Juniper

For other uses, see Juniper (disambiguation).

Junipers are coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus/dunprs/*[1] of the cypress family Cupressaceae.Depending on taxonomic viewpoint, between 50 and 67species of juniper are widely distributed throughout theNorthern Hemisphere, from the Arctic, south to tropicalAfrica in the Old World, and to the mountains of CentralAmerica.

1 DescriptionFor more details on this topic, see Juniper berry.Junipers vary in size and shape from tall trees, 2040

Cones and leaves of Juniperus communis

m (66131 ft) tall, to columnar or low spreading shrubswith long trailing branches. They are evergreen withneedle-like and/or scale-like leaves. They can be eithermonoecious or dioecious. The female seed cones are verydistinctive, with eshy, fruit-like coalescing scales whichfuse together to form aberry"-like structure, 427 mm(0.161.06 in) long, with 112 unwinged, hard-shelledseeds. In some species these berriesare red-brownor orange but in most they are blue; they are often aro-matic and can be used as a spice. The seed maturationtime varies between species from 618 months after pol-lination. The male cones are similar to those of otherCupressaceae, with 620 scales; most shed their pollenin early spring, but some species pollinate in the autumn.Many junipers (e.g. J. chinensis, J. virginiana) have twotypes of leaves: seedlings and some twigs of older treeshave needle-like leaves 525 mm (0.200.98 in) long;and the leaves on mature plants are (mostly) tiny (24mm (0.0790.157 in)), overlapping and scale-like. Whenjuvenile foliage occurs on mature plants, it is most often

Detail of Juniperus chinensis shoots, with juvenile (needle-like)leaves (left), and adult scale leaves and immature male cones(right)

found on shaded shoots, with adult foliage in full sunlight.Leaves on fast-growing 'whip' shoots are often interme-diate between juvenile and adult.In some species (e. g. J. communis, J. squamata), all thefoliage is of the juvenile needle-like type, with no scaleleaves. In some of these (e.g. J. communis), the needlesare jointed at the base, in others (e.g. J. squamata), theneedles merge smoothly with the stem, not jointed.The needle-leaves of junipers are hard and sharp, makingthe juvenile foliage very prickly to handle. This can be avaluable identication feature in seedlings, as the other-wise very similar juvenile foliage of cypresses (Cupressus,Chamaecyparis) and other related genera is soft and notprickly.Juniper is the exclusive food plant of the larvae ofsome Lepidoptera species including Bucculatrix inusitataand juniper carpet, and is also eaten by the larvae ofother Lepidoptera species such as Chionodes electella,Chionodes viduella, juniper pug and pine beauty; thoseof the tortrix moth C. duplicana feed on the bark aroundinjuries or canker.

1

2 2 CLASSIFICATION

2 Classication

Juniper needles, magnied. Left, Juniperus communis(Juniperus sect. Juniperus; note needles 'jointed' at base). Right,Juniperus chinensis (Juniperus sect. Sabina; note needles merg-ing smoothly with the stem, not jointed at base).

Juniperus phoenicea on El Hierro, Canary Islands

An Eastern Juniper in October laden with ripe cones.

The number of juniper species is in dispute, with two re-cent studies giving very dierent totals, Farjon (2001)accepting 52 species, and Adams (2004) accepting 67species. The junipers are divided into several sections,though (particularly among the scale-leaved species)

Cones and seeds.

Juniperus occidentalis var. australis, eastern Sierra Nevada,Rock Creek Canyon, California.

Juniperus communis wood pieces, with a U.S. penny for scale,showing the narrow growth rings of the species.

which species belong to which sections is still far fromclear, with research still on-going. The section Juniperus

3is an obvious monophyletic group though.

Juniperus sect. Juniperus: Needle-leaf junipers.The adult leaves are needle-like, in whorls of three,and jointed at the base (see below right).

