JUST PRICE - RENAISSANCE - MERCANTILISM- PETTY - MUN

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JUST PRİCE The just price is a theory of ethics in economics that attempts to set standards of fairness in transactions. With intellectual roots in ancient Greek philosophy, it was advanced by Thomas Aquinas based on an argument against usury, which in his time referred to the making of any rate of interest on loans. It gave rise to the contractual principle of Laesio Enormis. And there is a term ‘’Unjust Price’’, a kind of fraud. RENAISSANCE The word Renaissance, whose literal translation from French into English is "Rebirth". Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. Though availability of paper and the invention of metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century, the changes of the Renaissance were not uniformly experienced across Europe. As a cultural movement, it encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures, beginning with the 14th- century resurgence of learning based on classical sources, which contemporaries credited to Petrarch, the development of linear perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform. In politics, the Renaissance contributed the development of the conventions of diplomacy, and in science an increased reliance on observation. Historians often argue this intellectual transformation was a bridge between the Middle Ages and Modern history.

Transcript of JUST PRICE - RENAISSANCE - MERCANTILISM- PETTY - MUN

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JUST PRİCE

The just price is a theory of ethics in economics that attempts to set standards of fairness in transactions.

With intellectual roots in ancient Greek philosophy, it was advanced by Thomas Aquinas based on an argument against usury, which in his time referred to the making of any rate of interest on loans.

It gave rise to the contractual principle of Laesio Enormis. And there is a term ‘’Unjust Price’’, a kind of fraud.

RENAISSANCE

The word Renaissance, whose literal translation from French into English is "Rebirth".

Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe.

Though availability of paper and the invention of metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century, the changes of the Renaissance were not uniformly experienced across Europe.

As a cultural movement, it encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures, beginning with the 14th-century resurgence of learning based on classical sources, which contemporaries credited to Petrarch, the development of linear perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform.

In politics, the Renaissance contributed the development of the conventions of diplomacy, and in science an increased reliance on observation. Historians often argue this intellectual transformation was a bridge between the Middle Ages and Modern history.

Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance man" (Renaissance Man (film), a 1994 comedy-drama film directed by Penny Marshall, starring Danny DeVito and Gregory Hines.)

There is a consensus that the Renaissance began in Florence, Italy, in the 14th century. Various theories have been proposed to account for its origins and characteristics, focusing on a variety of factors including the social and civic peculiarities of Florence at the time; its political structure; the patronage of its dominant family, the Medici; and the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy following the Fall of Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman Turks.

MERCANTILISM

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Mercantilism was an economic theory and practice, dominant in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century, that promoted governmental regulation of a nation's economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers. It is the economic counterpart of political absolutism.

Mercantilism includes a national economic policy aimed at accumulating monetary reserves through a positive balance of trade, especially of finished goods.

Historically, such policies frequently lead to war and also motivate colonial expansion.

Mercantilist theory varies in sophistication from one writer to another and has evolved over time. High tariffs, especially on manufactured goods, are an almost universal feature of mercantilist policy.

Other policies have included;

- Building overseas colonies;

- Forbidding colonies to trade with other nations;

- Monopolizing markets with staple ports;

- Banning the export of gold and silver, even for payments;

- Forbidding trade to be carried in foreign ships;

- Export subsidies;

- Promoting manufacturing with research or direct subsidies;

- Limiting wages;

- Maximizing the use of domestic resources;

- Restricting domestic consumption with non-tariff barriers to trade.

Mercantilism in its simplest form is Bullionism (Bullionism is an economic theory that defines wealth by the amount of precious metals owned. Bullionism is an early or primitive form of mercantilism. It was derived, in the 16th century, from the observation that the English state possessed large amounts of gold and silver, despite the fact that there was no mining of precious metals on English soil, because of its large trade surplus), but mercantilist writers have emphasized the circulation of money and reject hoarding. 

Their emphasis on monetary metals accords with current ideas regarding the money supply, such as the stimulative effect of a growing money supply.

WILLIAM PETTY

*  He was an English economist, scientist and philosopher. *  He first became prominent serving Oliver Cromwell and Commonwealth in Ireland. *  He developed efficient methods to survey the land that was to be confiscated and given to Cromwell's soldiers. *  He also managed to remain prominent under King Charles II and King James II, as did many others who had served Cromwell.*  He was Member of the Parliament of England briefly and was also a scientist, inventor, and 

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entrepreneur, and was a charter member of the Royal Society. It is for his theories on economics and his methods of political arithmetic that he is best remembered, however, and to him is attributed the philosophy of 'laissez-faire' in relation to government activity. *  He was knighted in 1661. *  He was the great-grandfather of Prime Minister William Petty Fitzmaurice, 2nd Earl of Shelburne and 1st Marquess of Lansdowne.

THOMAS MUN

*  He was an English writer on economics who has been called the last of the early mercantilists. 

*  He was among the first to recognize the exportation of service, or invisible items, as valuable trade, and made early statements strongly in support of capitalism. *  He had a set of "means to enrich a kingdom" which supported foreign trade by means of exporting more than importing.*  In other words if you spend more than you make then your wealth will decrease. *  In order to increase your exports and decrease your imports he said that you must: 

  1. use all available resources,   2. Don't follow trends and if you do follow trends then only follow domestic ones,   3. export through your own means,   4. if it is too expensive to buy locally then people will buy somewhere else.