1. IntroductionJustice & Power--session i

2. IntroductionJustice & Power--session i 3. Topics in This Sessioni. Forward 2012ii.T Approacheswoiii.Political Understandingiv.American Politicsv.Where To?vi. Acknowledgments 4. Forward2012 5. Forward2012 6. The purpose of this series of presentations is to encourage theviewer to reect deeply on the meaning of justice and itsrelationship to power. Often people respond to situationsimpulsively without having a developed understanding of justiceand what might be necessary to produce it. 7. Bonasera: I went to the police, like a good American. These two boys [who had rapedhis daughter] were brought to trial. The judge sentenced them to three years in prison,and suspended the sentence. Suspended sentence! They went free that very day! Istood in the courtroom like a fool, and those two bastards, they smiled at me. Then Isaid to my wife, "For justice, we must go to Don Corleone."Don Corleone: Why did you go to the police? Why didnt you come to me rst? 8. Bonasera: I went to the police, like a good American. These two boys [who had rapedhis daughter] were brought to trial. The judge sentenced them to three years in prison,and suspended the sentence. Suspended sentence! They went free that very day! Istood in the courtroom like a fool, and those two bastards, they smiled at me. Then Isaid to my wife, "For justice, we must go to Don Corleone."Don Corleone: Why did you go to the police? Why didnt you come to me rst? 9. In Mario Puzos The Godfather, this unforgettable openingscene demonstrates the human sense of outrage which criesout for justice. The undertaker, Bonasera, goes rst togovernment. When he learns, quite correctly, that the systemlets him down, he turns to the traditional Sicilian process forregulating society--the Maa, La Cosa Nostra (Our Thing). Hedoesnt reect on what impact his action might have on society,the long range consequences of organized crime. 10. Every revolution---ours, the French, the Russian, evenMussolinis and Hitlers---promises to institute a new politicalorder which will right wrongs and establish justice. 11. Every revolution---ours, the French, the Russian, evenMussolinis and Hitlers---promises to institute a new politicalorder which will right wrongs and establish justice. 12. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to eect their Safety and Happiness.--The Declaration of Independence, 1776 13. Every revolution---ours, the French, the Russian, evenMussolinis and Hitlers---promises to institute a new politicalorder which will right wrongs and establish justice. 14. We the People, in order to establish justice.Preamble to the U.S. Constitution, 1787 15. The challenge is to apply power so that more rather than lessjustice results.or School Desegregationrepression 16. The challenge is to apply power so that more rather than lessjustice results. 17. The challenge is to apply power so that more rather than lessjustice results.Throughout the history of mankind, the sanction of force hasbeen elemental to the existence of social organizations. Acareful reading of history reveals that physical force, or thethreat of it, has been applied to the resolution of social andpolitical problems since man formed the rst primitive tribalgroup. That force, orchestrated as the situation demands, hascontinued to persist, assuring order; combatting enemies abroador suppressing revolts at home; and, hopefully, upholding whatis right. Introduction to the West Point Military History Series, p. ix 18. The challenge is to apply power so that more rather thanless justice resultsJustice without power to enforce it is impotentPower applied without justice at rst produces resentment;and after a long train of abuses, revolutionJustice and power are the core principles of politicsWe will consider what ten great thinkers have said abouttheir application 19. frontispiece1977 20. T Approaches wo 21. skills T Approacheswoplan 22. PrefaceSuppose you were given the choice of knowing how to do allsorts of things really well but having no sense of what the rightthings to do were -- the activities that would give you a good,happy, fullled life. Or, on the other hand, you might choose tohave a deep insight into what should be done to build a good lifefor yourself but lack the skills or know-how to perform theseparate tasks to create such an existence. Lets call a personchoosing the rst alternative (skills but no plan) the lifetechnician, and a person choosing the second (plan but no skills)the life designer. Neither can reach his goal of a good life exceptby chance.Justice & Power, p. iii 23. PrefaceSuppose you were given the choice of knowing how to do allsorts of things really well but having no sense of what the rightthings to do were -- the activities that would give you a good,happy, fullled life. Or, on the other hand, you might choose tohave a deep insight into what should be done to build a good lifefor