Judo Biomechanical Classifications

7/26/2019 Judo Biomechanical Classifications

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Biomechanical Classif ication of

Judo Throwing Techniques Nage

Waza)

A .

Sacripanti

Italian Wrestling. Weigh~liftingand Judo Fcdcrat ion .

F.1

L . P . J . ) . R o m c . I ta ly

I) HISTORICAL SURVEY

The classification of standard Judo throwing techniques (Nage Waza)

was born from the following didactic requirement o group thc

standard techniques under logica1 criteria for an easier understandin g and

useful systematic study

The two problems of Classif icat ion and Teaching arrangement were

tackled a nd solved by dr . Kan o (fou nder of Judo) and his assistants in a

scientific way, according to the knowledge of their t ime.

The first classification of Nage Waza (1882) was carried out by a real

proto-biomechanical m ethod .

As a m atte r of fact, the s tand ard technique s were classified by pa rts of

Tori s ( the at tack er) body which work a s greater contact-point for energy

transfer in throwing.

From tha t w e have the ~ K o do k an l a s si f ica t ion~ :Te waza shoulder ,

arm and hand techniques;

Koshi waza

hip techniques;

Ashi waza

Icg

techniques; Sutemi waza body-abandoning techniques or sacrif ice

techniques (Tab. 1) .

This a dmirab le classification is simp le, intelligible an d almo st perfect.

Th at is the reason of its long success even if it ha s som e shade s in itself; in


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fact i t is unusual to see hands, hips or legs of Tori working alone in

throwing.

Besides the Kodokan classification uses a different way to classify the

body-abandoning techniques, which are classified by the body side

touching the mat :

Ma sutemi waza

a n d

Y o ko sutemi waza

body-

abandoning techniques on his own back and on his own s ide .

In h is go lden book My s tudy of J u d o ~ . Koizumi c lass if ied the

s tandard judo techniques by U ke s ( the defender) body mot ion.

Th is s tudy, perforrned as systematical analysis of N age W aza, perm its

to g roup th e s tandard techniques in thre e se ts , according to th e bas is of

the technical principles.

Namely th e ((Koizumi Class i f ica t ion ~:

Kuruma waza

wheel techni-

ques .

Th row s which a re effected in such a way. that Uk e s body is curled an d

turned as a wheel .

Tenbin waza

Scale techniques. Throws which are effected by

tripping or prop ping Uke s bod y, a s a scale while it is held a s a pole.

Tsumazukase waza

Tripping techniques . Th rows which ar e effected

by tripping U ke s foot o r leg, preventing it from rnoving to regain o r

maintain stabil i ty.

In reccnt years

A

G e es in k a n d G .

R .

Gleeson have synthet ized othe r

kinds of classification.

Th e formcr Du ch ch ampion , in his work, emphas izes the dynam ic role

played by biodynamical chains, while the lat ter, English senior coach.

surely the subtlest s tudent of western judo ones, in his historical book

~ ( J u d o or th e W est, make s a very c lever c lass if ica tion based on his

enormous theoret ical and empir ical knowledge.

This classification collects the throwing techniques under two groups;

First-Class o f x t u rn i n g ~U ke S bo dy around an obstacle

(hip, leg, e tc . )

Second-

Cla ss o f x s t r ik i n g ~ U k e

s

legs.

This historical survey through various classifications introduces the

atte m pt to rationalize the m atters in a scientific way, looking for the basic

physical principles of Nage Waza.


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T A B L E

FIRST K O D O K A N CL A SSIFICA T IO N (1 8 8 5 )

T E W A Z A

K O S H I W A Z A A S H I W A Z A

Uki waza Uki goshi

Okuri ashi harai

Seoi nage

Hara i goshi Sasae tsurikorni ashi

Kata gururna Tsuri korni goshi Uchi rnata

Tai otoshi

Koshi gururna Hiza gururna

Obi o toshi

O goshi O sot o gari

Seoi otosh i Ushi ro goshi

De ashi harai

Uki otoshi

Ha ne goshi K o uchi gari

Tsuri goshi K o soto gari

Utsu ri goshi Hara i tsurikorni ashi

O uchi gari

Yarna arashi

O soto gururna

O soto otoshi

M A S U T E M I W A Z A Y O K O S U T E M I W A Z A

Tornoe nage Yok o gake Uchi rnakikorni

Ura nage Yok o gururna Tan i otoshi

Sumi kaeshi Yok o otoshi

Hikkikorni gaeshi Daki wakare

Tsuri otoshi Yok o wakare

Taw ara gaeshi Soto rnakikorni

LI) BIOMECHANICAL CLASSLFICATION

A biomechanical analysis of judo throwing techniques must be dcalt

with in the following steps: firstly by simplification and secondly by

gcneralization.

