JUST SCIENCE - Attention Students€¦ · Web viewSWBAT identify and describe the basic anatomy and...

Biologyhuman body systems

packet

Name ______________________

Purpose

In order to provide you with every possible opportunity to be successful on the Biology EOC exam, WE MUST CONTINUE THE WORK!!! The Biology Team has compiled a packet just for you with the materials that you will need to prepare for your upcoming assessment. Please take the time to complete all assignments. Work alone, with a buddy, as a team or as a class to learn the material and complete the work.

Grading

Human Reproduction 50 points

Blood Flow 50 points

Human Brain 50 points

Immune System 50 points

Unit 7 Assessment 100 pointsTime Management Plan

Date Lesson Time frame

Completed

√ Parent Signature

Human Reproduction Video Lecture & Content Review

30 minutes

Human Reproduction Independent Practice Problems & EOC Practice Questions

Blood Flow Video Lecture, Content Review, & Independent Practice #1-7

Blood Flow Independent Practice #8-11 & EOC Practice Questions

The Human Brain Video Lecture, Content Review, Independent Practice #1-5, & EOC Practice

Questions

Date Lesson Time frame

Completed

√ Parent Signature

The Immune System Video Lecture, Content Review, & Independent Practice #1-5

The Immune System Independent Practice #6-14

The Immune System EOC Practice Questions

DUE DATE & TESTING DAY

B-DAY: TUESDAY, APRIL 22TH

A-DAY: WEDNESDAY, APRIL 23TH

YOU WILL USE YOUR COMPLETED PACKET TO TAKE YOUR UNIT 7 ASSESSMENT – NO INCOMPLETE PACKETS WILL BE ALLOWED!!!

ADDITIONALLY, YOUR COMPLETED PACKET MUST BE TURNED IN ON TIME – NO EXCEPTIONS!!!

Biology Spring Break Packet

Benchmark: SC.912.L.16.13 Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy.

Page of 22

Student Name: Date: Period:Original Mastery:

Reassessed Mastery:

Learning Objectives: Vocabulary: SWBAT describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth. SWBAT identify and describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human

female reproductive system including the ovaries, oviduct (fallopian tube), uterus, cervix, and vagina.

SWBAT identify and describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human male reproductive system including the seminal vesicle, prostate gland, vas deferens, urethra, epididymis, scrotum, penis, and testes.

Video Lecture: ( YouTube.com or class website)Choose one of the following:

Crash Course Biology: The Reproductive System-How Gonads Go Khan Academy: Male & Female Reproductive Anatomy

Choose one of the following: Crash Course Biology: Animal Development-We’re Just Tubes! Khan Academy: Embryonic Stem Cells

Choose one of the following: The Miracle of Life: Old School The Miracle of Life: New School

Seminal vesicle Prostate gland Vas deferens Urethra Epididymis Scrotum Penis Testes Fertilization Ovary Oviduct (fallopian tube) Uterus Cervix Vagina

Content Review: The basic anatomy of the female reproductive system

Ovary – In human females, organs that produce egg cells and reproductive hormones.

Oviduct (fallopian tube) – The tube through which an egg passes on its way from the ovary to the uterus.

Uterus – In mammals, the organ in which the fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus.

Cervix – The neck of the uterus that opens into the vagina.

Vagina – the birth canal in mammals. It it the part of the female reproductive system that opens to the outside.

The basic anatomy of the make reproductive

Seminal vesicle – A gland in makes that secretes the fluid componenet of semen, which

lubricates and nourishes sperm.

Prostate gland – A gland in human males that secretes an acid-neutralizing component of semen.

Vas Deferens – The part of the male reproductive system through which sperm leaves the testes. In humans it is also called the sperm duct, the tube through which sperm moves from the epididymis to the urethra.

Urethra – In males the urethra conveys semen out of the body during ejaculation. It is also the passageway urine takes from

the bladder to the outside.

Epididymis – A long coiled tube in which sperm mature and are stored after leaving the testis.

Scrotum – The pouch of skin outside of the abdomen that houses testes. Once in the scrotum, sperm cool and therefore remain viable longer.