yourself but lack the skills or know-how to perform theseparate tasks to create such an existence. Lets call a personchoosing the rst alternative (skills but no plan) the lifetechnician, and a person choosing the second (plan but no skills)the life designer. Neither can reach his goal of a good life exceptby chance.Justice & Power, p. iii 24. At the national level we might envision two groups of people,two parties, like the above two individuals. The Life TechniciansParty would be expert in practical politics. They would have theskills to seize and keep control of the state. But they would haveno real policies, no plans to make the country a good place to live.The Life Designers would have an excellent program but no saavy,no organization, no chance to ever implement their policies. Againboth approaches would fall short and the country would not bemarkedly better for the presence of either group.Ibid. 25. At the national level we might envision two groups of people,two parties, like the above two individuals. The Life TechniciansParty would be expert in practical politics. They would have theskills to seize and keep control of the state. But they would haveno real policies, no plans to make the country a good place to live.The Life Designers would have an excellent program but no saavy,no organization, no chance to ever implement their policies. Againboth approaches would fall short and the country would not bemarkedly better for the presence of either group.Ibid. Life TechniciansLife Designers 26. The need for know-how is widely recognized. America hasespecially enshrined the pragmatic spirit of Yankee ingenuity, thecan-do attitudeIbid. 27. The need for know-how is widely recognized. America hasespecially enshrined the pragmatic spirit of Yankee ingenuity, thecan-do attitude which is disdainful of ivory tower intellectuals. Ibid. 28. The need for know-how is widely recognized. America hasespecially enshrined the pragmatic spirit of Yankee ingenuity, thecan-do attitude which is disdainful of ivory tower intellectuals. Ibid. 29. The need for know-how is widely recognized. America hasespecially enshrined the pragmatic spirit of Yankee ingenuity, thecan-do attitude which is disdainful of ivory tower intellectuals.Still, a moments reection shows that mere activity without anunderlying order is the same as chaos which ancient civilizationsdirectly equated with evil. Ibid. 30. The need for know-how is widely recognized. America hasespecially enshrined the pragmatic spirit of Yankee ingenuity, thecan-do attitude which is disdainful of ivory tower intellectuals.Still, a moments reection shows that mere activity without anunderlying order is the same as chaos which ancient civilizationsdirectly equated with evil. Ibid. 31. The need for know-how is widely recognized. America hasespecially enshrined the pragmatic spirit of Yankee ingenuity, thecan-do attitude which is disdainful of ivory tower intellectuals.Still, a moments reection shows that mere activity without anunderlying order is the same as chaos which ancient civilizationsdirectly equated with evil. Ibid. 32. The need for know-how is widely recognized. America hasespecially enshrined the pragmatic spirit of Yankee ingenuity, thecan-do attitude which is disdainful of ivory tower intellectuals.Still, a moments reection shows that mere activity without anunderlying order is the same as chaos which ancient civilizationsdirectly equated with evil. Ibid. 33. The need for know-how is widely recognized. America hasespecially enshrined the pragmatic spirit of Yankee ingenuity, thecan-do attitude which is disdainful of ivory tower intellectuals.Still, a moments reection shows that mere activity without anunderlying order is the same as chaos which ancient civilizationsdirectly equated with evil. Ibid. 34. The need for know-how is widely recognized. America hasespecially enshrined the pragmatic spirit of Yankee ingenuity, thecan-do attitude which is disdainful of ivory tower intellectuals.Still, a moments reection shows that mere activity without anunderlying order is the same as chaos which ancient civilizationsdirectly equated with evil. Ibid. 35. In developing a mature understanding of political affairsit is helpful to begin with three concepts: practical political sense political science political philosophy 36. Practical Political Sense.The rst type of knowledge is the product of experience in the streetsapart from schools and reading. It is often associated with political guressuch as HitlerIbid. 37. Practical Political Sense.The rst type of knowledge is the product of experience in the streetsapart from schools and reading. It is often associated with political guressuch as HitlerIbid. 