As a sirnplification principle for

thc problem of classes of forces

involved, at first wc can use the differential rnethod pointed out by dr.

Kano: subdivision of the throwing rnovernent in three steps l Tsukuri

(preparatory movernents aimed at throwing out of balance Ukc's body);

2 Kuzushi (the final unbalancing action); and 3 Kake (execution of

rnovements aimcd at throw ing), and later we analyse the motion of U ke's

body

eutting out secondary forces

Th en we gene ralize th e classes of forces, putting ou t the in ner physical

principles of standard judo throwing techniques.

This rnethod, applied to Nagc Waza. is able to group 77 throwing

techniques 40 Kodokan go-kyo and 37 others) under two dynarnic

principles.


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It is correct to remark that this is one of many possible biomechanical

classifications, and we select it for its valuable simplicity and immediate-

ness.

It comes very handy to find th e Genera1 Prin cipl es~ ,

irst to d efine two

corollaries on direction o f forces (Statical Analysis), and then to analyse

Uke s body

flight paths

(Dynamical Analysis) and their symmetries.

STATICAL ANALY SIS

Principium o f resolution o f forces.

These two corollaries determ ine the whole directional problem of static

use of forces to execute throws.

UNBALANCES

1 Forces are eff ective and can be app lied, on the horizontal plane, on

the whole round angle 3607.

Unified under these terms are the biomechanical problems of forces

employed for unbalancing U ke s body. (Tsukuri-Kuzushi steps).

THROWS

2 Forces are ef fec tiv e and can be a pplied, on the vertical plane, nearly

for the width o f a right angle 907.

Determined under these terms are the biomechanical problems of

forces employed for throwing Uke s body. (Kake st ep) .

Rea1 limits of throwing force s can be obtain ed with an angle of nearly

45 degree s, up or down a horizontal line, because the resistance caused by

Uke s body structu re o r by force of gravity, beyond these ang les, allows

throwing again but with more waste of energy.

DYNAMICAL ANALYSIS

Principium o f composition o f forces

Study o f flight paths and symm etries

If in th e space the composition of forces obeys, at the sam e time, the

previous static two corollaries the solution of dynamical problem

(considering time) goes through the study of flight paths and their

symmetries.

Paths along which Uke s body moves during flight following throwing

can be collected under two simple types or their composition:

Circular paths and Helicoidal paths.


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I CIRCULAR PATH: SPHERICAL SYMMETRY

F or thro win g techniqu es in which the limbs of Uk e s body follow a

circular path

the radius of circumference coincides with the distance from the rotation

axis of inertial momentum.

These techniques

have spherical symmetry and circumfcrence that is

t he ~ g e o d e t i cine of sp he re (th e shortest line between two points) is the

path of minimum work then th e trajectory of least waste of energy which

extrema l parts of U ke s body can cover.

11 HELICOIDAL PATH: CYLINDRICAL SYMMETR Y

For throwing techniques in which Uke s body follows a helicoidal path

the bending radius of helix is prop ortiona l to distance from the rotation

axis of inertial momentum.

These techniques have cylindrical symmetry and the helix that is the

geodetic line of right cylinder is the path of minimum work then the

trajecto ry of least waste of energy which U ke s body can cov er.

If we think of two corollaries on direction of forces (Statical Analysis)

and study of trajectories followed by Uke s body (Dynamical Analysis) it


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A Techniques where Tori makes use of a couple of forces for throwing

Uke

B

Techniques where Tori makes use of physical lever for throwing Uke

Movernents , that seemingly make dif ferent throwing techniques , in

appearence but non in biomechanical essence, can be col lec ted in

Tsukuri-Kuzushi s tages and ot her preparatory act ions (Taisabaki , e t c . ) .

W e think this classification, g rou nd ed o n clear scientific cr iter ia, is very

suitable to give an easie r understan ding of physical pr inciples linking judo

throwing techniques .

A Techniques of couple of forces

In th e f irst gro up , we fou nd al1 throw s produce d by sweeping away legs

and pul l ing o r pushing Uke s body in the opp osi te direction s imulta-

neously

The techniques o f

~ G r o u p f couple o f f o r ce s ~

an be classified

b y

parts o f Tori s bod y which apply the couple o f forces on Uk e s body.

Namely : two a rm s , a rm and leg , t runk and leg , t r unk and a rms , two

legs . (Tab. 2 .


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GROUP OF COUPLE OF FOHCES

STATICAL

C O N D I T I O N S D Y N A M I C A L C O N D I T I O N S

Complete unbalance angle 36 C i r c u l a r r l i g h t p atti

n i g h t t h r o w i n g a n g l e

9

S p h e r i c a l s y m m e t r y

This biomechanical classif icat ion is able to show new likness not

evident in standard techniques, e.g. the asymmetry face-back of human

body explains astonishing examples of biomechanical likness: Soto

Cari

and

Uchi Mata

are the same techniques applying the couple of

forces on Uke s body.

