.!The!reduction!of!work!places!in!nonBrenewable!energy!sectors,!such!as!coal,!oil!and!nukes!will!be!more!than!compensated!with!new!green!jobs!in!the!areas!of!solar,!wind,!water,!biomass!and!geothermic!energy!production.!One!of!the!reasons! is!that!renewable! sources! are! usually! more! decentralised! than! fossil! ones,! providing! more! employment! and,!therefore,!more!added!value!regionally.!!But!how!can!this!transition!to!a!sustainable!energy!supply!be!realised?!How!best!to!train!people!in!the!skills!needed!for!green!and!decent!jobs?!!What!does!the!change!to!a!renewable!energy!system!mean!for!those!people!who! are!working! in,! for! example,! coal! or! nuclear! plants?!How! can! they! actively! take! part! in! this!transition,!and!what!possibilities!exist!for!them!to!get!a!green!job?!Also,!what!does!this!mean!for!existing!job! profiles;! how! can! they! be! adapted! to! the! new! requirements! and! challenges,! surging!with! the! use! of!“green”,!sustainable!technologies?!!!!One!general!answer! is! to! implement!soBcalled! job!conversion!programmes!that!are! (mostly)!based!on!reBtraining! and! special! qualification! measures,! such! as! social! business! skills.! This! paper! compiles! existing!transition!cases!and!aims!to!show!how!a!job!conversion!programme!basically!works.!It!also!looks!at!how!the!transition! to!green!and!decent! jobs!can! take!place! in! local!enterprises!or! in!branches!on!a!national! level.!What! possibilities! exist! and! have! proven! to! be! successful?!What! are! the! elements! that! initiate,! trigger,!implement,!and!make!such!programmes!popular?!In!order!to!achieve!green!transitions,! it!must!be!shown!that!“profitable“!jobs!and!ecoBfriendly!production!don’t!stand!in!contradiction!to!each!other.!!

!Lessons%Learnt%!Certainly,!serious!acknowledgement!of!a!climate!challenge!by!governments!and!businesses!would!promote!job! conversion! the! most.! Nonetheless,! the! analysis! of! the! cases! studied! shows! two! additional! basic!elements!B!each!with!some!key!factors!B!for!a!successful!job!conversion.!These!are!as!follows:!!A)#Stakeholder#participation#and#roles:#

• The*social*responsibility*needed*for*job*conversion*grows*by*developing*interest*in*participating*and*collaborating*together.*

• Trade*unions*can,*for*example,*be*a*key*partner*–*if*they*see*benefits*in*jobs*transitions.*As*their*interest*is*to*improve*or*create*better*jobs,*they*offer*a*thorough*and*critical*look*at*whether*green*jobs*are*decent*and*safe.*

• The*private*sector*is*a*crucial*partner*for*facilitating*implementation*and*needs*to*collaborate*with*government,*educational*centres*and*civil*society.*Its*interest*could,*for*example,*be*to*improve*its*image,*to*benefit*from*raising*demand*for*green*products*or*energy,*to*reduce*costs*for*emissions,*transport*costs*or*fossil*energy*sources*or*to*transform*dirty*industries*without*a*future*into*clean*green*industries*with*longJterm*perspective*and*potential.*

• Job*conversion*creates*many*opportunities*for*small*industries,*for*example,*in*cases*where*industries*switched*from*coal*to*biomass,*the*need*for*suppliers*and*service*providers*increased,*thereby*creating*mainly*green*jobs*and*local*development.**

• Government* and* civil* society* can* accelerate* such* processes* through* policy* making,* awareness*campaigns,*story*telling*etc.,*hence*pushing* industries*to*consider*and* implement* job*transformations*(if*they*don’t*make*such*changes,*their*businesses*are*in*danger*of*folding*or*being*limited).**

1! See!www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/climateBchange/energyrevolution/!

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B)%Lack%of%qualified%personnel%–%the%skills%challenge%

• Labour!markets!can!lack!the!necessary!skills!or!adequate!qualified!human!resources!–!mainly!in!the!areas!of!architectural!and!engineering!design,!construction,!and!building!management.!

• Job*conversion*goes*hand*in*hand*with*retraining,*creating*new*jobs*and*new*career*options.*Those*industries*that*decide*to*switch*to*a*green*economy*and*create*green*jobs*need*to*develop*training*programmes*or*send*their*employees*to*external*trainings,*with*the*aim*to*properly*qualify*their*employees*for*the*new*requirements.**

• SoJcalled*emerging*countries*should*take*advantage*of*the*development*of*training*programmes*to*convert*jobs*into*green*jobs.*The*International*Labour*Organisation*(ILO)*has*produced*a*remarkable*amount*of*country*and/or*branch*(e.g.*energy)*studies*that*should*be*considered*and*promoted*by*civil*society*groups,*such*as*environmental*organisations*and*trade*unions.**

• Universities*and*vocational*centres*are*obligated*to*upgrade*and*give*new*direction*to*their*traditional*curricula*and*vocational*programmes*at*both*formal*and*informal*levels.**

!In! chapter! II,!we!present! some! statements! to! the!questions! raised!and! some! strategies! to!promote! such!transitions.!This!is!followed!by!an!overview!list!with!the!main!characteristics!of!the!various!cases!researched!(ch.!III),!and!further!on,!every!case!is!described!in!more!detail.!!!!

II.#Key#Strategy:##(Re)Training#New#or#Additional#Skills#!The!availability!of!skills%for%green%jobs!plays!a!crucial!role!in!triggering!just!and!timely!transitions,!e.g.!in!the!energy!sector:!!

“Skills*availability*plays*an*important*role*in*facilitating*the*development*of*renewable*energy,*and*there*is*scope*for*governments*and*for*the*renewable*energy*sector*to*assist*providers*of*relevant*training*and*education*to*develop*their*training*programmes.”2!

!The! global! challenge! of! youth! unemployment3! needs! to! be! considered! with! priority:! Young! people!especially!face!difficulties!in!finding!decent!work!due!to!their!lack!of!both!work!experience!and!appropriate!skills.! The! green! economy! requires! new! skills,! which! need! to! be! promoted! throughout! the! education!system.! It! is,! therefore,! important! to! consider! both! youth! and! the! promotion! of! “green! skills”! in! green!employment!strategies!and!green!entrepreneurial!initiatives4.!!!The! Greenpeace! Youth! Support! Center! is,! therefore,! supporting! the! Energy! [R]Evolution! with! both!qualification! showBcase! trainings! and! research! of! real! cases! in! order! to! show!ways! to! solve! the! conflict!between!not!to!wanting!to!lose!one’s!job,!even!if!it!is!a!dirty!one,!and,!in!principle,!being!ready!for!a!clean!job,!but!not!yet!seeing!how!to!get!one.!!!According!to!Carl!Van!Horn5,!a!most!interesting!feature!of!the!green!jobs!issue!is!that!in!many!cases!only!a!little!additional!training!is!required:!!

2! ILO!Research!Brief:!Investment!in!renewable!energy!generates!jobs.!Supply!of!skilled!workforce!needs!to!catch!up.!2011!3! see!e.g.!http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/youthBemployment/langBBen/index.htm!4! UNO!/!Rio20+!From!Transition!to!Transformation!Sustainable!and!Inclusive!Development!in!Europe!and!Central!Asia.!2012!5! Carl!Van!Horn!,!Professor!of!Public!Policy,!John!J.!Heldrich!Center!for!Workforce!Development,!State!University!of!New!Jersey.!

“In*many*of* these* jobs,* the* fundamental*and* foundational* skills*are*already* there.*There*are* just*additional*‘green*layers’*and*additional*skills*that*need*to*be*added*for*some.*An*electrician*would*understand*how*to*wire*and* install*a*solar*panel*device,*but*he* just*might*not*understand*where*the*best*location*might*be.”**

!Such!additional!skills!and!competences!can!either!be!learned!together!with,!or!after!learning!core!skills:!

“Some*green*jobs,*such*as*manufacturing*workers*in*a*solar*panel*factory,*may*not*even*need*any*particular*green*knowledge.*Entry* level*workers,*e.g.,* those*working*with*caulking*and* insulation*for* weatherization* programmes,* may* need* little* more* than* a* few* days* of* training* in* basic*construction*skills.”6**

!Many!blue!collar!skilled!trade!workers!can!easily!be!retrained!to!move!to!construction!and!manufacturing!fields.!Even!autoworkers!can!easily!be!repurposed!toward!the!renewable!energy!sector!and!the!retrofitting!of!buildings!with!energy!efficiency!enhancing!technologies.!!This!2008!statement!from!the!International!Labour!Organisation!underlines!the!significance!of!job!transition!processes:!

“Rather*than*replace*existing*jobs*with*totally*different*green*jobs,*it*is*the*content*of*jobs,*the*way*the*work*is*performed*and*the*skills*of*workers*that*will*change.”7!