38. Practical Political Sense.The rst type of knowledge is the product of experience in the streetsapart from schools and reading. It is often associated with political guressuch as Hitler or Cincinnatis Boss Cox who have minimal schooling but greatpolitical acumen.Ibid. 39. .The rst type of knowledge is the product of experience inthe streets apart from schools and reading. It is oftenassociated with political gures such as Hitler or CincinnatisBoss Cox who have minimal schooling but great politicalacumen. A mythology built up about gifted men of the peopletends to obscure any later self-education which such maypursue. For obvious reasons, as the above two examples bearout, such unschooled leaders do not receive the praises ofhistorians and others who make their living schooling the young. Ibid. 40. In developing a mature understanding of political affairs itis helpful to begin with three concepts: practical political sense political science political philosophy 41. Political science and philosophy are the product of schools[beginning in Athens at Platos Academy and AristotlesLyceum] though they are not carried on there exclusively. Tothe degree that [these studies] lose touch with the real world,they become futile. Much ink has been spilled in the twentiethcentury by scholars arguing about the history and merits---indeed the limits or boundaries---of each eld of study. Simply,political science is descriptive while political philosophy isprescriptive.Political science tells about what is (and why it is) whilepolitical philosophy invites us to speculate upon what ought tobe.Ibid. 42. Those with street smarts may have the technical skills to gainand maintain power. Even ivory tower intellectuals withpolitical science degrees can achieve power. But if their goalsare based on a defective political philosophy the results arebound to disappoint. 43. Our study this quarter will not be limited to this narrow notionof political philosophy as prescriptive or normative (rule-making). Rather we will review the political history of our culturewith emphasis on how inuential thinkers ideas haveconditioned the what is of today. You may nd it a fascinatingjourney. Once your study has reached the twentieth centuryyou will be better prepared to assume your responsibility toposit the what ought to be and work toward the what can beof our countrys future.Powers, op. cit. 44. IIIt is not a simple thing to begin a study of so complex andimportant a subject as our contemporary political culture. Manyhonest and intelligent people argue hotly about politicalquestions.Ibid. 45. IIIt is not a simple thing to begin a study of so complex andimportant a subject as our contemporary political culture. Manyhonest and intelligent people argue hotly about politicalquestions.Ibid. 46. IIIt is not a simple thing to begin a study of so complex andimportant a subject as our contemporary political culture. Manyhonest and intelligent people argue hotly about politicalquestions.Ibid. 47. It is not a simple thing to begin a study of so complexand important a subject as our contemporary politicalculture. Many honest and learned people argue hotlyabout political questions. As you study the presentAmerican scene, to see things at all requires a context, afabric, a design to t things into. Without some matrix toprovide meaning the thing remains part of the background,not seen at all. Ibid. 48. Political Understanding 49. Your political growth began with your earliestyears and experiences. 50. Your political growth began with your earliestyears and experiences. Today it is as if you arelooking at the world through tinted spectacleswhich your family and the larger society haveplaced over your eyes without either yourknowledge or consent. 51. Your political growth began with your earliestyears and experiences. Today it is as if you arelooking at the world through tinted spectacleswhich your family and the larger society haveplaced over your eyes without either yourknowledge or consent. 52. Plato AristotleYour political growth began with your earliest years andexperiences. Today it is as if you are looking at the world Machiavellithrough tinted spectacles which your family and the largerHobbessociety have placed over your eyes without either yourLockeknowledge or consent. Our study will offer you ten new andMontesquieudifferent spectacles through which to look at the affairs of Rousseaumen in states. At the end you are not supposed to have traded Jeffersonyour own spectacles for another pair. Nor is it imagined thatBurkeyou will have reached a pinnacle and can then see the world as Marxit really is without spectacles. But if you read thoughtfullyand participate in class, your vision will have increased andthings which form part of the background to less aware politicalobservers will jump out in bold relief for you.bold relief Ibid. 53. It has become commonplace to see in todays [1977s]press reference to what Alvin Tofer called futureshock. 54. It has become commonplace to see in todays [1977s]press reference to what Alvin Tofer called futureshock. 