Penis – The organ used in copulation.

Testicle (testis) – Male organ which produces sperm and male reproductive hormones (plural:testes).

Structures Relating to the Development of the Fetus

Placenta – In most mammals (including humans), the organs that provides nutrients and oxygen to the growing embryo. The placenta also removes wastes as the embryo grows. Although the placenta is closely associated with the mother’s

blood vessels, the mother’s blood and the embryo’s blood are not in direct contact; maternal and fetal blood do not mix.

Umbilical cord – A flexible tube-like structure containing blood vessels (two arteries, one vein) that attach the abdomen of the fetus to the placenta.

Amniotic sac – A double layered membrane in the uterus which surrounds the growing embryo and is filled with amniotic fluid.

Amniotic fluid – Watery substance which surrounds the embryo, serving to cushion the embryo.

The stages of development in humans are:1. Fertilization (union of egg and sperm to

form a diploid zygote) starts embryonic development.

2. Cleavage is the rapid series of cell divisions (mitosis) that produces a ball of cells from the zygote.

3. As cleavage continues, a fluid-filled cavity (blastocoel) forms in the center of the growing embryo forming a hollow ball (blastula) consisting of the blastocoel surrounded by one or two layers of cells.

4. Gastrulation is the next major phase in which cells are added to the embryo and begin to differentiate into distinct layers. Each layer will eventually form into all the adult parts such as the brain and spinal cord, digestive tract and respiratory systems, and all other organs and tissues.

5. Organs start to form after gastrulation.

The mileposts in human pregnancy are:1. First Trimester (weeks 0-12 or 0-3

months): After implantation of the embryo, vital organs form and the heart begins to beat. At the end of this trimester the embryo is now

called a fetus.2. Second Trimester (weeks 13-24 or 4-6 months): Fetus moves, kicks, and swallows. All internal organs are

maturing.3. Third Trimester (weeks 25-40 or 7-9 months): Rapid growth of the fetus. All organs are fully developed and

the respiratory system is maturing. At the end of this trimester, the baby is considered “full-term”.4. Childbirth: Strong contractions of the uterus (labor) bring about the birth of the baby. Hormones (proteins) play

a key role in starting labor. They are also important afterwards, allowing the uterus to return to its pre-pregnancy condition, and allowing the mother’s body to start manufacturing milk.

Hormones of Reproduction: Females:

o GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) – produced in the hypothalamus, stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteininzing hormone (LH).

o FSH – stimulates the follicle to release estrogen necessary for egg maturation.o LH – stimulates the egg to mature and erupt from the follicle and stimulates the ruptured follicle to

produce progesterone (prepares and maintains uterine lining awaiting implantation).o hCG – a pregnancy promoting hormone, and the hormone detected by pregnancy tests.o Progesterone & Estrogen: produces female characteristics.

Males: o FSH – stimulate sperm production.o LH – stimulates production of testosterone.o Testosterone & Progesterone – produces male characteristics.

Independent PracticeDirections: Complete all practice questions by using your background knowledge, notes from class, the biology textbook, and the key points in the box above. You will be required to re-take the exit ticket for this benchmark once you complete these practice questions.

Label the important structures with their functions.

Complete the following charts for each of the three trimesters in human embryo development. For each week, list the major growth activity. Be sure to include the points at which the zygote becomes an embryo and an embryo becomes a fetus.

First Trimester

Weeks Months Major Events1 Conception: egg fertilized by sperm2345 Heart begins to beat67 Umbilical cord joins embryo to placenta89101112

Semester TrimesterWeeks Months Major Events13 Fetus flexes and kicks; bone starts to replace cartilage141516171819 Genitals distinct and recognizable on ultrasound2021222324 Lungs developing, baby practices breathing

Third TrimesterWeeks Months Major Events25 Bones becoming solid, hands fully formed26272829303132 Toenails and fingernails complete33343536 If born this week considered “full term”37-40 Baby continues to gain weight until born

EOC Practice Questions

1. Which of the following statement about reproductive hormones is TRUE?a. Only women produce progesterone.b. Estrogen levels are highest during early pregnancy.c. Reproductive hormones affect only the reproductive system.d. Men and women produce both estrogen and testosterone.