Juniperus sect. Juniperus subsect. Juniperus:Cones with 3 separate seeds; needles with onestomatal band. Juniperus communis - Common Juniper

Juniperus communis subsp. alpina -Alpine Juniper

Juniperus conferta - Shore Juniper (syn.J. rigida var. conferta)

Juniperus rigida - Temple Juniper or Nee-dle Juniper

Juniperus sect. Juniperus subsect. Oxycedrus:Cones with 3 separate seeds; needles with twostomatal bands. Juniperus brevifolia - Azores Juniper Juniperus cedrus - Canary Islands Juniper Juniperus deltoides - Eastern Prickly Ju-niper

Juniperus formosana - Chinese PricklyJuniper

Juniperus lutchuensis - Ryukyu Juniper Juniperus navicularis - Portuguese PricklyJuniper

Juniperus oxycedrus -Western Prickly Ju-niper or Cade Juniper

Juniperus macrocarpa (J. oxycedrussubsp. macrocarpa) - Large-berryJuniper

Juniperus sect. Juniperus subsect. Caryoce-drus: Cones with 3 seeds fused together; nee-dles with two stomatal bands. Juniperus drupacea - Syrian Juniper

Juniperus sect. Sabina: Scale-leaf junipers. Theadult leaves are mostly scale-like, similar to thoseof Cupressus species, in opposite pairs or whorls ofthree, and the juvenile needle-like leaves are notjointed at the base (including in the few that haveonly needle-like leaves; see below right). Provision-ally, all the other junipers are included here, thoughthey form a paraphyletic group.

Old World species Juniperus chinensis - Chinese Juniper

Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii -Sargent's Juniper (Japanese: )

Juniperus chinensis L. var. tsukusien-sis Masummune (Chinese: )

Juniperus chinensis Kaizuka(Japanese: )

Juniperus chinensis var. Procumbens(Japanese: )

Juniperus chinensis Globosa(Japanese: )

Juniperus chinensis Aurea' (Japanese:)

Juniperus convallium - Mekong Juniper Juniperus excelsa - Greek Juniper

Juniperus excelsa polycarpos - Per-sian Juniper

Juniperus foetidissima - Stinking Juniper Juniperus indica - Black Juniper Juniperus komarovii - Komarov's Juniper Juniperus phoenicea - Phoenicean Juniper Juniperus pingii - Ping Juniper

Juniperus pingii var. chengii Juniperus pingii var. miehei Juniperus pingii var. wilsonii

Juniperus procera - East African Juniper Juniperus procumbens - Ibuki Juniper Juniperus pseudosabina - Xinjiang Ju-niper

Juniperus recurva - Himalayan Juniper Juniperus recurva var. butanica Juniperus recurva var. coxii - Cox'sJuniper

Juniperus sabina - Savin Juniper Juniperus sabina var. davurica -Daurian Juniper

Juniperus saltuaria - Sichuan Juniper Juniperus semiglobosa - Russian Juniper Juniperus squamata - Flaky Juniper Juniperus thurifera - Spanish Juniper Juniperus tibetica - Tibetan Juniper Juniperus wallichiana - Himalayan BlackJuniper

New World species Juniperus angosturana - Mexican One-seed Juniper

Juniperus ashei - Ashe Juniper Juniperus arizonica - Synonym: Junipe-rus coahuilensis var. arizonica or Junipe-rus erythrocarpa var. coahuilensis. com-mon names: Redberry Juniper, Rose-berry Juniper

Juniperus barbadensis - West Indies Ju-niper

Juniperus bermudiana - Bermuda Juniper Juniperus blancoi - Blanco's Juniper Juniperus californica - California Juniper

4 3 CULTIVATION AND USES

Juniperus coahuilensis - Coahuila Juniper Juniperus comitana - Comitn Juniper Juniperus deppeana - Alligator Juniper Juniperus durangensis - Durango Juniper Juniperus accida - Mexican WeepingJuniper

Juniperus gamboana - Gamboa Juniper Juniperus horizontalis - Creeping Juniper Juniperus jaliscana - Jalisco Juniper Juniperus monosperma - One-seed Ju-niper

Juniperus monticola - Mountain Juniper Juniperus occidentalis - Western Juniper

Juniperus occidentalis subsp. aus-tralis - Sierra Juniper

Juniperus osteosperma - Utah Juniper Juniperus pinchotii - Pinchot Juniper Juniperus saltillensis - Saltillo Juniper Juniperus scopulorum - Rocky MountainJuniper

Juniperus standleyi - Standley's Juniper Juniperus virginiana - Eastern Juniper(Eastern Redcedar) Juniperus virginiana subsp. silicicola- Southern Juniper

Juniperus zanonii (proposed) *[2]