55. It has become commonplace to see in todays pressreference to what Alvin Tofer called futureshock. Weregularly note the adverse effect upon others andourselves of the accelerated rate at which change occurs.There is a widespread feeling that all the old rules havegone by the boards. As the founder of modern automotiveculture, Henry Ford, remarked, History is bunk.Ibid. 56. It has become commonplace to see in todays pressreference to what Alvin Tofer called futureshock. Weregularly note the adverse effect upon others andourselves of the accelerated rate at which change occurs.There is a widespread feeling that all the old rules havegone by the boards. As the founder of modern automotiveculture, Henry Ford, remarked, History is bunk.Ibid. 57. It has become commonplace to see in todays pressreference to what Alvin Tofer called futureshock. Weregularly note the adverse effect upon others andourselves of the accelerated rate at which change occurs.There is a widespread feeling that all the old rules havegone by the boards. As the founder of modern automotiveculture, Henry Ford, remarked, History is bunk.Ibid. 58. It has become commonplace to see in todays pressreference to what Alvin Tofer called futureshock. Weregularly note the adverse effect upon others andourselves of the accelerated rate at which change occurs.There is a widespread feeling that all the old rules havegone by the boards. As the founder of modernautomotive culture, Henry Ford, remarked, History isbunk. This atmosphere of uncertainty appears to be theproduct of what can only be referred to as an explosionof technology.Ibid. 59. The last decade in Americas history [the Sixties]ended with a bitter confrontation. Its intensity is almostimpossible to recall during this present [1977] lull. On oneside of this terrible simplication were the dissenters.They wanted to say no to everything which they believedhad produced the power structure, Americas military-industrial complex. Ibid. 60. The last decade in Americas history [the Sixties] endedwith a bitter confrontation. Its intensity is almostimpossible to recall during this present [1977] lull. On oneside of this terrible simplication were the dissenters.They wanted to say no to everything which they believedhad produced the power structure, Americas military-industrial complex. Opposed were those who felt thatthey had to afrm anything and everything which theybelieved stood threatened. Both sides claimed to be thereal Americans. Ibid. 61. The last decade in Americas history [the Sixties] endedwith a bitter confrontation. Its intensity is almostimpossible to recall during this present [1977] lull. On oneside of this terrible simplication were the dissenters.They wanted to say no to everything which they believedhad produced the power structure, Americas military-industrial complex. Opposed were those who felt thatthey had to afrm anything and everything which theybelieved stood threatened. Both sides claimed to be thereal Americans. Ibid. 62. The last decade in Americas history [the Sixties] endedwith a bitter confrontation. Its intensity is almostimpossible to recall during this present [1977] lull. On oneside of this terrible simplication were the dissenters.They wanted to say no to everything which they believedhad produced the power structure, Americas military-industrial complex. Opposed were those who felt thatthey had to afrm anything and everything which theybelieved stood threatened. Both sides claimed to be thereal Americans. Ibid. 63. The last decade in Americas history [the Sixties] endedwith a bitter confrontation. Its intensity is almostimpossible to recall during this present [1977] lull. On oneside of this terrible simplication were the dissenters.They wanted to say no to everything which they believedhad produced the power structure, Americas military-industrial complex. Opposed were those who felt thatthey had to afrm anything and everything which theybelieved stood threatened. Both sides claimed to be thereal Americans. It was not a period which encouragedmoderation. Ibid. 64. The last decade in Americas history [the Sixties] endedwith a bitter confrontation. Its intensity is almostimpossible to recall during this present [1977] lull. On oneside of this terrible simplication were the dissenters.They wanted to say no to everything which they believedhad produced the power structure, Americas military-industrial complex. Opposed were those who felt thatthey had to afrm anything and everything which theybelieved stood threatened. Both sides claimed to be thereal Americans. It was not a period which encouragedmoderation. Ibid. 65. What does it mean to be an American?What is this country all about? Sociologist Robert Bellahcoined a term, American civil religion, to describe what heconsiders to be the core faith of our nation. 66. What does it mean to be an American?What is this country all about? Sociologist Robert Bellahcoined a term, American civil religion, to describe what heconsiders to be the core faith of our nation. 