2. Spermatozoa are male gametes, which contain haploid DNA. Where are spermatozoa produced?a. Ovariesb. Penisc. Prostated. Testes

3. Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm develop and mature. Which of the following sequences correctly describes the anatomical path of spermatozoa from formation to ejaculation?

a. Testes, vas deferens, prostate, urethrab. Testes, urethra, prostate, vas deferensc. Prostate, vas deferens, tests, urethrad. Prostate, urethra, testes, vas deferens

4. In the male reproductive system, gametes are produced in the testicles. Which of the following structures of the female reproductive system has the same function as the testicles?

a. Cervixb. Uterusc. Fallopian tubesd. Ovaries

5. A normal human gestational period lasts forty weeks. Which of the following explains why the eight week of gestation is notable?a. The gender of the fetus can be determined.b. The embryo is approximately the size of a lime.c. The embryo stage ends and the fetal stage begins.d. Most organ systems are developed and functional.


Benchmark: SC.912.L.14.36 Describe the factors affecting blood flow through the cardiovascular system. of 22


Reassessed Mastery:

Learning Objectives: Vocabulary: SWBAT describe the function and structure of the cardiovascular system. SWBAT describe how factors such as blood pressure, blood volume, resistance, disease,

and exercise affect blood flow through the cardiovascular system.

Video Lecture: (YouTube.com or class website)Choose two of the following:

Khan Academy: Blood Flow through the Heart Khan Academy: Pressure, Flow, and Resistance in the Human Body Blood Flow and Heart Disease

Cardiovascular System Heart Blood Vessels Artery Vein Blood pressure Blood volume Resistance Disease Exercise Viscosity

Content Review: The cardiovascular system moves blood to all parts of the body. The two main

components of the cardiovascular system are the heart and blood vessels. The heart is a muscular pump, about the size of your fist, which keeps the blood moving to every part of the body. Blood vessels transport the blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

The cardiovascular system carries blood, oxygen, and nutrients to organs and tissues of the body, and carries waste and carbon dioxide from these tissues for removal from the body.

Factors that affect the blood flow: o Blood Pressure:

Blood pressure is the force with which blood pushes against the wall of an artery (carries oxygen rich-blood away from the heart). Veins carry oxygen-poor blood to the heart to be “replenished.” Blood pressure depends on how elastic and unblocked the arteries are. It also depends on the strength

of the heart’s contraction (beating). The less elastic (stretchy) the arteries and the more blockages that reduce

blood flow, the harder the heart must pump. As a result, blood pressure rises. Blood pressure also rises naturally with activity, stress, and strong emotions, but it should drop again with rest. If the pressure remains high, there could be a problem in the cardiovascular system and the chance of heart related diseases rises.

Most people can lower their blood pressure through weight loss, proper diet, and exercise. If these remedies fail, people can use medications to

reduce blood pressure. o Blood Volume:

Blood volume is the amount of blood present in the body. The more blood present in the body, the higher the rate of blood returns to the heart. When does your blood volume increase? An example is salt intake. People that consume high amounts of salt might have their blood volume increase. With more blood in your body, the arterial pressure (pressure in your arteries) could increase. When pressure in your arteries increases, so does your blood pressure.

o Blood Viscosity: Blood viscosity is a measure of the resistance of blood flow which is caused by thick blood. Blood is a

liquid that consists of plasma and particles, such as the red blood cells. The viscosity of blood depends on the thickness of the plasma or how much water-content is found within the plasma. As you increase the viscosity of the blood, it becomes harder to circulate through the blood vessels. This causes strain on the heart, because it pumps harder to get the blood to circulate. Blood viscosity also causes the blood pressure to elevate.

o Resistance: In the circulatory system, your blood vessels have a certain level of resistance. The higher the

resistance, the higher the arterial pressure from the resistance to blood flow.

o Disease: Lifestyle choices strongly influence the health of your circulatory system.