!The!following!list!provides!an!overview!of!cases!we!have!found!that!are!about!„Just!Transition“!or!„Job!Conversion“.!This!list!is!not!complete,!nor!do!all!cases!represent!100!%!conversion!from!„Dirty!to!Green!Jobs“.!Nonetheless,!they!may!be!instructive.!Based!on!upcoming!feedback,!questions!and!input!we!will!decide!whether!to!do!further!research!or!collaborate!with!a!partner. !

!

Note:!The!following!list!provides!an!overview!of!cases!we!have!found!that!are!about!„Just!Transition“!or!„Job!Conversion“.!This!list!is!not!complete,!nor!do!all!cases!represent!100%!conversion!from!„Dirty!to!Green!Jobs“.!Nonetheless,!they!may!be!instructive.!Based!on!upcoming!feedback,!questions!and!input!we!will!decide!whether!further!research!(e.g.!soBcalled!„passarelle!offers“!for!vocational!retrainings)!or!collaborate!with!a!partner!or!not.!!!

!

6! www.areadevelopment.com/EnergyEnvironment/june09/greenBeconomyBworkforce03.shtml?Page=2.!27.01.2013!7! ILO:!Green!Jobs!Report.!2008!

!

III.! Overview!of!cases!!

Depending!on!the!background!and!involved!actors,!the!transition!processes!and!strategies!can!be!quite!different.!This!overview!covers!some!interesting!cases.!Note:!Research(is(„finished“(for(the(four(first(cases,(a(bit(done(in(three(ones,(and(only(little(done(in(the(other(cases.!For(the(first(nine(ones(more(information(can(be(found(in(the(factsheets(right(after(the(list((chapter(IV).((!

Country!&!Project! Context! Actors! Transition!through! Objectives!&!Results!!USA:!!!Mt.!Poso!Coal!Plan!Goes!Green!

<!Structural!change!(retooled)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!<!Implementation!of!energy!policy!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!<!Reinsertion!on!the!economy!

• Private!sector!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!• State!of!California!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!• Farmers!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!• Employer's!training!resources!!!!

• Converting!a!coal!plant!to!a!biomass!plant!in!a!period!of!15<month!period!with!an!investment!of!US$43!Millions,!to!be!able!to!provide!green!power!to!the!community!and!stop!the!air!pollution.!!

• All!existing!jobs!were!retained!during!the!conversion!process!and!were!retrained!to!achieve!the!expectations!of!the!Biomass!Cogeneration!Plant.!!

Objectives:!!<!Provide!green!power!to!the!community!!<!create!local!jobs!<!reduce!CO2!emissions!!Results:!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!< Improved!Air!Quality!through!RE!Power!Generator!!< Preserved!and!retrained!all!30!existing!jobs,!< created!8!new!green!jobs,!!< creation!of!around!100!long<term!jobs!at!local!firms!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!< Carbon!beneficial!and!cogeneration!efficiency!

!South!Africa:!!!Solar!Water!Heaters!in!Kuyasa!

<!Job!creation,!skills!development!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!<!Low<cost!housing!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!<!Energy!efficiency!adaptation!

• Department!of!Environment!• Tourism!Responsibility!

Program!• Provincial!Goverment’s!

Department!of!Housing!• SA!Development!Fund!• SouthSouthNorth!• UNFCCC!• ILO!

• Installation!of!2309!solar!water!heaters!!• Unemployed!persons!of!Kuyasa!were!recruited!and!trained!

in!carpentry,!plumbing!and!electrical!skills!

Objectives:!!Job!creation!and!skills!development,!low<income!housing!project!!Results:!!< 87!new!employments,!!< 2309!solar!water!heater!installed!!< inspiration!for!national!programme!for!installation!of!1!million!Solar!Water!Heaters!!in!SA!

!Spain:!!!Programa!emplea!verde!

<!Unemployment!<!Adapted!environmental!laws!

• Foundation!launched!program!!• Government!• Private!Sector!• NGOs!/!Civil!sector!• Trade!Unions!• Social!European!Fund!of!the!

EU!!

Training!programmes!can!be!developed!directly!by!munici<palities,!associations,!foundations,!entities!of!government!such!as!ministries,!and!city!councils!!Examples:!!• eco<Transformate!promotes!new!knowledge!related!to!the!

environment,!energy!efficiency!and!sustainability.!Lead!by!the!trade!union!UATAE!

• The!Platform!for!Green!Jobs!and!Sustainable!Economy!of!the!Observatory!for!Sustainability!in!Spain!gathers!!information!and!knowledge!in!regard!to!green!jobs!in!all!sectorial!and!territorial!sectors!(local,!regional,!and!international),!and!works!as!a!place!to!meet!and!exchange!

Objectives:!!< Create!1,000!new!green!companies!and!provide!skills!training!for!50,000!workers!

< Projects!in!programme!implementation!processes!of!changes!(e.g.!sustainable!building,!mobility!and!forest!management,!renewable!energy,!aquaculture!and!more)!

< Enabling!partnerships!with!public!or!private!non<profit!organizations!to!train!and!improve!environmental!skills!in!self<employed!and!workers!of!small!and!medium!enterprises,!as!well!the!creation!of!new!companies!

!Results:!!< 28,500!workers!trained!in!80!projects!< support!of!conversion!of!850!companies!< more!than!550,000!workers!participate!in!one!of!nearly!2,000!implemented!actions!!

< projects!create!260!direct!jobs!

!UK:!!!Tilbury!B!power!station!

Forced!change!due!to!European!laws,!if!not,!the!closure!was!expected!on!2015!

• Tilbury!power!station!• Environment!agency!and!Local!

Planning!Authority!• NGOs!• Customers!• Local!Communities!!

• 100%!Biomass!Fuel.!!• Costs!ten!millions!of!pounds!for!the!conversion!!• Jobs!were!also!converted!through!seminars!and!workshops,!

and!informed!through!all!internal!communication!channels!available!

Objectives:!!Extend!the!life<time!of!Tilbury!by!converting!it!into!one!of!the!biggest!biomass!plants!in!Europe!!!Results:!<!Tilbury!contributes!£15!million!p.a.!to!local!economy!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!<!employs!over!200!people!!!<!80%!less!carbon!emissions!

!Denmark!!Lindo!Shipyard!

• In!2009!the!Lindoe!Shipyard!in!Southern!Denmark!closes!due!to!increased!competition!and!!effects!of!the!financial!crisis!

• at!the!same!time!!renewable!technologies!in!the!energy!sector!grow!!

!

• Private!Sector!• Government!

• Development!of!a!retraining!programme!for!the!more!than!8,000!employees!of!Lindoe!

• authorities!and!the!energy!sector!turn!to!offshore!renewable!energy!as!a!means!of!creating!new!jobs!for!the!Lindoe!workforce!

• The!Lindoe!Forum!!is!established!with!a!core!mission!to!create!new!jobs!for!former!employees!

• Local!municipal!authorities!have!the!formal!responsibility!to!identify!skills!needs!

• The!actual!programme!Green!Offshore!Education!Project!for!New!and!Innovative!Initiatives!uses!the!unique!opportunities!that!arise!from!the!transition!of!the!Lindoe!Shipyard!to!a!large<scale!production!and!test!facility!for!green!offshore!energy.!

Objectives:!!Former!employees!can!get!new!jobs!with!a!minimum!of!retraining!to!enable!for!offshore!renewable!energy,!solar!and!thermal!energy,!maritime!construction!and!reparation,!decommissioning!!Results:!Research!not!finished!

!Brazil!!Programme!Minha!casa,!minha!vida!

• Potential!of!renewables!!• Problems!with!peak!in!energy!

demand,!grid!and!energy!supply!

• High!demand!for!houses!• Growing!demand!for!solar!

water!heaters!but!missing!know<how!!

• Several!Ministries,!local!governments,!and!the!Federal!Bank!

• Private!sector!• ILO!• Trade!Unions!!

• Solar!water!heaters!become!mandatory!in!country<wide!house!building!programme!

• Special!working!group!plans!trainings!for!installers,!maintainers!and!people!planning!solar!water!heaters!

• Quality!is!enhanced!through!quality!seal!• Trainings!are!institutionalized!!

Objectives:!• Green!Jobs!• Improved!working!and!life!situations!(installers,!

maintainers,!users!save!40%!of!electrical!bill)!• Better!use!of!renewable!energies,!less!CO2!

emissions,!peak,!grid!and!supply!of!energy!!Results:!Reserach!not!finished!

!Germany!!!BMW!motor!vehicle!mechatronics!technicians!!MVMTs!

• Growing!trend!of!low<carbon!hybrid!propulsion!in!car!industry!!

• Production!of!low<carbon!vehicles!creates!health!and!safety!issues!and!demand!for!new!skills!

• legislation!trade!association!only!allows!trained!electricians!or!mechatronics!technicians!to!carry!out!work!on!hybrid!cars!

