July 11, 2006July 11, 2006

Review of European Small Review of European Small Boiler Regulation and Boiler Regulation and

TechnologyTechnology

Louis FontaineLouis FontaineDepartment of Environmental ProtectionDepartment of Environmental Protection

Augusta ME 04333Augusta ME 04333(207) 287-7010(207) 287-7010

louis.fontaine@maine.govlouis.fontaine@maine.gov

July 11, 2006July 11, 2006

OverviewOverview

European Test MethodEuropean Test Method Emissions StandardEmissions Standard TechnologyTechnology Effect on Competition and Effect on Competition and

InnovationInnovation

July 11, 2006July 11, 2006

EU Standard EN 303-5EU Standard EN 303-5 Adopted 1999Adopted 1999 Solid Fuel Boilers Up to 300 kW ( 1 Solid Fuel Boilers Up to 300 kW ( 1

MMBtu)MMBtu) Applies to fossil and biogenic fuelsApplies to fossil and biogenic fuels

Coal, logs, pellet, chips, etcCoal, logs, pellet, chips, etc Automatic and hand stokedAutomatic and hand stoked Construction Standards, Test Method Construction Standards, Test Method

and Emission Standardand Emission Standard

July 11, 2006July 11, 2006

EN 303-5 Test MethodEN 303-5 Test Method

Two Firing RatesTwo Firing Rates Nominal and 30% load Nominal and 30% load

50% load allowed for hand stoked models50% load allowed for hand stoked models

Logwood FuelLogwood Fuel Can be Soft Wood or Hard WoodCan be Soft Wood or Hard Wood ““Net (lower) calorific value (waterfree)”Net (lower) calorific value (waterfree)”

Hardwood – 18,000 kJ/kgHardwood – 18,000 kJ/kg

July 11, 2006July 11, 2006

EN 303-5 Test MethodEN 303-5 Test Method Parameters MeasuredParameters Measured

COCO22 or O or O22

COCO Organic Carbon (“OGC”)Organic Carbon (“OGC”) ““Dust” (Particulates) Dust” (Particulates) NOx when applicableNOx when applicable

EfficiencyEfficiency Ratio of delivered useful heat output to heat Ratio of delivered useful heat output to heat

inputinput

July 11, 2006July 11, 2006

EN 303-5 Test MethodEN 303-5 Test Method

Measurement TypeMeasurement Type All parameters are monitored All parameters are monitored

continuouslycontinuously ECXEPTECXEPT

““Dust”Dust” Minimum of 4 individual 30-minute Minimum of 4 individual 30-minute

samplessamples

July 11, 2006July 11, 2006

EN 303-5 Test Report EN 303-5 Test Report ExampleExample

“Dust”

“NOx”

“OGC”

July 11, 2006July 11, 2006

EN 303-5 Test MethodEN 303-5 Test Method

Passing Grade Varies by:Passing Grade Varies by: Boiler “Class”: 1, 2 or 3Boiler “Class”: 1, 2 or 3

1 = dirtiest; 3 = cleanest1 = dirtiest; 3 = cleanest Boiler SizeBoiler Size Fuel: Biogenic v. FossilFuel: Biogenic v. Fossil Stoking: Manual v. AutomaticStoking: Manual v. Automatic

July 11, 2006July 11, 2006

EN 303-5 Emission LimitsEN 303-5 Emission Limits

July 11, 2006July 11, 2006

EN 303-5 Efficiency EN 303-5 Efficiency RequirementRequirement

Measured and calculated similar to Measured and calculated similar to ASTMASTM

Varies by size, stoking and boiler Varies by size, stoking and boiler classclassFeed MethodFeed Method 10kW10kW 200kW200kW

Hand-stoked Hand-stoked Class 3Class 3

73%73% 83%83%

Hand-stoked Hand-stoked Class 1Class 1

53%53% 62%62%

July 11, 2006July 11, 2006

EN 303-5 vs. ASTMEN 303-5 vs. ASTM

EuropeEurope North AmericaNorth America

Mostly Indoor BoilersMostly Indoor Boilers Mostly Outdoor Mostly Outdoor BoilersBoilers

Logwood Fuel Logwood Fuel 4 X 44 X 4

Several SpeciesSeveral Species OakOak

2 Firing Rates2 Firing Rates 4 Firing rates4 Firing rates

4 Discreet PM 4 Discreet PM samplessamples

1 PM sample over 1 PM sample over entire test runentire test run

July 11, 2006July 11, 2006

Europe vs. North AmericaEurope vs. North America

PollutantPollutant Modified M-28Modified M-28 Advance (Class 3) Advance (Class 3) Wood BoilerWood Boilercc