Smoking, lack of exercise, excessive weight, long-term stress, and a diet low in fruits and vegetables but high in saturated fats are all linked to an increased rick of developing circulatory diseases. These diseases mainly affect the heart and the arteries. High blood pressure is often only the warning sign of these problems. Disease can lead to heart attack, stroke, or kidney damage. Some blocked arteries supplying the heart muscle can be opened using surgery.

To reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, physicians urge people either not to smoke or to quit smoking, to maintain a healthy weight, and to exercise regularly. Medications can also help to reduce the risks of heart disease.


1. What is the cardiovascular system? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Complete the flow chart below:

Questions 5-10 are True/False questions. IF you choose false, explain why it is false in one complete sentence.

3. True or False: Lifestyle plays a key role in circulatory diseases.

4. True or False: Arteries carry rich-oxygen blood to the heart while veins carry poor-oxygen blood away from the heart.

5. True or False: Arteries have to be thicker than veins because they are under great pressure to reach every part of the body in order to

replenish it with nutrients.

6. True or False: Having a poor diet could affect your blood flow and risk of disease.

7. True or False: Having a low blood flow resistance can increase your arterial pressure and therefore blood pressure.

8. How can lifestyle choices help reduce the risk of heart disease? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Factors Affecting Blood Flow in the

Cardiovascular System

9. People who smoke often have cold hands and feet. What might explain this condition in terms of blood flow? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Explain why narrowing of the arteries decreases blood flow but increases blood pressure. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

11. If a person has a weak heart, how might his or her ability to maintain a stable body temperature be affected? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


1. Which of the following statements best describes blood flow in the human body?

A. As blood pressure increases, the rate of blood flow decreases.

B. As the length of a vein decreases, the resistance to blood flow decreases.

C. As the viscosity of the blood decreases, the rate of blood flow increases.

D. As the diameter of a blood vessel decreases, the rate of blood flow increases.

4. If an individual experiences a severe injury leading to a drop in blood volume, which of the following will occur?

A. a decrease in blood pressureB. an increase in blood viscosityC. a decrease in blood pHD. an increase in blood oxygen

2. Marie transitions from a resting state to exercise. Which of the following correctly describes what happens to Marie's body during exercise?

A. heart rate decreasesB. blood volume increasesC. blood pressure increasesD. resistance to blood flow increases

5. If a person has coronary heart disease, some of the vessels that supply blood to the heart can become narrowed. Which of the following would you also expect to find in a patient with coronary heart disease?

A. low heart rateB. high blood pHC. low blood volumeD. high blood pressure

3. Which of the following factors decreases blood flow?A. a decrease in blood viscosityB. an increase in blood pressureC. an increase in overall blood volumeD. a decrease in the radius of a blood vessel

Biology Spring Break Packet Benchmark: SC.912.L.14.26 Identify major parts of the brain on diagrams or models. of 22


Reassessed Mastery:

Learning Objectives: Vocabulary: SWBAT Identify the major parts of the brain on diagrams or models.

Video Lecture: (YouTube.com or class website)Choose one of the following:

Basic Parts of the Brain – Part 1

CNS Cerebrum Cerebellum Brain stem Pons Medulla

Content Review: CNS: (Central Nervous System) composed of the brain and spinal

cord

Cerebrum: largest part of the brain, in charge of voluntary, or conscious, activities of the body. Has four different parts, the frontal lobe, paretial lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe.

Frontal lobe: voluntary muscle movement

Paretial lobe: integrates (combines) sensory information

Temporal lobe: Auditory perception and processing meaning for speech and vision

Occipital lobe: visual processing center

Cerebellum: Located at the back of the skull, coordinates and balances the actions of the muscles so that the body can move gracefully and efficiently.

Brain stem: Connects the brain and spinal cord. Has 2 regions – the Pons and Medulla. Regulates vital activities like breathing.


1. Label the following diagrams. Use the terms from the key points section above.

2. Match the letters on the diagram with the following list of terms and insert the appropriate letters in the answer blanks. Then, select different colors of each of the areas of the brain provided with a color-coding square and use them to color in the coding squares and corresponding structures in the diagram.