• Private!sector!• Trade!Unions!!

• Implementation!of!new!training!module!in!dual!apprenticeship!for!MVMTs!and!individualized!trainings!

• Module!comprises!technical!knowledge!for!hybrid!car!technologies!

• Certificate!for!extra!qualification!as!‘Electro!Technician!for!Specified!Tasks!on!Hybrid!Vehicles’!

!

Objectives:!<!??!!Results:!!• BMW!received!innovation!prize!• Production!of!hybrid!cars!can!grow!• Extra!and!international!qualification!for!workers,!

but!working!places!not!granted!!

!UK!!Birmingham!Energy!Savers!

• Need!for!new!jobs!• Vulnerable!households!

experience!fuel!poverty!• Energy!efficiency!can!be!

improved!• Potential!to!use!renewable!

energy!better!

• Gov.:!Birmingham!City!Council!and!Environmental!Partnership!

• Private:!Local!businessses!and!social!enterprise!

• Colleges!• European!Regional!

Development!Fund!• Foundation!!

• Project!works!with!organizations!across!the!city!• Energy!saving!measures!are!installed!and!maintained!by!

qualified!staff!• Local!companies!create!jobs!and!apprenticeships!!

Objectives:!• Create!about!270!new!jobs!!• save!money!on!fuel!bills,!become!energy<efficient!

and!protect!environment!with!no!upfront!costs!• Provide!renewable!energy!and!boost!the!local!

economy!in!the!process!(installation!of!60!renewable!energy!systems!and!PV!panels!in!2022!properties!in!phase!1!and!2)!

• Help!to!reduce!CO2!emissions!by!60%!by!2026!!Results:!Not!researched!yet.!

!UK!!Business!Park!Sherwood!Energy!Village!

• mine!company!(mayor!employer),!closed!in!1994,!around!600!dismissed!

• textile!factories!closed!around!the!same!time!

• European!Regional!Funding!!

• Miners!created!village!as!carbon!neutral!community!!• Providing!a!mixed!facility!offering!industrial!units,!office!

space!and!housing!along!with!recreational!and!educational!facilities!!

!

Objectives:!• Site!provides!employment!for!about!1200!people!• Diversify!the!economic!base!• Make!a!sustainable!mixed!commercial!

development:!Wide!range!of!companies!moved!to!the!site,!paying!for!their!buildings,!designed!according!to!energy!efficiency!

!Results:!!!Not!researched!yet.!

!Germany!!!RAG!Aktiengesellschaft,!!Zollverein!Essen!or!Landschaftspark!DuisburgQ

• Structural!change!!• Closing!coal!industries!and!

mines!in!Germany!• stone!coal!production!will!end!

2018!

• Government!• European!Union!• RAG!Aktiengesellschaft!• <!research!ongoing!

• There!are!programmes!funded!by!the!European!Union!• Partially!more!investment!in!universitites,!education,!and!

innovative!technologies!• Using!contaminated!land!for!tourism,!parks,!museums!and!

art!in!ancient!coal!plants!as!alternative!economic!sector,!to!improve!image!of!region,!and!attract!more!visitors!and!

!!Not!researched!yet.!

Nord,!etc.! enterprises!!• The!RAG,!for!example,!has!a!mixed!strategy:!!• The!remaining!mines!are!managed!efficiently,!• real<estate!business!is!proud!to!find!„creative!solutions“,!for!

example,!contamined!land!is!used!to!gain!wind!energy,!• financing!measures!for!problems!like!land!sinking,!• preparing!chemical!part!for!stock!exchange,!• using!know<how!for!new!coal!mines!in!other!countries,!such!

as!Russia,!Poland,!China!and!more,!• and!retraining.!

!Australia!!!Hunter!Valley!

<!research!ongoing! • Greenpeace,!NGOs!• local!groups!• Scientists,!universities!• research!ongoing!!

• Alternative!scenario!for!community!was!developed!• Newcastle!mentioned!as!successful!example!–!from!steel!

city!to!clean!energy!champion!• research!ongoing!

Objectives:!!Community!gains!alternative!perspective!to!carbon!industry,!becomes!independent!from!coal!!!Results:!Not!researched!yet.!

!Switzerland!!Job!Conversion!in!the!Arms!Industry!of!Wimmis!

<!Potential!of!recycling!!!

• Private!Sector!!

• Recycling!of!batteries!as!alternative!to!production!of!arms!!• research!ongoing!

Objective:!!Convert!(public)!arms!production!to!!!Results:!Not(researched(yet.!

!

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IV.! Factsheets!!

The!above!summarized!cases!are!here!described!more!in!detail!on!the!following!pages.!For!every!case!a!two!page!factsheet!was!elaborated.!Yet!not!every!case!was!researched!entirely!till!now!

–!if!this!is!the!case,!there!is!the!remark!„research!ongoing“.!

!

United'States:'''Mt.'Poso'Coal'Plant'Goes'Green'!

Environmental'Policies'pushed'Mt.'Poso'coal'plant'to'convert'to'a'biomass'co<generation'plant'and'green'jobs.''

A.#Context#• Mt.! Poso!Co)generation!Plant! is! located! 20!miles! outside!of! Bakersfield,! California,! in! the!United! States.! It! has!

been!one!of!the!highest)paying!industrial!employers!in!the!area!since!it!began!firing!coal!in!1989.!!• Because!the!region!is!highly!dependent!on!fossil!fuel!it!raised!concerns!at!a!national!security!level!and!that’s!why!

they!started!to!promote!renewable!energy!and!more!sense!od!environmental!responsibility!in!this!region.!• The! State! of! California! required! the! companies! to! increase! retail! sales! from! renewable! energy! sources! for! the!

renewal!of!the!implemetation!of!the!power!purchase!agreement!(PPA).!!• In!2009!the!owners!of!Mt.!Poso!considered!closing!down!the!co)generation!plant,! following!a!year!without! the!

new!PPA.!Without!the!new!PPA!the!company!wasn’t!able!to!receive!any!more!facilities!from!the!government.!To!avoid! this! shutdown,! the! company! decided! to! convert! the! facility! to! run! solely! on! biomass! from! urban! and!agricultural!wood!waste.!

!

B.#Objectives#&#Intentions#• Provide!green!power!to!the!community!for!the!long!term!and!create!local!jobs!• Reduce!emissions!and!improve!the!air!quality!• Engage!the!energy!policy!by!contributing!to!the! implementation!of!the!new!power!purchase!agreement!and,! in!

this!way,!to!the!renewable!energy!requirements!of!California!!

C.#Actors### Name# Role#

Government# • California! • Promote!energy!policy!in!the!region!and!respond!to!the!request!to!increase!retail!sales!from!renewable!energy!

Private#Sector# • Mc!Pherson!Energy!Company!

• DTE!Energy!Services!• Kern!County!Employer’s!Training!Resource!

• JPMorgan!Chase!

• Decision!to!convert!the!coal!plant!to!a!biomass!plant!• Plan!and!implementation!of!the!conversion!!• Retraining!programmes!on!the!job!for!new!and!old!employees!• Provided!tax!credit!investment!for!the!project!

Civil# Society# /#NGO's#

• Farmers! • To!sell!the!agricultural!waste!to!Mt.!Poso!

Trade#Unions# No!information/role!found! !

Organisations# No!information/role!found! !

#

D.#Procedure#• Before!the!15)month!conversion,!Mt.!Poso!had!run!on!coal!since!1989.!The!conversion!plans!took!place!in!2009,!

in!partnership!with!the!DTE!Energy!Services.!!• Mt.! Poso! was! retooled! in! 2011! to! utilize! woody! biomass! fuel! by! its! new! owner,! the!Mt.! Poso! Co)generation!

Company,!LLC!(MPCC),!a!partnership!between!Macpherson!Energy!and!the!DTE!Energy!Services.!The!conversion!was!completed!in!February!2012.!!

• The! project! benefitted! from! the! New! Markets! Tax! Credits! programme,! established! in! 2000! to! encourage!investment!in!low)income!areas,!and!this!helped!the!conversion!project!achieve!its!full!potential.!JPMorgan!Chase!provided!the!tax!credit!investment!for!the!transaction.!

• The!renewable!energy!power!plant!now!operates!solely!on!biomass!fuel,!primarily!urban!and!agricultural!wood!tree!trimmings!and!construction!waste!(the!plant!consumes!1,000!tons!of!wood!chips!per!day).!The!Mt.!Poso!co)generation!plant!uses!water,!which!is!supplied!from!an!oil!field!operated!by!Macpherson!Energy’s!subsidiary.!The!water! is! heated! to! produce! steam!and! cooling,!which! is! used! to! drive! a! turbine! generator! unit! that! generates!electricity.!Excess!water!is!used!for!cattle!grazing!nearby!or!reinjected!into!the!oil!field.!In!addition!to!delivering!renewable!electricity,!the!biomass)fueled!power!facility!will!minimize!emissions,!compared!to!the!coal)fired!plant.!