67. What does it mean to be an American?What is this country all about? Sociologist Robert Bellahcoined a term, American civil religion, to describe what heconsiders to be the core faith of our nation. 68. What does it mean to be an American?What is this country all about? Sociologist Robert Bellahcoined a term, American civil religion, to describe what heconsiders to be the core faith of our nation. It serves thesame function in our country which an established religionmight in another, for instance, Lutheranism in Sweden. Inthe ten year debate following Bellahs article manyexaminations by thinkers in diverse elds have tried to naildown the religion of American true believers. 69. What does it mean to be an American?What is this country all about? Sociologist Robert Bellahcoined a term, American civil religion, to describe what heconsiders to be the core faith of our nation. It serves thesame function in our country which an established religionmight in another, for instance, Lutheranism in Sweden. Inthe ten year debate following Bellahs article manyexaminations by thinkers in diverse elds have tried to naildown the religion of American true believers. 70. What does it mean to be an American?What is this country all about? Sociologist Robert Bellahcoined a term, American civil religion, to describe what heconsiders to be the core faith of our nation. It serves thesame function in our country which an established religionmight in another, for instance, Lutheranism in Sweden. I ntten year debate following Bellahs article many examinationsby thinkers in diverse elds have tried to nail down thereligion of American true believers. Almost coincidentallyto this learned dialogue, the American people experienced abicentennial with serious thought as well as souvenirs.Ibid. 71. A recent U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations,Daniel P. Moynihan, struck a sobering note when hepointed out the vulnerability of democracy in the worldtoday. .Ibid 72. A recent U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations,Daniel P. Moynihan, struck a sobering note when hepointed out the vulnerability of democracy in the worldtoday. During the rst two hundred years it seemed clearthat our type of political order was an example which therest of the world would soon follow. Indeed most of theNew World nations of Latin America modeled theirconstitutions after ours. Tyrants everywhere were on thedefensive.Ibid. 73. A recent U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations,Daniel P. Moynihan, struck a sobering note when hepointed out the vulnerability of democracy in the worldtoday. During the rst two hundred years it seemed clearthat our type of political order was an example which therest of the world would soon follow. Indeed most of theNew World nations of Latin America modeled theirconstitutions after ours. Tyrants everywhere were on thedefensive.Ibid. 74. In the aftermath of World War I this optimism began tofade.Ibid. 75. In the aftermath of World War I this optimism began tofade. The Irish nationalist poet William Butler Yeats wrotelines that were prophetic of the years ahead:Ibid. 76. In the aftermath of World War I this optimism began tofade. The Irish nationalist poet William Butler Yeats wrotelines that were prophetic of the years ahead:Ibid. 77. Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world,The blood dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhereThe ceremony of innocence is drowned;The best lack all conviction, while the worstAre full of passionate intensity. Yeats, The Second Coming written 1919published 1920 78. In the aftermath of World War I this optimism began tofade. The Irish nationalist poet William Butler Yeats wrotelines that were prophetic of the years ahead:Ibid. 79. Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world,The blood dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhereThe ceremony of innocence is drowned;The best lack all conviction, while the worstAre full of passionate intensity. Yeats, The Second Coming written 1919published 1920 80. In the aftermath of World War I this optimism began tofade. The Irish nationalist poet William Butler Yeats wrotelines that were prophetic of the years ahead:Ibid. 81. Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world,The blood dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhereThe ceremony of innocence is drowned;The best lack all conviction, while the worstAre full of passionate intensity. Yeats, The Second Coming written 1919published 1920 82. In the aftermath of World War I this optimism began tofade. The Irish nationalist poet William Butler Yeats wrotelines that were prophetic of the years ahead:Ibid. 83. Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world,The blood dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhereThe ceremony of innocence is drowned;The best lack all conviction, while the worstAre full of passionate intensity. Yeats, The Second Coming written 1919published 1920 84. American Politics 85. American PoliticsMartin Luther Kings March on Washington, 1963 86. American condence rose with what Ike later called theCrusade in Europe,Ibid. 87. American condence rose with what Ike later called theCrusade in Europe, but hardly had peace come in 1945 whenthe Cold WarIbid. 88. Soviettanks American condence rose with what Ike later called theCrusade in Europe, but hardly had peace come in 1945 whenthe Cold WarIbid.US tanks Berlin, 1948Checkpoint Charlie 89. American condence rose with what Ike later called theCrusade in Europe, but hardly had peace come in 1945 whenthe Cold War created a more intractable challenge for Americaand those other countries which together with us make up theWest or the Free World.Ibid. 90. Troop Strength, 1959 91. For more than thirty years now [in 1982] the United Statesand the Soviet Union have contended for hegemony in ashrinking world where nuclear weapons have assured thatthere will be no bystanders. 92. For more than thirty years now [in 1982] the United Statesand the Soviet Union have contended for hegemony in ashrinking world where nuclear weapons have assured thatthere will be no bystanders. The nature of the conict haschanged dramatically as the client states of each superpowerhave developed or declined and divisions have occurredwithin each camp. 93. 1948Tito and Stalin clash. Yugoslavia is expelled from Cominform 94. 1956When Nasser seized the Suez Canal our British and French alliesinvaded. We refused to back them. 95. 1958Chairman Mao Zedong and Premier Nikita Khrushchev, publiclyinternational allies, privately ideological enemies. 96. 1963Ngo Dinh Diem and Ho Chi Minh ght openly. 97. 1963Ngo Dinh Diem and Ho Chi Minh ght openly. First Kennedy intervenes, then Johnson escalates. The country is divided, then humiliated. 98. For more than thirty years now [in 1982] the United Statesand the Soviet Union have contended for hegemony in ashrinking world where nuclear weapons have assured thatthere will be no bystanders. The nature of the conict haschanged dramatically as the client states of each superpowerhave developed or declined and divisions have occurredwithin each camp. T believe that this power struggle in our oglobal village is at heart a contest for resources or marketsis to adopt a Marxist interpretation of history. 99. For more than thirty years now [in 1982] the United Statesand the Soviet Union have contended for hegemony in ashrinking world where nuclear weapons have assured thatthere will be no bystanders. The nature of the conict haschanged dramatically as the client states of each superpowerhave developed or declined and divisions have occurredwithin each camp. T believe that this power struggle in our oglobal village is at heart a contest for resources or marketsis to adopt a Marxist interpretation of history. The issue ofthe present [1982] decisive conict in the history of mankindis nothing other than which political philosophies, if any, shallprevail. 100. Where To? 101. Where To? 102. Once again, in 2012, we live in interesting times. 103. In the thirty years since the preceding words were written in1982, many amazing events have occurred. Who could havepredicted then that a former movie actor, two Poles, and areformist Communist politician would together bring aboutthe collapse of the mighty Soviet Union? 104. In the thirty years since the preceding words were written in1982, many amazing events have occurred. Who could havepredicted then that a former movie actor, two Poles, and areformist Communist politician would together bring aboutthe collapse of the mighty Soviet Union? 105. In the thirty years since the preceding words were written in1982, many amazing events have occurred. Who could havepredicted then that a former movie actor, two Poles, and areformist Communist politician would together bring aboutthe collapse of the mighty Soviet Union? 106. In the thirty years since the preceding words were written in1982, many amazing events have occurred. Who could havepredicted then that a former movie actor, two Poles, and areformist Communist politician would together bring aboutthe collapse of the mighty Soviet Union? 107. In the thirty years since those words were written in 1982many amazing events have occurred. Who could havepredicted then that a former movie actor, two Poles, and areformist Soviet politician would together create the collapseof the mighty Soviet Union?That didnt bring about the end of history, as one brashpolitical scientist predicted in 1992. 108. In the thirty years since those words were written in 1982many amazing events have occurred. Who could havepredicted then that a former movie actor, two Poles, and areformist Soviet politician would together create the collapseof the mighty Soviet Union?That didnt bring about the end of history, as one brashpolitical scientist predicted in 1992. 