3. What does the CNS consists of? ____________________________________________________________________________________

4. What are the structures within the brain that make up the brain stem? ______________________________________________________

5. Describe the structure of the cerebellum. What is the difference between the cerebrum and cerebellum? _________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________


1. In the diagram below, which lobe is located at the posterior (back) section of the brain, as indicated by the red arrow?

A. frontal lobeB. occipital lobeC. parietal lobeD. temporal lobe

2. Which of the following structures of the brain is visible in the diagram below?

A. Brain stemB. CerebellumC. CerebrumD. Medulla oblongata

3. In the diagram below, which area of the brain is indicated by the letter D?

4. In the diagram below, which structure is represented by the letter C?

# Color Structure

1 Frontal lobe

2 Parietal lobe

3 Temporal lobe

4 Cerebellum

5 Occipital lobe

6 Brain stem: Pons & Medulla

A. Brain stemB. CerebellumC. CerebrumD. Parietal lobe

A. CerebellumB. CerebrumC. Medulla oblongataD. pons

5. Which structure is found directly below the pons and is indicated by the letter A?

A. CerebellumB. Medulla oblongataC. Occipital lobeD. Temporal lobe


Benchmark: SC.912.L.14.52 Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics. of 22


Reassessed Mastery:

Learning Objectives: Vocabulary: SWBAT explain the basic functions of the human immune system SWBAT explain the difference between specific and non specific immune response

Video Lecture: Choose one of the following:

Crash Course Biology: The Immune System – Natural Born Killer

Immunity Inflammatory response Fever Interferon Immune response Antigen Humoral immunity Cell-mediated immunity Antibody Vaccination Active immunity Passive immunity

Content Review: Pathogen: a disease-causing agent

1. There are different types of pathogens. Bacteria: single-celled organisms. Some release chemicals that are toxic to their host. Others destroy healthy cells. Food

poisoning is caused by bacteria. Viruses: are strands of DNA or RNA that are surrounded by protein coats. They are so small that they can be seen only

with an electron microscope. Viruses enter healthy cells and take them over, forcing they healthy cells to produce more viruses. Viruses cause illness such as colds and AIDS.

Fungi: can have one cell or more than one cell. They can invade healthy cells and take the cell’s nutrients. Fungal infections usually occur in places that are warm and damp. For example, athlete’s foot is a fungus that invades skin cells between the toes.

Protists: single-celled organisms. They can prey on healthy body cells. Malaria is a disease of the red blood cells that is caused by a protist.

Parasites: organisms that grow on a host and feed off it. Some parasites even kill their host. Intestinal worms are one kind of parasite.

2. Pathogens can enter the body in different ways. Direct contact: a pathogen is spread through physical touch.

Examples: rabies are transmitted when a sick animal bites an healthy one. HIV can be transmitted during sexual intercourse or while sharing needles.

Indirect contact: a pathogen can infect a person without that person touching an infected person. Examples: the fungus that causes athlete’s foot can survive on a bathroom floor for some time. Eating

contaminated food, or touching an infected doorknob. Vector: anything that can carry a pathogen and pass it to other organisms.

Example: mosquito transmitting the West Nile Virus to humans.3. Many body systems protect you from pathogens.

Immune system: The body system that fights off infection 4. Immunity prevents a person from getting sick from a pathogen

Passive Immunity: occurs without your body having to become sick. Example: Mother to child or parent to offspring through DNA

Active Immunity: the immunity the body produces in response to an infection. Example: Body infected with pathogen once will be less likely to get sick from the same pathogen again.

Antigen: a substance able to get past the nonspecific immune response and trigger the immune response (viruses and bacteria).5. Many body systems work to produce nonspecific responses

When individual cells respond to pathogens, the response is called specific. Specific responses are different for each pathogen. But the body can also respond to pathogens in other, “nonspecific” ways

Nonspecific immune response: nonspecific defenses that do not discriminate between one threat and another. (Examples include both physical and chemical barriers.)