3 Cultivation and usesJuniper berries are a spice used in a wide variety of culi-nary dishes and best known for the primary avoring ingin (and responsible for gin's name, which is a shorteningof the Dutch word for juniper, genever). Juniper berriesare also used as the primary avor in the liquor Jeneverand sahti-style of beers. Juniper berry sauce is often apopular avoring choice for quail, pheasant, veal, rabbit,venison and other meat dishes.Many of the earliest prehistoric people lived in or near ju-niper forests which furnished them food, fuel, and woodfor shelter or utensils. Many species, such as J. chinen-sis (Chinese Juniper) from eastern Asia, are extensivelyused in landscaping and horticulture, and as one of themost popular species for use in bonsai. It is also a symbolof longevity, strength, athleticism, and fertility.Some junipers are susceptible to Gymnosporangium rustdisease, and can be a serious problem for those peoplegrowing apple trees, the alternate host of the disease.Some junipers are given the common namecedar,in-cluding Juniperus virginiana, thered cedarthat is usedwidely in cedar drawers.Eastern redcedaris the cor-rect name for J. virginiana. The lack of space betweenthe wordsredandcedarindicate that this speciesis not a true cedar, Cedrus.

Juniper (Juniperus osteosperma and scopulorum) essential oil

In Morocco, the tar (gitran) of the arar tree (Juniperusphoenicea) is applied in dotted patterns on bisque drink-ing cups. Gitran makes the water more fragrant and issaid to be good for the teeth.Some Indigenous peoples, such as the Dineh, have tradi-tionally used juniper to treat diabetes.*[3] Animal stud-ies have shown that treatment with juniper may re-tard the development of streptozotocin-induced diabetesin mice.*[4] Native Americans have also used juniperberries as a female contraceptive.*[5] The 17th Centuryherbalist physician Nicholas Culpeper recommended theripened berries for conditions such as asthma and sciatica,as well as to speed childbirth.*[6]Juniper is one of the plants used in Scottish and GaelicPolytheist saining rites, such as those performed atHogmanay (New Year), where the smoke of burning ju-niper is used to cleanse, bless and protect the householdand its inhabitants.*[7]*[8]*[9]Juniper berries are steam distilled to produce an essentialoil that may vary from colorless to yellow or pale green.Some of its chemical components are alpha pinene,cadinene, camphene and terpineol. Leaves and twigs ofJuniperus virginiana are steam distilled to produce oil ofjuniper. Middle Tennessee and adjacent northern Al-abama and southern Kentucky are the centers for this ac-tivity. The U.S. Forest Service has provided plans for theapparatus required. This work is typically done during

5periods of cold weather to reduce the loss of essential oilto evaporation, which is greater in warmer weather, andto take advantage of a time of year when labor might bemore readily available.Juniper in weave is a traditional cladding technique usedin Northern Europe, e.g. at Havr, Norway.*[10]

4 Footnotes[1] Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606607[2] Adams, Robert. Phytologia (April 2010) 92(1)".[3] McCabe, Melvina; Gohdes, Dorothy; Morgan, Frank;

Eakin, Joanne; Sanders, Margaret; Schmitt, Cheryl(2005). Herbal Therapies and Diabetes AmongNavajo Indians. Diabetes Care 28 (6): 15341535.doi:10.2337/diacare.28.6.1534-a.

[4] Swanston-Flatt, S. K.; Day, C.; Bailey, C. J.; Flatt, P.R. (1990). Traditional plant treatments for diabetes.Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Di-abetologia 33 (8): 462464. doi:10.1007/BF00405106.PMID 2210118.

[5] Tilford, Gregory L. (1997). Edible and Medicinal Plantsof the West. Mountain Press Publishing Company. ISBN0-87842-359-1.

[6] Culpeper, Nicholas (1985). Culpeper's Complete Herbal.Godfrey Cave Associates. ISBN 1-85007-026-1.

[7] McNeill, F. Marian (1961).X Hogmany Rites and Su-perstitions. The Silver Bough, Vol.3: A Calendar ofScottish National Festivals, Halloween to Yule. Glasgow:William MacLellan. p. 113. ISBN 0-948474-04-1.

[8] Loughlin, Annie "Saining" at Tairis UK. Accessed 8-6-14[9] Loughlin, Annie "Saining Ritual" at Tairis UK. Accessed

8-6-14[10] Berge, Bjrn (2009). The Ecology of Building Materials

(2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-85617-537-1.