Particulates Particulates 960-4130 mg/MJ 960-4130 mg/MJ aa

600-2100 mg/MJ 600-2100 mg/MJ bb

60 mg/MJ60 mg/MJ

((Austrian Class 3Austrian Class 3))

a. Intertek Results for “Brian”

b. Intertek Results for “Rick”

EN 303-5EN 303-5 Class 1 BoilerClass 1 Boiler Class 3 BoilerClass 3 Boiler

COCO 25000 mg/m25000 mg/m33 150 mg/m150 mg/m33

TOCTOC 1750 mg/m1750 mg/m33 150 mg/m150 mg/m33

July 11, 2006July 11, 2006

Advanced European Small Advanced European Small BoilerBoiler

Ceramic Lined Ceramic Lined FireboxFirebox

Downdraft AirDowndraft Air Air Supply Controlled Air Supply Controlled

by Electronic Oby Electronic O22 SensorSensor

Separate Water Heat Separate Water Heat ExchangeExchange

Separate Heat Separate Heat AccumulatorAccumulator

July 11, 2006July 11, 2006

HS Tarm Solo PlusHS Tarm Solo Plus

Ceramic Firebox

Down Draft Air

Secondary Air

Fire Tube Heat

Exchange

Lamda O2 Controller

July 11, 2006July 11, 2006

HS Tarm HS Tarm SoloSolo

July 11, 2006July 11, 2006

Heiztechnik-GuntamaticHeiztechnik-Guntamatic

July 11, 2006July 11, 2006

How Do We Handel Difference How Do We Handel Difference In Test MethodsIn Test Methods

Apples and Oranges Apples and Oranges

oror

Macintoshes and Granny SmithsMacintoshes and Granny Smiths

Before and After cases from EuropeanBefore and After cases from European

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Swedish Boiler StudySwedish Boiler StudyParticulate Emissions Particulate Emissions dd

Old-type water-cooled boiler with up-draught combustion

87 – 2200 87 – 2200 mg/MJmg/MJ

Modern ceramic wood boiler with down-draught combustion

18 - 89 mg/MJ18 - 89 mg/MJ

d. “Emission characteristics of modern and old-type residential boilers fired with wood logs and wood pellets”, L.S. Johansson et

al. / Atmospheric Environment 38 (2004) 4183–4195

July 11, 2006July 11, 2006

European Particulate Emission Estimate e

Logwood Hand Stoked BoilerLogwood Hand Stoked Boiler 0.238 kg/GJ0.238 kg/GJ

Hand Stoked Class 3 BoilerHand Stoked Class 3 Boiler 0.019 kg/GJ0.019 kg/GJ

Removal EfficiencyRemoval Efficiency 92%92%

e. Wood Combustion in Domestic Appliances Prepared in the Framework of EGTEI, Final background document version 2: 12/10/2005, Prepared by CITEPA, Paris

July 11, 2006July 11, 2006

Result of Strict Regulations and Result of Strict Regulations and Incentives in AustriaIncentives in Austria

30% of Households Heat with Wood30% of Households Heat with Wood Logwood Boiler Efficiency ImprovedLogwood Boiler Efficiency Improved

1982 – 61%1982 – 61% 2000 – 90%2000 – 90%

10,000 Advanced Wood Boiler 10,000 Advanced Wood Boiler Installed Each YearInstalled Each Year

July 11, 2006July 11, 2006

Result of Strict Regulations and Result of Strict Regulations and Incentives in AustriaIncentives in Austria

AFB-net Newsletter, September, 1998, www.etsu.com/Europ/AFB/contents.htm

July 11, 2006July 11, 2006

Result of Strict Regulations and Result of Strict Regulations and Incentives in AustriaIncentives in Austria

AFB-net Newsletter, September, 1998, www.etsu.com/Europ/AFB/contents.htm

July 11, 2006July 11, 2006

Result of Strict Regulations and Result of Strict Regulations and Incentives in AustriaIncentives in Austria

energytech.at –Solid Biomass, a Technology PortraitVienna, August 2000

Average Cost of Logwood Heating SystemAverage Cost of Logwood Heating System

$7,500 U.S. $7,500 U.S. DollarsDollars

July 11, 2006July 11, 2006

Future ProspectsFuture Prospects

Existing Technology Can Improve Existing Technology Can Improve Performance and Increase EfficiencyPerformance and Increase Efficiency

Europe Can Provide A Model For Europe Can Provide A Model For Industry and GovernmentIndustry and Government

Wood Boiler Sales Can Increase Wood Boiler Sales Can Increase While Emissions Decrease While Emissions Decrease