EXAMPLES of nonspecific response:o First Line of Defense - Skin, mucus, saliva, tears, sweat glands, and hair keep pathogens from

entering the body.o Second Line of Defense:

Inflammatory response: white blood cells enter the infected tissue Fever: raises temperature to destroy pathogens Interferons: Proteins that interfere with growths of viruses

Specific response: after a pathogen is able to get past the body’s nonspecific defenses (above ) the immune system reacts with a series of specific defenses that attack the pathogen. This is called the Immune Response

EXAMPLES of specific response:o Humoral Immunity: “Memory” B cells use a specific antibody to kill antigens and pathogens in the

Passive Immunity Active Immunity

Both

body fluids. Called “Memory” because it remembers how to beat the specefic antigen or virus if it encounters it again.

o Cell-mediated immunity: T cells provide a defense by killing abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells.

6. The Immune System rejects foreign tissues. If you receive an organ transplant, your body must learn to treat the new cells as if they were its own. Otherwise, your

immune system will attack the new cells and destroy them, a process called tissue rejection. If new organ is from a close relative, the cells are more like your own. Your body would be less likely to attack them.

In some cases, the body stops recognizing its own cells and attacks them as “foreign” cells. Diseases caused by these attacks are called autoimmune diseases.

7. Many methods are used to control pathogens Outside the body: many pathogens outside the body can be killed with heat or chemicals.

Antiseptics are chemicals, such as soap, vinegar, and rubbing alcohol, that kill pathogens. Inside the body: Inside the body pathogens are killed with medicines.

Antibiotics: Used against Pathogens. Compounds that kill bacteria without harming the human or animal host Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria are not affected by antibiotics survive and reproduce.

Vaccines: stimulate the immune system to produce plasma cells, creating a humoral immunity (passive immunity).


1. The immune system is:

Part How It Contributes to the Immune System (1st, 2nd, 3rd line of defense)

Skin

Mucous membrane

Circulatory system

Phagocyte

T cell

Antibody

Interferon

2.

3. Nonspecific immune responses are

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Example: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Example: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.

5.

Method Used toControl Pathogens

Details

form

give

detect to produce

detect

Specific Immune Response

uses uses

include

produce

6. What are examples of the body’s non specific defense against pathogen ___________________________________________________

7. Jamal sprained his ankle and it became inflamed (swelled). What kind of response was Jamal doing? _____________________________

8. A substance that triggers an immune response is an ____________________________________________________________________

9. A vaccine is a weakened antigen that is injected into a person’s body. Why would a person want to get a vaccine if it has antigens inside of

it?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. How might a fever be beneficial to a person who is sick?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

11. What is the difference between humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12. What is the difference between specific and nonspecific immune response?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

13. How do antibiotics work?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

14. How did people develop immunity to a disease before the development of vaccines?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________


1. Each fall, Sandra goes to her doctor to get vaccinated for the flu. As a baby, she was vaccinated against Hepatitis B, and has not had to get vaccinated for Hepatitis since then. Why must Sandra get vaccinated each year for the flu when she does not need to get vaccinated each year for Hepatitis?

a. The flu virus is more dangerous than Hepatitis.b. The flu virus is more likely to mutate than Hepatitis.c. The flu virus is more likely to kill people than

Hepatitis.d. The flu vaccine is not as strong as the vaccine for

Hepatitis.

2. Which of the following factors is the most effective in preventing the spread of food-borne illnesses?

a. growing your own foodb. practicing safe food handlingc. purchasing only packaged foodd. testing your food for contaminants

3. Which of the following would be the best way to determine 4. Which of the following statements regarding the nonspecific

whether or not an individual has a viral infection?a. Look for evidence of a high-grade fever.b. Look for the presence of redness and swelling.c. Look for evidence of specific antibodies in the

blood.d. Look for the presence of white blood cells in the

blood.

immune response is true?a. It is antigen-dependent.b. It results in immunological memory.c. It combines physical, chemical, and mechanical

factors.d. It involves a long delay between exposure and

maximal response.

5. Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination and cognitive ability. Which of the following pieces of information would be most helpful in the diagnosis of this disorder?

a. The patient has a family history of the disease.b. The patient has a history of exposure to radiation.c. The patient is sedentary and has a history of smoking.d. The patient has a poor diet and a history of high cholesterol.

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