109. IN WATCHING the flow of events over the past decade [1982-1992] or so,it is hard to avoid the feeling that something very fundamental hashappened in world history. The past year has seen a flood of articlescommemorating the end of the Cold War, and the fact that "peace" seemsto be breaking out in many regions of the world. Most of these analyseslack any larger conceptual framework for distinguishing between what isessential and what is contingent or accidental in world history, and arepredictably superficial. If Mr. Gorbachev were ousted from the Kremlin ora new Ayatollah proclaimed the millennium from a desolate MiddleEastern capital, these same commentators would scramble to announce therebirth of a new era of conflict.And yet, all of these people sense dimly that there is some larger processat work, a process that gives coherence and order to the daily headlines... Francis Fukuyama, The End of History 110. In the thirty years since those words were written in 1982many amazing events have occurred. Who could havepredicted then that a former movie actor, two Poles, and areformist Soviet politician would together create the collapseof the mighty Soviet Union?That didnt bring about the end of history, as one brashpolitical scientist predicted in 1992. Not just ...a newAyatollah, but a host of characters, both great and small,combined to destroy that millennial optimism. 111. Some would minimize American exceptionalism,apologize for what they regard as our past hubris. Theysuggest we should lead from behind. 112. Some would minimize American exceptionalism,apologize for what they regard as our past hubris. Theysuggest we should lead from behind. Others would liketo see us disengage from world leadership entirely andconcentrate on our domestic challenges. 113. Some would minimize American exceptionalism,apologize for what they regard as our past hubris. Theysuggest we should lead from behind. Others would liketo see us disengage from world leadership entirely andconcentrate on our domestic challenges. Still otherstake inspiration from the Reagan years and wish toresume the role of a city upon a hill. 114. A City upon a Hill is a phrase from the parable of Salt and Light in JesusSermon on the Mount. In Matthew 5:14, he tells his listeners, "You are thelight of the world. A city that is set on a hill cannot be hidden." Wikipedia 115. A City upon a Hill is a phrase from the parable of Salt and Light in JesusSermon on the Mount. In Matthew 5:14, he tells his listeners, "You are thelight of the world. A city that is set on a hill cannot be hidden."The phrase entered the American lexicon early in its history, in the PuritanJohn Winthrops 1630 sermon "A Model of Christian Charity". Winthropadmonished the future Massachusetts Bay colonists that their newcommunity would be a "city upon a hill", watched by the world---whichbecame the ideal the New England colonists placed upon their hilly capitalcity, Boston. Winthrops sermon gave rise to the widespread belief inAmerican folklore that the United States of America is Gods countrybecause metaphorically it is a Shining City upon a Hill, an early example ofAmerican exceptionalism. [emphasis added--jbp]Wikipedia 116. On 9 January 1961, President-Elect John F. Kennedy returned the phraseto prominence during an address delivered to the General Court ofMassachusetts: ...I have been guided by the standard John Winthrop set before his shipmates on the agship Arbella three hundred and thirty-one years ago, as they, too, faced the task of building a new government on a perilous frontier. "We must always consider", he said, "that we shall be as a city upon a hillthe eyes of all people are upon us". Today the eyes of all people are truly upon usand our governments....Wikipedia 117. President Ronald Reagan used the image as well, in his 1984 acceptanceof the Republican Party nomination and in his January 11, 1989, farewellspeech to the nation: ...Ive spoken of the shining city all my political life, but I dont know if I ever quite communicated what I saw when I said it. But in my mind it was a tall proud city built on rocks stronger than oceans, wind-swept, God-blessed, and teeming with people of all kinds living in harmony and peace, a city with free ports that hummed with commerce and creativity, and if there had to be city walls, the walls had doors and the doors were open to anyone with the will and the heart to get here. Thats how I saw it and see it still... Wikipedia 118. Jefferson once scorned the impossibility of a peopleboth ignorant and free. Those who expect to be both ignorant and free, expect what never was and never will be. 119. Jefferson once scorned the impossibility of a peopleboth ignorant and free. In this, your last year in thepublic schools, you will prepare to make yourcontribution to what Lincoln characterized as anexperiment in the political history of mankind. The fateof this nation, so conceived and so dedicated, is noless uncertain today than it was in 1863. 