5 References Adams, R. P. (2004). Junipers of the World: The

genus Juniperus. Victoria: Traord. ISBN 1-4120-4250-X

Farjon, A. (2001). World Checklist and Bibliographyof Conifers. Kew. ISBN 1-84246-025-0

Farjon, A. (2005). Monograph of Cupressaceae andSciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-84246-068-4

Mao, K., Hao, G., Liu J., Adams, R. P. and R. I.,Milne. (2010). Diversication and biogeographyof Juniperus (Cupressaceae): variable diversica-tion rates and multiple intercontinental dispersals.New Phytologist 188(1): 254-272.

6 External links Junipers of the world Gymnosperm Database - Juniperus Arboretum de Villardebelle Photos of cones and fo-liage of selected species

"Juniper". Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.).1911.

"Juniper". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.

6 7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses7.1 Text

Juniper Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper?oldid=650801087 Contributors: RobLa, Nonenmac, Collabi, Ahoerstemeier, Jimf-bleak, Bogdangiusca, Hike395, Marshman, Nv8200p, Donarreiskoer, Robbot, WormRunner, Scythian99, Lupo, MPF, Matt Crypto, Gad-um, LiDaobing, Yath, Quadell, Kvasir, JoJan, Burschik, Fanghong, Mike Rosoft, Rich Farmbrough, Paul August, Swid, MBisanz, El C,Kwamikagami, Summer Song, BrokenSegue, Man vyi, RaKojian, Hesperian, Stephen G. Brown, Amorymeltzer, Woohookitty, RichardBarlow, Bunchofgrapes, Rjwilmsi, FlaBot, Eubot, Chobot, Gdrbot, YurikBot, Phantomsteve, Monkey Tennis, Limulus, Eleassar, CurtisClark, Dysmorodrepanis, Zwobot, CorbieVreccan, CLW, IceCreamAntisocial, Eno-ja, Extreme Unction, SmackBot, Melchoir, KocjoBot,Hardyplants, Edgar181, Rkitko, BullRangifer, Andrew Dalby, Dale101usa, Sannab, Peter Horn, MTSbot, BranStark, ChazYork, Trelio,Sababu, Victoriagirl, Pfagerburg, Ntsimp, AniMate, Thijs!bot, Dawnseeker2000, Silver Edge, Nipisiquit, Chill doubt, Mutt Lunker, JAnD-bot, Fractaloctal, Deective, Krasanen, .anacondabot, Magioladitis, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Lucyin, Tinucherian, 28421u2232nfenfcenc,Pere prlpz, MartinBot, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, J.delanoy, Maproom, Acalamari, M-le-mot-dit, Ferahgo the Assassin, Hmsbeagle,Idioma-bot, Spazzman06, Deor, Indubitably, Philip Trueman, Fcb981, Lamro, Jocmnkelknoincm, BotanyBot, Truthanado, SieBot, Quali-aBot, John Ivans, Wilson44691, Martarius, De728631, ClueBot, Pointillist, Seanwal111111, PixelBot, Fuzz22, Lartoven, Mweites, Do-prendek, XLinkBot, Diamond-blonde, Abercrombiegirl123, Dsimic, Addbot, Cuaxdon, GD 6041, CanadianLinuxUser, LaaknorBot, Be-burg66, Yousayyesisayno, Flakinho, Lightbot, Jhscott89, Luckas-bot, Persian Gulf 4ever, Bjoertvedt, KamikazeBot, Ijl53, AnomieBOT,JackieBot, Bob Burkhardt, Xqbot, Itineranttrader, Hamamelis, Empayton, Ali Mohammad Khilji, Aslam Kassi, LSG1-Bot, FrescoBot,Longrim, Pinethicket, RedBot, Dryas, Jauhienij, FoxBot, ZhBot, Enauspeaker, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, PBS-AWB, Stainless steel cat,Erianna, Alcatraz ii, Anonimski, Hatifnatter, Blas3nik, ChuispastonBot, Terraorin, , ClueBot NG, Baloch Baba, HelpfulPixie Bot, Electriccatsh2, Tholme, Plantdrew, BG19bot, Gomada, Justincheng12345-bot, Graphium, Secret Frog, Luciferismysavior666and Anonymous: 113

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