Junctional Dysrhythmias

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Junctional Dysrhythmias

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Junctional Dysrhythmias• Originate in AV

junction (area around AV node and bundle of His)

• Can result from suppression or blockage of the SA node, increased automaticity of the AV junction or a reentry mechanism



Junctional Dysrhythmias

• Key characteristics– P’ waves may be inverted with a short P’R interval,

absent (as they are buried by the QRS complex), or follow QRS complexes

– QRS complexes usually normal unless there is an intraventricular conduction defect, aberrancy or preexcitation

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Effect of Junctional Dysrhythmias

• If the atria are depolarized concurrently or after the ventricles, the atria are forced to pump against the contracting ventricles, which contract with much greater force – Results in a loss in atrial kick, decreased stroke

volume, and, ultimately, decreased cardiac output

• Decreased cardiac output can also occur with slow or fast junctional dysrhythmias



Premature Junctional Complex (PJC)

• Single early electrical impulse that arises from the AV junction

• Disrupt regularity of underlying rhythm

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Causes of PJCs

• Typically result from increased automaticity

• Other causes include:



Effects of PJCs

• In the healthy heart, isolated PJCs are of little clinical significance

• Patient may be asymptomatic or may experience palpitations

• Frequent PJCs (more than 4 to 6 per minute) warn of more serious conditions and may cause hypotension due to a transient decrease in cardiac output

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Treatment of PJCs

• Generally do not require treatment • PJCs caused by the use of caffeine, tobacco, or

alcohol, or with anxiety, fatigue, or fever can be controlled by eliminating the underlying cause



Junctional Escape Rhythm

• Arises from AV junction at rate of 40 to 60 BPM

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Causes of Junctional Escape Rhythm

• Junctional escape rhythm is brought about by AV heart block or conditions that interfere with SA node function

• Other causes include:

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Effects of Junctional Escape Rhythm

• Rates of greater than 50 beats per minute are usually well tolerated

• Slower rates can cause decreased cardiac output and may lead to symptoms (chest pain or pressure, syncope, altered level of consciousness, hypotension)



Accelerated Junctional Rhythm• Arises

from AV junction at rate of 60 to 100 BPM

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Causes of Accelerated Junctional Rhythm

• Due to increased automaticity or irritability of the AV junction



Effects of Accelerated Junctional Rhythm

• Usually well tolerated • However, it may predispose patients with

myocardial ischemia to more serious dysrhythmias

• Also, because the atria are depolarized by way of retrograde conduction and may actually follow ventricular depolarization, atrial kick may be prevented resulting in decreased cardiac output



Treatment of Accelerated Junctional Rhythm

• Given the heart rate seen with accelerated junctional rhythm, the patient is typically asymptomatic

• Treatment is directed at identifying and correcting the underlying cause

• Patient should be continually observed for signs of decreased cardiac output

• Temporary pacing may be indicated if the patient is symptomatic



Junctional Tachycardia

• Fast ectopic rhythm that arises from bundle of His at rate of 100 to 180 BPM

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Causes of Junctional Tachycardia

• Due to enhanced automaticity and commonly the result of digitalis toxicity



Effects of Junctional Tachycardia

• Short bursts of junctional tachycardia are well tolerated in otherwise healthy people

• Palpitations, nervousness, anxiety, vertigo, lightheadedness, and syncope are frequently seen

• Sustained rapid ventricular rates and retrograde depolarization of the atria results in incomplete ventricular filling during diastole leading to compromised cardiac output in patients with underlying heart disease – Loss of atrial kick may cause up to a 30% reduction in

cardiac output



Effects of Junctional Tachycardia

• Increases in cardiac oxygen requirements may increase myocardial ischemia and frequency and severity of the patient’s chest pain

• Can extend the size of MI; cause congestive heart failure, hypotension, and cardiogenic shock; and possibly predispose the patient to ventricular dysrhythmias



Atrioventricular Nodal ReentrantTachycardia

• Some people have an abnormal extra anatomical pathway (congenital in nature) within or just next to the AV node



Atrioventricular Nodal ReentrantTachycardia (AVNRT)

• Early beats can trigger AVNRT

• Most common regular supra-ventricular tachycardia

• Occurs more often in women than men



Preexcitation

• Some people have accessory conduction pathways that provide a direct connection between the atria and ventricles, thereby bypassing the AV node and bundle of His – These accessory pathways allow atrial impulses

to depolarize the ventricles earlier than usual– This condition is called preexcitation



Preexcitation• One type of preexcitation is

Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) Syndrome

• Here, the bundle of Kent, an accessory pathway, connects the atria to the ventricles, bypassing the AV node

• Key ECG features include: – QRS complexes that are

widened with slurring of the initial portion (delta wave)

– PR interval is usually shortened (less than 0.12 seconds)



Preexcitation• Another type of

preexcitation is Lown-Ganong-Levine (LGL) Syndrome

• In LGL syndrome, the accessory pathway, referred to as the James fibers, is within the AV node