• The!Mt.!Poso!co)generation!facility!has!been!awarded!a!long)term!contract!to!sell!clean!energy!to!Pacific!Gas!and!Electric!(PG&E).!The!facility!will!support!PG&E!to!meet!33%!of!California’s!renewable!energy!requirement.!!

!Retraining#Jobs#• By!making!a!significant!investment!to!convert!the!Mt.!Poso!plant,!DTEES!and!Macpherson!Energy!preserved!all!30!

jobs,!which!were!also!part!of! the!15)month!conversion!process!and!created!eight!new!jobs!at!the!facility.!They!also!created!90!to!115!local!jobs!during!construction!and!an!estimated!100!long)term!jobs!at!local!firms!for!wood!waste!suppliers!and!other!vendors.!!!

• MPCC! works! closely! with! Kern! County! Employer’s! Training! Resource! to! provide! free! on)the)job! training! for!unemployed!and!underemployed!area!residents,!and!to!place!them!in!new!jobs!within!the!plant.!

!

E.#Results#• Production!of!about!44!MW!of!power,!which!is!sufficient!for!about!35,000!homes.!• Thirty!retrained! jobs,!8!new!green! jobs,!100! long)term!jobs!at! local! firms!(supplying!biomass!fuel!and!providing!

maintenance!and!other!services!to!the!plant).!• Air!quality!improved!through!the!reduction!of!gas!emissions!!• Co)generation! efficiency,!which!means! that! fuel! source! –! biomass! –! is! utilized! to! create! two! forms! of! energy:!

power!and!steam.!

!Last#update:#30.10.2012###Sources:#http://macphersonenergy.com/mt)poso)conversion.html!http://www.dudleyventures.com/docs%5Cnovogradac_jtc_2012)07_nmtc_pg56.pdf!http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Mt._Poso_Cogeneration_Planthttp://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Mt._Poso_Cogeneration_Plant!http://www.energy.ca.gov/2011publications/CEC)300)2011)001/CEC)300)2011)001)CTF.PDF!http://www.pres.org.pk/tag/biogas/page/94/!http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/2012/02/coal)fired)power)plant.html!!

South'Africa:'''Solar'Water'Heaters'in'Kuyasa''Skills' and' employment' for' the' community' of' Kuyasa' through' the' installation' of' 2,309' solar'heaters.'!

!

A.#Context#• South!Africa!has!become!one!of!the!biggest!electricity!users!in!the!world.!As!a!result,!the!country!has!experienced!

power!cuts!because!the!high!demand!could!not!be!met.!!• Water!heating!accounts!for!a!third!to!a!half!of!the!energy!consumption!in!the!average!household.!Energy!policy!in!

South!Africa!promotes!Solar!Water!Heating!and!the!housing!policies!promote!affordable!housing.!!• Kuyasa! is!South!Africa’s! first! internationally!registered!Clean!Development!Mechanism!(CDM)!project!under!the!

Kyoto! Protocol! on! climate! change,! and!was! the! first! Gold! Standard! Project! to! be! registered! in! the!world.! The!project!has!generated!substantial!interest!locally!and!internationally!as!a!pilot!for!the!energy)efficient!adaptation!of!South!African!low)cost!housing.!

!

B.#Objectives#&#Intentions#• Job!creation!and!skills!development!• To!implement!a!low)income!government!housing!project!• Immediate!impact!on!the!social,!health)related!and!economic!well)being!of!the!targeted!beneficiaries!• The!energy)efficient!adaptation!of!South!Africa!• To!provide!a!model!for!sustainable!energy!service!delivery!• Community!Cohesion!• Earn!carbon!off)set!credits!!


Government# • Department!of!Environment!• Tourism!Responsibility!Programme!!• Provincial!Goverment’s!Department!of!Housing!

Research!ongoing!

Private#Sector# • South!African!Development!Fund!• SAEDF!

Research!ongoing!


• SouthSouthNorth! Research!ongoing!

Trade#Unions#No!infor!No!information!found! Research!ongoing!

International#Organisations#

• UNFCCC!• ILO!

Research!ongoing!

!

#

D.#Procedure#Kuyasa!has!implemented!the!retrofitting!of!the!2,309!existing!RDP!houses!with!solar!water!geysers,!insulated!ceilings,!and!compact!fluorescent!light!bulbs!within!the!revised!budget!of!approximately!R33m,!while!using!at!least!30%!of!the!budget!on!local!job!creation!and!skills!development.!!!Retraining#Jobs#• Mostly!unemployed!members!of!the!Kuyasa!community!were!recruited!and!trained! in!carpentry,!plumbing!and!

electrical!skills.!!• The!training!was!a!mixture!of!in)house!skills!transfer,!where!an!in)sourced!technical!expert!would!spend!a!week!

with!the!local!team!until!they!were!competent!enough!to!complete!the!installations,!and!outsourced!accredited!training!so!that!the!skilled!workers!also!gained!a!certificate!in!their!specific!skill)set.!

• Employment!has!been!created!as!an!offshoot!of! the!project,! including! ceiling!and!SWH! installation! teams!who!serve!private!clients,!and!an!edu)tourism!initiative!bringing!fee)paying!tourists!or!conference!delegates!who!visit!the!project.!Some!accredited!training!was!provided!at!a!nearby!!college!for!further!education!and!training.!!

• Accredited!training!during!2009:! 24!people!trained!in!heavy!electricity!and!heavy!current!electricity! 29!people!trained!in!plumbing! 31!people!trained!in!carpentry!!

• Non!accredited!training!May!2008)Sept!2009:!140!people!were!trained!in!the!form!of!on)the)job!shadow!training!(SWH!installations,!plumbing,!assemblers’!training,!ceilling!installation!and!in!areas!sucg!as!urban!agriculture,!gardering!etc.).!

!!

E.#Results#• The!Kuyasa!CDM!project!has!created!around!87!jobs,!decreased!the!amount!spent!by!the!poor!on!energy,!and!is!

reducing!approximately!2.85!tons!of!greenhouse!gas!emissions!per!low)income!house!per!year.!!• The! potential! for! job! creation! is! large! and! has! been!made!more! attainable! by! the! Energy!Minister’s! target! of!

installing!1,000,000!SWHs!over!the!next!five!years.!The!minister!estimated!that!this!would!create!approximately!100,000! jobs! across! the! value! chain,! and! this! assumes! a! significant! portion! of! local! manufacture.! This! figure!meshes!well!with!the! level!of! job!creation!seen! in! the!Kuyasa!project.!The!carbon! income! is!earmarked!for! the!maintenance!and!sustainable!future!expansion!of!the!installations.!

• The!project! has!brought! skills! and! jobs! for! young!men,!who!don’t! hang! around! street! corners! anymore;! it! has!brought!dignity!to!the!community.!

• It!has!almost!entirely!stopped!the!use!of!paraffin!heaters.!• Savings!around!R50!per!month!per!household!in!the!payment!of!electricity.!• A! 76%! reduction! in! respiratory! illness! from! paraffin! fumes! and! improved! safety! through! the! removal! of! open!

flame!heaters.!!

Last#update:#30.10.2012###Sources:#http://www.kuyasacdm.co.za/vision.php!http://www.thekuyasafund.co.za/site/!http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/DNV)CUK1121165382.34/view!http://www.growinginclusivemarkets.org/media/cases/SouthAfrica_Kuyasa_2010.pdf!http://www.ilo.org/skills/pubs/WCMS_142475/lang))en/index.htm!http://www.housingfinanceafrica.org/wp)content/uploads/2012/03/Kuyasa)Fund)case)study1.pdf'

Spain:'''Programa'Emplea'Verde'!

Many' thousands' of' work' places' and' 260' direct' jobs' have' been' converted' to' green' after' the' biggest'unemployment'crises'in'Spain.''

A.#Context#• Spain!has!suffered!a!severe!setback!in!its!economy!over!the!last!years.!The!unemployment!rate!climbed!to!25.2%!

in!2012!and!so!far,!the!country!is!experiencing!one!of!Europe’s!biggest!unemployment!crises.!• Green!jobs!are!a!positive!development:!in!1998,!219,382!people!were!estimated!to!be!working!in!activities!with!

an!environmental!content!in!Spain.!That!figure!represented!1.55%!of!the!Spanish!working!population!at!the!end!of!the!decade.!There!has!been!a!move!from!some!158,500!jobs!in!1998!to!around!531,000!in!2009,!a!change!that!represents!an!increase!of!235%.!

• Spain!has! taken! significant! steps! in! the! regulatory!development! that! has!had! a!direct! or! indirect! effect! on! the!generation!of!green!jobs!(42/2007,!for!the!Natural!Heritage!and!Biodiversity,!Law!45/2007!covering!Sustainable!Development!in!Rural!Areas!among!others).!