120. Four score and seven years ago ourfathers brought forth on this continenta new nation, conceived in liberty, anddedicated to the proposition that allmen are created equal.Now we are engaged in a great civilwar, testing whether that nation, orany nation, so conceived and sodedicated, can long endure. 121. Jefferson once scorned the impossibility of a peopleboth ignorant and free. In this, your last year in thepublic schools, you will prepare to make yourcontribution to what Lincoln characterized as anexperiment in the political history of mankind. The fateof this nation, so conceived and so dedicated, is noless uncertain today than it was in 1863.As we enter our third century, the type of politicalphilosophy which animates our people will decidewhether we can---indeed, whether we should---celebrate a tricentennial.James B. Powers,Justice & Power; A Primer in Political Philosophy, 1982 122. Acknowledgments 123. Acknowledgments 124. Once upon a time, in a school district on the east side ofCincinnati, in a nation long since transformed, there was anidealistic high school teacher of American Government. Thisseries of presentations is based on a small book which hewrote in 1977 for his seniors. He planned an eight weekintroduction to the required civics class. It reviewed WesternCiv for students, most of whose knowledge of it was skimpy atbest. The premise then, and still today, was that knowing thesephilosophers and their ideas is the necessary foundation formaking intelligent choices as a citizen in our democraticrepublic. 125. The Dedication 126. my date, as we chaperone a highschool promThe Dedication 127. The Dedication 128. my date, as we chaperone a highschool promThe Dedication 129. The Dedication 130. (ho de anexEHtastos BIos ou bihTOS anTHRp) 131. Callimachus the philologist remarked that a big book is abig evil. ( ) I should like to begin bythanking those former students who have helped meappreciate the need for brevity. During the seven years that Ihave taught the philosophers at Indian Hill, thisintroduction has been one of the most popular parts of thesenior government course. I have been stimulated often bystudents comments both written and oral. The material andapproach here owes much to them. 132. I would next like to express my thanks to the familywhose anonymous gift to the school has paid for thepublication costs of this guide. Perhaps the greatestsingle fringe benet of teaching in this system is theopportunity to meet so many public-spirited adults. 133. my colleaguesPaul Mattox taught his friends and students a lotbesides physicshis daughter Kim helped check the text for student comprehensibilityPaul Connell has patiently listened to me rave about allthis for thirteen years. His insights as a former collegephilosophy prof have inspired meBob West helped me with his English skillsBill Kincaid, our Franklin, with the printingDr. Anna Graham showed me long ago that seniors dontrequire either pablum or spoon feeding. Every beginningteacher should be as fortunate in his mentor as I was August, 1977 134. The years since 1977 have been lled with criticism ofpublic education in America. The praise and appreciationof many of my students for this work has been a mostwelcome respite. It is better for their suggestions. [onestudent, who later served in the Bush White House, wroteback that this class was better than his freshman WesternCiv class at Harvard!] Diane McDonald and Bill Kincaidare true professionals. It is a privilege to work and studyin a community which afrms the value of examining thepast. July, 1982Indian Hill, Ohio 135. The criticism of public education in America, if anything, hasheightened in the thirty years since I wrote that secondacknowledgment. I have been retired for twenty-two of them.You can take the teacher out of the classroom, butMy heartfelt thanks to Marty Selzer who created the Mt SaintJoseph Life-Learn program and asked me to teach a class forthe Ohio bicentennial in 2003.And again, having so many interested and interesting studentsis the great reward for this wonderful vocation. July, 2012 Cincinnati, Ohio 136. The criticism of public education in America, if anything, hasheightened in the thirty years since I wrote that secondacknowledgment. I have been retired for twenty-two of them.You can take the teacher out of the classroom, butMy heartfelt thanks to Marty Selzer who created the Mt SaintJoseph Life-Learn program and asked me to teach a class forthe Ohio bicentennial in 2003.And again, having so many interested and interesting studentsis the great reward for this wonderful vocation. My belovedKate (nee Catherine) continues to be my muse. Once again,her suggestions have made a great contribution to this project.July, 2012Cincinnati, Ohio