• This accessory pathway bypasses the normal delay within the AV node but ventricular conduction occurs through the usual ventricular conduction pathways



Preexcitation

• Because ventricular depolarization occurs through the normal ventricular conductive pathway the only indication of LGL on the ECG is shortening of the PR interval as a result of the accessory pathway bypassing the delay within the AV node



Preexcitation

• Unless tachycardia is present, WPW and LGL are usually of no clinical significance

• However, preexcitation (specifically WPW) can predispose the patient to various tachydysrhythmias

• The most common tachydysrhythmia is atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT), followed by atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter – Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter seen with WPW are

extremely dangerous



Atrioventricular Reentrant Tachycardia

• AVRT, also known as circus movement tachycardia (CMT), results from a reentry circuit that includes the AV node and an accessory pathway from the atria to the ventricle such as the bundle of Kent

• This reentry circuit is physically much larger than the one associated with AVNRT




• Reentry through an accessory pathway can take one of two directions, orthodromic conduction or antedromic conduction




• Orthodromic AVRT– Because of the normal conduction to the

ventricles, regular, narrow QRS complexes are seen

• Antedromic AVRT– Because the accessory pathway initiates

conduction in the ventricles outside of the bundle of His, the QRS complex is often wider than usual, with a delta wave



Supraventricular Tachycardia

• Collectively, the three types of tachycardia discussed in this chapter and the tachycardias referred to in the previous two chapters are referred to as supraventricular tachycardia as they originate from above the ventricles



Treatment of Supraventricular Tachycardia

• Determine whether tachycardia is the primary cause of the presenting symptoms or secondary to an underlying condition that is causing both the presenting symptoms and the faster heart rate




• Maintain patent airway and assist breathing as necessary

• If oxygenation is inadequate or the patient shows signs of increased breathing effort, provide supplementary oxygen

• Attach an ECG monitor to the patient, evaluate blood pressure and oximetry, and establish IV access

• If available, obtain a 12-lead ECG to better define the rhythm, but do not delay immediate cardioversion if the patient is unstable




• Symptomatic patients who are experiencing rate-related decreased cardiac output should receive immediate synchronized cardioversion – If the patient is conscious, consider establishing IV access

before cardioversion and administering sedation – However, avoid any delay in cardioversion if the patient is

extremely unstable• If not hypotensive, the patient with a regular narrow-

complex SVT may be treated with adenosine while preparations are made for synchronized cardioversion– Stable patients may await expert consultation because

treatment has the potential for harm




• If adenosine or vagal maneuvers fail to convert SVT, if it recurs after such treatment, or if these treatments reveal a different form of SVT such as atrial fibrillation or flutter, consider the use of longer-acting AV nodal blocking agents, such as the nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (verapamil and diltiazem) or beta-blockers

• Frequent attacks may require radiofrequency ablation• In the clinical setting, patients who have had a recent

MI or heart surgery may need a temporary pacemaker to reset the heart’s rhythm



Practice Makes Perfect

• Determine the type of dysrhythmia

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Summary

• Junctional rhythms originate in the AV junction• Impulses originating in the AV junction travel upward

and cause backward or retrograde depolarization of the atria resulting in inverted P’ waves in lead II with a short P’R interval, absent P waves or P waves that follow the QRS complexes

• With junctional dysrhythmias the QRS complexes are usually normal unless there is an intraventricular conduction defect, aberrancy or preexcitation



Summary

• A premature junctional complex (PJC) is a single early electrical impulse that arises from the AV junction

• Junctional escape rhythm arises from the AV junction at a rate of 40 to 60 beats per minute

• Accelerated junctional rhythm arises from the AV junction at a rate of 60 to 100 beats per minute

• Junctional tachycardia is a fast ectopic rhythm that arises from the bundle of His at a rate of between 100 and 180 beats per minute



Summary• In AVNRT, fast and slow pathways are located

within the right atrium in close proximity to or within the AV node– These pathways can allow for development of SVT

• Preexcitation syndromes occur when accessory conduction pathways exist between the atria and ventricles that bypass the AV node and bundle of His and allow the atria to depolarize the ventricles earlier than usual– Preexcitation is diagnosed by looking for a short PR

interval



Summary• In WPW syndrome, the bundle of Kent, an

accessory pathway, connects the atria to the ventricles, bypassing the AV node – Criteria for WPW include a PR interval less than 0.12

seconds, wide QRS complexes due to a delta wave (seen in some leads)

– Patients with WPW are vulnerable to PSVT• In LGL, there is an intranodal accessory pathway

that bypasses the normal delay within the AV node. – Criteria for LGL include a PR interval less than 0.12

seconds and a normal QRS complex

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Summary

• AVRT results from a reentry circuit that includes the AV node and an accessory pathway from the atria to the ventricle such as the bundle of Kent– This reentry circuit is physically much larger than

the one associated with AVNRT • Reentry through an accessory pathway can

take one of two directions, orthodromic conduction or antedromic conduction

Junctional Dysrhythmias

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