• Emplea! Verde! is! a! programme! whose! mandate! is! to! cooperate! and! promote! the! generation! of! green! jobs,!providing!a!low)carbon!production!model!focused!on!socially!useful!activities!and!with!the!capacity!to!strengthen!the!Spanish!economy.!

#

#

B.#Objectives#&#Intentions#• To! generate! employment! to! tackle! the! current! economic! crisis,! and! to! improve! employment! rates! and! the!

environment.!• To!implement!through!various!projects,!processes!of!change!in!the!environment!and!sustainability.!!• To!create!1,000!new!green!companies!and!provide!skills!training!for!50,000!workers.!• To!promote!and!improve!employment!in!general!and!particularly!in!the!environmental!sector.!• To!increase!the!skills!and!qualifications!of!workers!in!environmental!and!sustainability!issues.!!• To!promote!the!modernization!and!innovation!of!companies!and!activity!sectors.!!• To!promote!the!creation!of!companies!in!the!environmental!sector.!• To!adapt!economic!activities!to!environmental!regulations.!• To!promote!the!sustainability!of!the!economic!activities.!!

!


Government# • Ministerio!de!agricultura,!alimentacion!y!ambiente!(Ministry!of!Agriculture,!Alimentation!and!Environment)!and!depending!on!the!project,!also!local!municipalities!and!city!councils.!

• To!provide!the!main!guidelines!of!the!programme.!The!municipalities!may!also!implement!some!projects.!

Private#Sector# • Small!and!medium!enterprises!in!different!regions!in!Spain.!

• Generation!of!green!activities/jobs!


• Fundación!Biodiversidad!(Public!foundation!of!the!government!of!Spain)!

• Other!NGOs!

• To!lead!the!programme!• To!implement!and!generate!green!jobs!or!develop!green!skills!in!workers!across!different!sectors.!

Trade#Unions# • Unión!de!Asociaciones!de!Trabajadores!Autónomos!y!Emprendedores!(UATAE)!

• Implement!workshops,!seminars!and!lead!the!project!Ecotransformate!

(represents!300!organisations)!


• Social!European!Fund!of!the!European!Union!

• Promotes!employment!and!the!adaptation!of!the!workers!to!technical,!economic!and!social!changes!that!have!a!direct!impact!in!the!labour!market.!

#

#

D.#Procedure#• The!project!addresses!various! issues!of! the!green!economy!such!as:! the!promotion!of! sustainable!building!and!

eco)housing,!sustainable!mobility,!renewable!energy,!the!transition!from!a!traditional!agriculture!and!livestock!to!a!green!one,!rural!development,!employment! linked!to!the!sustainable!use!of!natural!resources,!environmental!management! in!companies!and! the!promotion!of!Corporate!Social!Responsibility! in!economic!activities! such!as!those!linked!to!tourism,!agribusiness,!sustainable!forest!management,!conservation!of!the!marine!environment,!waste,!aquaculture,!footwear,!or!aggregates.!

• The!programme!enables!strategic!partnerships!with!public!and/or!private!non)profit!organisations!to!implement!projects,!which!aim!to!train!and!improve!the!environmental!skills!in!self)employed!workers!as!well!as!employees!of!small!and!medium!enterprises,!and!the!creation!of!new!companies.!The!training!programmes!can!be!developed!directly! by! municipalities,! associations,! foundations,! government! entities! such! as! ministries! and! city! councils,!among!others.!

!

Retraining#Jobs!!Looking'for'information'!!

E.#Results#• Eighty!projects!implemented,!and!through!these!projects,!28,500!workers!have!been!trained!!• An!impressive!number!of!companies!(850)!have!been!supported!in!the!environmental!sector!• More!than!550,000!workers!are!participating!in!any!of!the!nearly!2,000!implemented!actions!of!the!programme!

Empleaverde,!and!the!projects!themselves!have!created!260!direct!jobs.!#

Last#update:#31.10.2012###Sources:#http://www.ecotransformate.es!http://www.fundacion)biodiversidad.es/es/inicio/emplea)verde?option=com_geocontent&view=geocontent!http://www.sostenibilidad)es.org/es/plataformas)de)comunicacion/empleo)verde/inicio!

!! !

United'Kingdom'''Tilbury'B'Power'Station'Converted'to'Run'on'100%'Biomass'Fuel'!

Conversion'to'biomass'extends'the'life'of'Tilbury'B'Power'Station'and'promotes'the'existence'of'green'jobs'in'the'UK.'!

!

A.#Context#• In!1990!RWE'npower!company!became!one!of!the!leading!power!generators!in!the!UK.!Since!2008!the!renewable!

generation!assets!of!the!RWE!group!have!been!consolidated.!!• Over!a!third!of!the!existing!electricity!generating!capacity!is!due!to!close!down!by!2015!because!of!European!Laws,!

including!the!Tilbury!B!Station,!and!investment!in!renewable!and!low)carbon!technology!is!required!to!ensure!that!the!UK!has!a!secure,!low)carbon!and!affordable!energy!supply!for!the!future.!

• The!conversion!of!Tilbury!to!run!on!sustainable!biomass!would!also!have!a!big!impact!on!the!UK’s!ability!to!meet!its!ambitious!and!binding!climate!change!targets.!

!

!

B.#Objectives#&#Intentions#• Validating!the!engineering!work!required!to!convert!the!coal)fired!plant!to!run!on!biomass.!• Understanding!the!commercial!value!of!the!project.!• Establishing!and!managing!sustainability!across!the!supply!chain.!!

!


Government# European!Laws! Environment!Agency!and!Local!Planning!Authority!

Push!the!transition!to!renewable!

Private#Sector# RWE!AG! Industry!

Plan!and!implement!the!conversion!process!of!Tilbury!

Civil# Society# /#NGOs#

Different!NGOs!(e.g.!Business!in!the!Community)!!

Local!community!and!customers!

Promote!responsible!business!practices! Approve!the!conversion!process!of!Tilbury!

Trade#Unions# No!information/role!found! !International#Organisations#

No!information/role!!found! !

!!D.#Procedure#• In!2011!the!Tilbury!B!power!station!was!converted!from!a!coal)fired!power!station!to!run!on!100%!biomass!fuel.!

Converting!the!plant!took!less!than!a!year!to!complete.!• The!new!capacity!of!the!station!following!the!conversion! is!750MWe,!one!of!Europe’s! largest!dedicated!biomass!

plants.!It!will!supply!enough!energy!to!power!over!1.5million!homes!over!the!remainder!of!its! lifetime!under!the!Large! Combustion! Plant!Directive! (LCPD),!which! enforces! strict! environmental! compliance,! setting! limits! for! the!amount!of!sulphur!dioxide!(SO2),!nitrogen!oxides!(NOx)!and!dust!particulates!that!each!coal!or!oil)fired!plant!can!emit.!

• Given! the! scope! and! the! reach! of! the! project,! two! main! issues! needed! to! be! addressed! simultaneously:! RWE'npower! needed! to! manage! the! risks! and! ensure! the! conversion’s! sustainability,! while! communicating! on! the!project’s!progress!to!customers,!local!communities,!NGOs,!the!industry,!as!well!as!the!government.!

• RWE' npower! made! sure! that! the! conversion! would! be! as! sustainable! as! possible.! They! used! independent!certifications! to! guarantee! that! all! biomass! fuel! would! be! sustainably! sourced! and! engaged! with! multiple!stakeholders!to!get!their!recognition.!

• A!lot!of!effort!was!also!put!into!guaranteeing!the!sustainability!of!all!of!the!2.5!million!tonnes!of!wood!pellets!that!are!now!burnt!each!year!and!the!Green!Gold!Label!was!chosen!as!the!certification!scheme.!As!this!conversion!of!this!magnitude!was!a!first!,!the!risks!taken!were!great,!and!RWE'npower!had!to!lead!multiple!trials!and!design!the!process!from!scratch.!

• An! important!part!of!the!project!was!to!engage!and!get!the!support! from!multiple!stakeholders.!Employees!and!top)management! teams! were! involved! through! seminars! and! workshops,! and! informed! through! all! internal!communication! channels! available.!RWE'npower!worked! closely!with!NGOs! to! create! constructive! dialogue! and!avoid!potential!negative!consequences!of!biomass.!

• The!vast!majority!(>90%)!of!the!wood!pellets!are!being!sourced!from!North!America,!either!from!RWE’s!own!pellet!plant!in!Georgia,!USA,!or!from!Canada.!

!

Retraining#Jobs!!Looking'for'information'

!!

E.#Results#• The!Tilbury!biomass!plant!now!provides!up!to!10%!of!the!UK’s!renewable!capacity!and!supplies!enough!electricity!

for!1.5!million!homes.!• Tilbury!contributes!around!£15!million!p.a.!to!the!local!economy!and!employs!over!200!people.!• Compared! to! the! coal)fired!plant! it!will! achieve! an!80%! reduction! in! carbon!emissions,! a! 50%! reduction! in!NOx!

emissions,!a!75%!reduction!in!CO2!emissions,!and!a!90%!reduction!in!ash!production.!!Last#update:#30.10.2012##

#

Sources:#www.rwe.com/web/cms/en/1295424/rwe)npower/about)us/our)businesses/power)generation/tilbury/tilbury)biomass/!www.bitc.org.uk/resources/case_studies/afe3452.html!www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2012/02/coal)plants)switch)to)bioenergy)in)the)uk!www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/26/us)britain)coal)biomass)idUSBRE88P0Y220120926!www.mining.com/worlds)largest)coal)to)biomass)power)station)conversion)nears)completion/!www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/8470091/Wood)burning)may)bring)reprieve)for)Tilbury)Power)Station.html!www.guardian.co.uk/business/2011/may/30/rwe)tilbury)power)station)biomass!www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2012/02/coal)plants)switch)to)bioenergy)in)the)uk!!! !

Denmark''The'Closure'of'Lindoe'Shipyard'–'and'its'Transfer''Retraining'offers'new'perspectives'to'ancient'shipyard'workers'and'motivates'them'to'work'in'renewable'energies.''

'

A.#Context#• By! 2007! Denmark’s! global! market! share! fell! to! 1.45! %,! and! the! shipbuilding’s! share! of! total! Danish! turnover!

amounted!to!just!0.76!%.!• Total! employment! in! the! industry! declined!by! about! 40!%!between!1988! and!2007,! falling! from!6,050! to! 3,600!

persons!in!2007.!• Lower!labour!costs!in!the!Far!East!turned!shipbuilding!into!a!stagnant!industry!in!Denmark,!as!well!as!in!the!rest!of!

Europe.!• In!August!2009,!the!shipping!company!A.P.!Moller)Maersk!Group!announced!the!closing!of!the!Lindoe!Shipyard!in!

Southern!Denmark!due!to!increased!competition!and!the!effects!of!the!financial!crisis.!#

#

B.#Objectives#&#Intentions#A!retraining!programme!for!the!more!than!8,000!employees!of!Lindoe!in!renewable!energies.!!

!


Government# • Local! municipal! authorities!(Odense! and! Kerteminde! and!Syddanmark)!• Local,!regional!and!policy!makers!• University!of!South!Denmark!

• Formal! responsibility! for! identifying! skills! needs! in! the!offshore! renewable! energy! sector! and! funding! a! Green!Offshore!Education!Project!• Establishment!of!LORC!(Lindoe!Offshore!Renewable!Centre)!!• Retraining!process!

Private#Sector# • Energy!Sector!in!Denmark!• Consultant!A.T.!Kearney!• Lindoe! Offshore! Renewable!Centre! (LORC)! and! the! Offshore!Centre!Denmark!(OCD)!

• Growing! in! renewable! business! and! retrain! and! employ!Lindoe!ex)employees!• Describe!the!core!competences!of!the!Lindoe!employees!at!the!moment!of!the!closure!of!Lindoe!• Retrain! the! skills! of! the! ex)employees! of! Lindoe! (Energy!Sector)!


No!information!found! !

Trade#Unions# No!information!found! !


No!information!found! !

!#D.#Procedure#Currently!LORC!consists!of!a!test!centre,!a!knowledge!centre,!an!educational!department,!and!a!secretariat.!Their!goal!is!to!boost!the!competitiveness!of!green!offshore!energy.!!Retraining#Jobs#• The!actual!programme!“Green!Offshore!Education!Project! for!new!and! innovative! initiatives”!has!as! its!primary!

aim! to! employ! the! unique! opportunities! that! arise! from! the! transition! of! the! Lindoe! Shipyard! to! a! large)scale!production! and! test! facility! for! green! offshore! energy.! This!will! be! done! through! an! untraditional! approach! of!analyzing,!developing!and!matching!competences!in!the!workforce!and!demands!for!specialized!skills!in!the!new!green!businesses.!

• One! of! the! courses! already! implemented! is! related! to! “product! and! process! innovation”.! Its! aim! is! that!participants!discover!how! their! skills! can!be!used! in! the!offshore! renewables! sector! and! that! they! gain! a! clear!sense!of!the!possibilities!for!working!in!this!sector.!The!course!lasted!four!weeks!(full)time),!and!consisted!of!both!theoretical!and!practical!work,!as!well!as!coaching!and!presentation!techniques.!!

• The!retraining!plan!elaborated!by!the!Lindoe!Forum!(established!shortly!after!the!announced!closure!with!a!core!mission!to!create!new!jobs!for!Lindoe’s!former!workforce)!concluded!that!Lindoe’s!employees!will!be!in!a!position!to! get! new! jobs! in! a! number! of! existing! and! new! potential! growth! industries! with! a! minimum! of! retraining,!including:!) building!and!construction,!) component!and!metal!industries,!) offshore!renewable!energy,!) solar!and!thermal!energy,!) maritime!construction!and!reparation,!) decommissioning.!

!#

E.#Results#The!retraining!of!the!ex)employees!in!green!skills!of!Lindoe,!and!achieving!its!implemention!in!the!energy!sector.!!

!

Last#update:#07.2012###Sources:#http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_emp/@ifp_skills/documents/publication/wcms_142484.pdf'http://www.lorc.dk/innovationEprojects/educationEproject'!

#' '

Brasil''Programme'Minha'Casa,'Minha'Vida'(“my'House,'my'Life”)''

'

Training' for' solar' water' heaters' improves' life' quality' of' low<income' households,' work'conditions,'creates'green'jobs'and'helps'to'solve'electricity,'grid'and'emission'problems.''

'

A.#Context#• The!main!incentive!of!the!programme!“Minha!casa,!minha!vida”!is!to!improve!the!standard!of!living!of!low)income!

families.!In!partnership!with!local!governments!and!the!private!sector,!one!million!houses!for!families!with!income!of!up!to!ten!times!the!minimum!wage!are!being!constructed,!and!prices!and!subsidies!differ!according!to!the!actual!incomes.8!

• The!houses!have!to!fulfill!a!number!of!environmental!features,!such!as!having!a!collection!system!for!the!reuse!of!rainwater!and!using!only!certified!wood!in!the!construction!process.!!

• Solar!water!heaters!are!not!compulsory!in!the!programme’s!first!phase,!but!they!are!in!its!second!phase!,!the!idea!being!that!most!of!the!new!houses!will!eventually!have!a!solar!system!mounted!on!their!roofs.9!!

• For!Brasil,! the! training! for! installing! and!maintaining! solar!water!heaters! is! appealing! and! interesting!because! it!allows! the! country! to! make! better! use! of! its! renewable! energies,! create! many! green! jobs,! and! reduce! CO2!emissions! and! fossil! energy.! It! also!means! less!problems!with!peaks! and!grids,! and! it! provides! an!alternative! to!flooding!huge!areas!of!land!for!new!hydro)electric!power!plants.!

• Since!the!new!law!(RN)!482,!published!in!April!17,!2012!by!the!National!Electric!Energy!Agency!(ANEEL),!makes!the!production!of!solar!energy!on!private!homes!more!attractive,!chances!are!good!that!there!will!be!more!green!jobs!such!as!those!of!solar!panel!installers,!solar!project!designers,!maintainers!of!solar!installations,!and!electricians.!

!

!

B.#Objectives#&#Intentions#• The! first! aim! of! the! programme! “Minha! casa,! minha! vida”! is! to! reduce! the! country´s! massive! housing! deficit,!

particularly!among!low)income!families.!• Simultaneously!the!programme!aims!to!create!new!jobs!in!the!construction!sector.!According!to!the!Association!of!

Refrigeration,!Air! Conditioning,!Ventilation! and!Heating! (ABRAVA),! this! programme!will! intensify! the! creation!of!jobs!associated!to!manufacturing,!installation,!administration!and!selling!of!solar!heating.!

• The!third!goal!is!a!reduction!of!energy!consumption!and!CO2)emissions,!by!replacing!the!commonly)used!electric!showers!with!more!energy)efficient! solar!heating! systems.!Households! can! reduce! their!electricity!bill! by!40%! if!they!install!a!solar!water!heater.!!

• In!addition,!the!spread!of!solar!water!heaters!would!signify!less!problems!with!grids!–!the!common!electric!shower!causes!a!huge!peak!in!the!demand!of!electricity,!what!often!leads!to!black)outs.!!

!

!

C.#Actors##

# Name# Role#

Government# • Local!Governments,!!• The!Federal!Bank!(in!charge!of!financial!resources),!!• Ministry!of!Mining!and!Energy! (promotes! the!use!of!solar!water!heaters),!!

• Ministry! of! Environment! unions! and! workers! of! the!construction!sector,!

• Involved!in!development!of!programme!• Specifically! for! the! solar! thermal! energy,!a! group! has! been! composed,! ! coordina)ted!by!the!Ministry!of!Environment!

• Support!

8! In!general,!two!family!categories!can!benefit!from!the!programme:!The!ones!with!0!)!3!minimum!wages!in!cities!with!over!100,000!inhabitants!

will!receive!subsidies!for!constructing!their!house,!setting!the!monthly!repayment!rate!to!around!BRL!10!per!month!or!at!least!BRL!50!over!ten!years.!Families!with!incomes!of!3!to!6!minimum!wages!will!be!offered!low)interest!loans,!limiting!their!repayment!rate!to!no!more!than!20%!of!their!monthly!income.!!

9! Total!costs!for!the!deployment!of!a!solar!energy!system!will!be!limited!to!$!2,500.00!for!each!dwelling!unit!in!multifamily!vertical!developments!and!R!$!1,800.00!for!each!dwelling!unit!in!horizontal!projects.!There!are!4!types!of!installations:!Single)familiar!internal!and!external!installation,!and!multifamily!internal!and!external!installation.!

• Ministry!of!Environment,!• Ministry!of!the!Cities,!!• National! Institute! of!Metrology,! standardization! and!Industrial!Quality!(INMETRO),!!

• Eletrobras!/!Procel,!• GTZ,!UNA,!EPE!(Empresa!de!Pesquisa!Energetica)!etc.!

Private#Sector# • !ABRAVA! • Part!of!working!group!• Support!


Research!is!ongoing! !

Trade#Unions# • For! example,! the! SindusCon)SP! (Union! of! the! Con)struction!Sector!in!Sao!Paolo)!!

• Analyses! operational! details! of! agree)ments! and! other! aspects! related! to! the!project!


• International!Labour!Organisation!(ILO)! • Part!of!working!group!• Support!

!!D.#Procedure#Research'is'ongoing.'

#Retraining#Jobs#• As!the!installation!of!solar!water!heaters!was!problematic!at!first,!the!ILO!did!some!research!to!find!out!what!

the! training! should! look! like! for! the!different! target! groups.!Having!assured! that! there! is! a!high!and!growing!demand! for! solar!water! heaters! and! a! potential! in! regard! to! improved!use!of! renewable! energies,! economic!growth! and! better!working! conditions,! very! concrete! and! adapted! contents! from! a! variety! of! trainings!were!developed:!For!installers!such!construction!workers!and!pipe!layers,!but!as!well!for!people!who!maintain,!repair!or!plan!the!systems.!!!

• The! role!of! the!municipalities! is! very! important! in!order! to!achieve!a! clear! line!of!environmental!actions.! For!this,!the!municipalities!need!to!fully!support!the!vocational!training!programme!developed!by!the!ILO,!which!is!already!part!of!the!operational!plan!of!the!programme.!!

• The!main!purposes!of!the!training!programme!is!to!train!professionals!in!solar!thermal!energy!through!courses!and!seminars,!and!the!development!of!the!quality!seal!Qualisol,!which!defines!the!best!practices!of!installations,!develops!a!standard!curriculum!for!installations,!and!sets!up!procedures!and!more.!!

• Having! completed! the! training,! construction! workers! and! pipe! layers! receive! a! better! qualification! and! thus!improve!their!reputation,!working!and!life!conditions.!The!plan!is!to!institutionalize!the!trainings!as!a!fixed!part!of!the!vocational!trainings!and!also!to!develop!a!training!programme!at!the!university!level.!!!

The! ILO! research!calculated!a!demand!of!20'000!houses!with! solar!water!heaters! for! the!year!2010!and! for!49'766!houses!in!the!year!2015.!According!to!this!calculation,!the!plan!was!to!conduct!trainings!with!14!classes!for!the!year!2010.!

#E.#Results#Research'ongoing.'#

Last#update:#12.2012###Sources:##www.ecodebate.com.br/2012/12/14/populacaoEbrasileiraEpoderaEproduzirEaEpropriaEenergiaEeletricaEeEfornecerEoEexcedenteEasEconcessionarias/!

' '

Germany''BMW'Motor'Vehicle'Mechatronics'Technicians,'MVMTs##

#

Skills'for'hybrid'car'production:'More'sustainable'cars'and'better'job'perspectives'for'workers.'#

#

A.#Context#• Many! European! automotive! manufacturers! are! developing! and! producing! low)carbon! vehicles! for! commercial!

deployment.!Low)carbon!hybrid!propulsion!is!a!growing!trend!in!the!car!industry.!German!car!manufacturer!BMW!recently!included!two!hybrid!cars!in!its!product!portfolio,!the!X6!and!its!seven!series.!

• The!use!of!voltages!up!to!400!volts!within!hybrid!systems!creates!obvious!health!and!safety!issues,!which!require!technicians!to!have!good!overall!technical!knowledge!of!hybrid!technologies.!The!gap!in!skills! in!regard!to!hybrid!technologies!observed!at!BMW!production!plants!in!Germany!was!the!main!incentive!for!this!programme.!

• Due! to! legislation,! the! trade! association! only! allows! trained! electricians! or!mechatronics! technicians! who! have!acquired!the!relevant!knowledge!to!carry!out!work!on!hybrid!cars.!

!

!

B.#Objectives#&#Intentions#To!meet!this!skills!gap,!BMW!implemented!a!new!training!module!in!2009!in!its!dual!apprenticeship!for!MVMTs.!!

!

C.#Actors##

# Name# Role#

Government# Research!is!ongoing! !

Private#Sector# • BMW! • Develop!and!organize!various!skills!trainings!


• Trained!electricians!or!mechatronics!technicians,!apprentices!

!

Trade#Unions# • yes!!

• Approve!the!certificate!Research!ongoing!


No!information/role!found! !

!!D.#Procedure##Retraining#Jobs#) The!module!comprises!technical!knowledge!for!hybrid!car!technologies.!Upon!completion,!apprentices!receive!

a!special!certificate!–!an!extra!qualification!as!an!‘Electro!Technician!for!Specified!Tasks!on!Hybrid!Vehicles’.!) BMW!decided!to!integrate!this!training!directly!into!its!dual!apprenticeship!as!an!extra!module.!All!MVMTs!who!

complete!their!training!at!BMW!will,!therefore,!be!qualified!to!work!with!all!hybrid!cars.!!) MVMTs!who!completed!their!training!prior!to!the!new!module!being!integrated!can!obtain!further!training!in!

hybrid! technologies! if! necessary.! The! training! and! the! selection! of! required! training! modules! are! decided!individually,!and!depend!on!work!experience!and!specific!work!tasks! in!the!production!process.!For!example,!engineers!involved!in!the!development!of!hybrid!cars!need!extra!training,!as!well!as!technicians!responsible!for!error!analysis!after! the!cars!have!been!assembled.! Since! the!cars!are!not!energized!during!vehicle!assembly,!voltage!training!is!not!required!for!all!workers!in!the!production!process.!

) In!2008!the!new!MVMT!module!was!examined!by!a!pilot!project!in!BMW’s!Munich!production!plant.!Thirty)two!apprentices!participated!in!the!training,!which!lasted!one!week.!Since!2009!the!module!has!been!integrated!in!the! dual! apprenticeship! programme! for! apprentices! at! other! BMW! production! plants! in! Regensburg! and!Dingolfing.!

) From!2010!onward,!all!BMW!production!plants!in!Germany!include!this!new!training!module.!Altogether!around!100! apprentices! per! year! will! receive! the! training,! which! now! lasts! two! weeks.! The! training! ends! with! a!theoretical!final!exam,!and!the!participants!receive!a!certificate!after!passing.!The!certificates!are!approved!by!the!trade!association,!and!the!training!is!conducted!by!internal!trainers!who!design!the!exam.!

##E.#Results#• BMW! received! the! Innovation! Prize! 2009! from! the! BIBB! for! the! exemplary! function! of! the! module,! its! close!

connection! to! the! dual! apprenticeship! programme,! and! its! labour! market! relevance.! Compared! to! other! car!manufacturers,! only! BMW! has! integrated! the! hybrid! module! in! the! dual! apprenticeship.! All! other! car!manufacturers!only!offer!their!employees!continued!training!in!hybrid!techniques.!!

• BMW!tries!to!employ!all!MVMTs!after!their!training.!Due!to!the!economic!crisis,!however,!not!all!apprentices!can!be!employed.!Nevertheless,! the!company!at! least! tries! to! integrate!the!apprentices! in! the!BMW!group!network,!meaning!that!employment!is!not!limited!to!German!plants,!but!apprentices!may!also!be!employed!by!international!plants!in!the!UK,!China!or!the!USA.!

!#Last#update:#07.2012###Sources:#tbd'

'' '

United'Kingdom''Birmingham'Energy'Savers##

!

Creating'jobs,'and'reducing'fuel'bills'and'CO2'emissions'through'energy'efficiency'measures.'!

!

A.#Context#The!main!incentive!was!the!creation!of!new!jobs!and!the!reduction!of!carbon!dioxide!emissions.!!

!

B.#Objectives#&#Intentions#The!project!aims!to!improve!energy!efficiency,!provide!renewable!energy,!and!boost!the!local!economy!in!the!process:!• The!objective! is!to!help!the!people!of!Birmingham!save!money!on!their!fuel!bills,!become!more!energy)efficient,!

and!help!protect!the!environment!with!no!upfront!costs.!!• The!scheme!hopes!to!create!around!270!new!jobs.!!• It!also!aims!to!help!reduce!carbon!dioxide!emissions!by!60!%!by!2026.!!

!

C.#Actors#!

# Name# Role#

Government# • The!Birmingham!City!Council!• Sector!Skills!Council!• South!Birmingham!College!

• Working!with!organisations!across!the!city!• Close!collaboration!

Private#Sector# • Local!Companies! • Create! jobs! and! apprenticeships! for!manufacture,!installation!and!maintenance!

Civil# Society# /#NGOs#

• Social!enterprise!the!Jericho!Foundation!• Local!Colleges!

• Training! providing! needed! skills! for! various!target!groups'

Trade#Unions# No!information/role!found! !


• European!Regional!Development!Fund! • Financial!support!

! D.#Procedure#• Birmingham! Energy! Savers! is! a! Birmingham! City! Council! and! Birmingham! Environmental! Partnership! project!

working!with!organisations!across!the!city.!• The!council!is!paying!for!the!installation!of!the!solar!panels!and!recouping!the!cost!through!income!from!the!Feed!

In!Tariff!(FIT).!The!average!householder!will!benefit!from!a!bill!reduction!of!up!to!£150!and!a!CO2!reduction!of!41kg!per!year.!!

• The! scheme! will! be! re)financed! using! the! government’s! Green! Deal! metre! point! repayment! mechanism,! thus!enabling!the!council! to!retro)fit!200,000!homes!and!deliver!a!£2bn!boost!to!the!economy,!whilst!simultaneously!cutting!carbon!pollution!and!energy!consumption.!

!

!

!Retraining#Jobs#) Energy!saving!measures!are!installed!and!maintained!in!Birmingham!homes!by!qualified!staff.!) The! scheme!works! with! local! companies! to! create! jobs! and! apprenticeships! for!manufacture,! installation! and!

maintenance!of!technology!such!as!solar!panels!on!roofs.!) Readying!people!to!take!up!the!new!jobs!has!required!some!re)skilling:!The!council!has!worked!closely!with!the!

Sector!Skills!Council! and!South!Birmingham!College,!which!had!PV!panels! installed!as!part!of!phase!one!of! the!programme.!A!social!enterprise!called!the!Jericho!Foundation!has!also!helped!train!long)term!unemployed!people!

to! respond! to! new! job! opportunities.! Training! programmes! in! local! colleges! are! supporting! the! demand! for!installation!skills.!!

) Boosting!local!supply!chains!through!market!access!for!small)!and!medium)sized!businesses!is!a!core!objective!of!the!scheme.!According!to!Dave!Allport,!manager!of!Birmingham!Energy!Savers,!“This!is!an!economic!development!tool! that! can! result! in! jobs! locally,! but! getting! the! procurement! right! in! order! to! realize! social! and! economic!objectives!is!the!challenge”.!He!added:!“Leadership!is!a!key!issue!in!developing!skills!for!a!low!carbon!economy!as!well!as!understanding!how!to!access!financial!opportunities”.!

) Three'programme'phases:'o Phase'one!of!the!programme!was!a!£1m!pilot,!which!installed!renewable!energy!systems!in!60!homes!and!

business!buildings!across!the!city,!creating!seven!new!jobs!and!training!places.'!o Phase' two,! which! is! currently! underway,! focuses! on! council! housing! and! vulnerable! households!

experiencing! fuel! poverty,! and! involves! installing! PV! panels! in! 2022! properties.! The! current! programme!value!is!£13m;!it!will!create!61!jobs!in!local!companies!and!train!145!people.!

o Phase'three!has!had!Cabinet!approval!for!£100m!for!whole)house!retro)fits!to!15,000!homes.!Jobs!will!be!delivered! in! construction,!and! the!procurement!process!will! require! contractors! to!provide! jobs!and! skills!locally'

''E.#Results#• During!phase!one,! renewable!energy!systems!were! installed! in!60!homes!and!business!buildings!across! the!city,!

creating!seven!new!jobs!and!training!places.!• Management!of!the!scheme!has!created!five!jobs!within!the!council!itself.!!!

Research!on!further!implementation!is!ongoing.!!!Last#update:#07.2012###Sources:#!(in!research)!!!

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#

United'Kingdom''Business'Park'Sherwood'Energy'Village#'Community' builds' up' a' carbon' neutral' energy' village,' attracting' companies' and' doubling'workplaces'after'closing'of'mine'company.'#

#

A.#Context#• In!1994!a!mine!company,!the!Ollerton!Colliery,!closed:!Around!600!men!lost!their!jobs,!and!a!community!was!left!in!

shock.!This!company!had!been!the!major!employer! in!the!area,!along!with!textile!factories,!which!closed!around!the!same!time,!and!many!predicted!a!bleak!future!for!the!town.!

• In!addition!to!the!need!for!alternative!employment,!people!had!a!vision!of!sustainable!development!for!their!town.!!!

!

B.#Objectives#&#Intentions#• Create!a!unique!selling!point:!Strengthening!sustainable!development!with!energy)efficient!buildings.!• Diversify!the!economic!base,!create!1,000!jobs!on!site!in!20!years,!and!create!sustainable!and!mixed!commercial!

development.!!

!

C.#Actors#!

# Name# Role#

Government# No!information/role!found! !

Private#Sector# • Companies! • Move!to!the!site,!pay!for!their!own!buildings!


• Village!of!Ollerton,!community!activists! • Negotiate!land!• Raise!money!• Set!up!society!• Develop!ideas!on!how!to!diversify!and!define!objectives!

Trade#Unions# • National!Union!of!Mineworkers'!(NUM)!official!at!Bevercotes!Collier!!

• Promoting!initiative!


• EU! • Regional!funding:!Financial!support!

!!D.#Procedure#• When!the!Ollerton!mine!closed!in!1994,!the!miners!created!a!village!as!a!carbon!neutral!community.!A!36)hectare!

site!was!transformed!with!the!help!of!EU!regional!funding!to!provide!a!mixed!facility!offering!industrial!units,!office!space!and!housing,!along!with!recreational!and!educational!facilities.!The!site!now!provides!employment!for!about!1200!people.!

• Managing!director!Stan!Crawford!had!been!a!National!Union!of!Mineworkers'!(NUM)!official!at!Bevercotes!Colliery,!but! lived! in!Ollerton!at! the! time.!He! led! the!massive! regeneration!project! (“The!Business!Park!Sherwood!Energy!Village”)!from!the!start.!!

• As! a! community! they! started! looking! at! how! they! could! diversify! the! economic! base! of!Ollerton! before! the! pit!closed.!!

• A!group!of!community!activists! led!by!Mr!Crawford!negotiated!to!buy!the!colliery! land,!which!totaled!125!acres,!from!British!Coal!for!just!under!£50,000.!But!they!still!had!to!raise!a!further!£4.25m!to!clean!up!the!land!before!it!could!be!used.!!

• They! set! up! an! industrial! and! provident! society! to! run! the! project! and! came! up! with! ideas! for! the! site! (see!objectives!&!intentions).!!

!

!Retraining'Jobs'Has'to'be'researched'!!

E.#Results#• Business!Park!Sherwood!Energy!Village!is!now!employing!twice!as!many!people!as!the!mine!did!by!the!time!it!was!

closed!down.!A!wide!range!of!companies!have!moved!to!the!site,!each!paying!for!its!own!buildings,!which!have!to!be!designed!according!to!set!criteria!for!energy!efficiency.!!

• Businesses! include!Centre! Parks'! headquarters,! accounting! firms,! architects! Jackson!Design!Associates,! a! respite!care!facility!for!people!with!brain!injuries,!Nottinghamshire!County!Council!offices,!a!play!barn!and!nursery,!wine!bar!and!hairdressers'!training!facility.!!

• The! energy! village! is! also! building! 196! homes! at! the! bottom! end! of! the! site,! but! so! far! only! 11! have! been!constructed!because!of!the!problems!in!the!housing!market.!!

• The! energy! village! is! run! by! a! board! of! ten! trustees.! The! E)Centre! building,! which! opened! in! 2006,! is! the!headquarters!for!those!managing!the!site.! It!has!a!bistro!open!to!the!public,!offices!for!rent!and!meeting!rooms,!and! it!has!been!built! to!high! standards!of! sustainability,!with!a!ground! source!heat!pump!providing!under)floor!heating,!a!natural!ventilation!system,!solar!panels!and!a!green!roof.!

#

#

Last#update:#07.2012###Sources:#!(tbd)!!

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