,It is very intercsting to note that most throws of couple of forces (thc

ones app lied by Tori standing on a leg) can be led to only one Tori s basic

aetion: rotation on coxo femoral articulation with three degrees of

fredom.

First:

rotation o f trunk leg set on coxo femoral articulation around

horizontal latcral lateral axis o f rotation.


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Second:

rotation of runk-leg set on coxo-femoral articulation around a

horizontal antero-posterior axis of rotation.

Third: rotation o f trunk-leg set on coxo-femoral articulation around a

vertical axis of rotation.

This points out the fundamental role played by COXO FEMORAL

ARTICULATION in this gro up, an d entails tha t this athlete s articula-

tion must be provided with a great flexibili ty.

B echniques

o

physical lever

In the seco nd gr ou p we found al1 throws produ ced by turning U ke s

body round a s topping point

hip, leg, foot, etc.).

Th e techn iques o f

Groupofphysical lever*

can b e classified by length

of arm of lever , appl ied on Uke s body.

Namely : m in imum a rm ( fulc rum under Uke s wa is t ), medium a rm

(fulc rum under Uke s knees ) , maximum arm ( fulc rum und er Uke s

malle ola), variable arm (variab le fulcrum from the w aist dow n t 6 CTke s

knees ) (Tab l .

3 .


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Because in this group throws of ~minimumarm are energetically

unfavorable (greatest force applied), that clears why, for competition,

people like more to turn them in throws of variable arm, pulling down

fulcrum under U ke s waist more and m ore .

That rneans less waste

o

energy

GROUP OF MOMENTUH OF FORCE

ComplcLc unbalance an gle

360

iight thro wing a ng lc

90'

Minimiim arm

Maximum applicd lorcc

Medium arm

Medium applied Corce

Maximum arm

Minimum applied lor cc


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CROUP OF PIiYSICAL LEVER

o

D Y N A M l C A L C O N D I T I O N S

Fligh t path minlmum end mcdlum arm lielicoidal

maxim um a rm Clrcula r or Ilelicoldal

S y m m e t r y m i n l m u m a n d m e d l u m a r m C y l i n d r i ce l

m a x i m u m a r m S p h e r i c a l o r C y l i n d r i c a l

360

560

_ _ . ... _ _ o .

.

_ _ _

_ _ _ _

Minimuin arm

Maximum appl icd forcc

Fulcrum of pliyslcal levcr

Medium arm

Mcdium applied force

Mnximum arm

Minirnuin applicd rorcc


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Again this biomechanical classification shows, in this group, l ikness

examples: classica1 Ashi Guruma and Hiza Guruma a re t he same

techniques applying a lever of medium arm on Uke's body.

It is very interesting to note that most throws of grou p of lever can be

led to only o n e Tori 's basic action , if w e do not co nsider the severa1 Tori 's

legs positions:

rotation o f trunk on waist around a generic variable axis o f rotation.

Also the b ody-abandoning techniques must b e classified as throw s of

G ro up of physical levern with m aximum ar m, in this case thc s topping

point (fulcrum) is givcn by friction between foot and mat (tatami).

Altho ugh thcy are more favorable encrget ically spcaking, the start ing

force

bo d y weight falling dow n)

is applicd with an angle grcatcr of

45

(see I1 corollary of statical analysis).

Th at is matters n ced significative, directional help by a rm s or legs, for

rightly throwing Uke's body.

In the light of our analysis we think thc clarification of basic physical

principles and the evidence of basic action, proving the leading role of

Tori 's

pelvic bclt,

can be useful for a better understanding of inner

mechanisms and for looking at ncw improvements in training thcory,

whieh should prevent erroneus mcthods and possible damages in the

joints.


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T BLE

BIOMECH NIC L CL SSIFIC TION

TECHNIQUES OF COUPLE OF FORCES

Couple Applied by

A R M S A R M IS A N D L E G

Kuchiki daoshi D e ashi barai

Ko uchi gari Yo ko gake

Kibisu gaeshi Oku ri ashi barai K o soto gari Ko soto gari

Kakato gaeeshi

Ko uchi barai O uchi gari

O uchi gake

T e gu r um a

O uchi barai K o uchi gake K o sot o gake

Tsub ame gaeshi Harai tsukiromi ashi

T R U N K A N D A R M S T R U N K A N D L E G

Mo rote gari sot o gari Uchi mata Harai goshi

O soto guruma Han e goshi Yama arashi

LE GS O soto otoshi Han e makikomi O uchi sutemi

O tsubushi Oku rikom i uchimata

Kani basami

T BLE

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BIOMECH NIC L CL SSIFIC TION

TECHNIQUES OF PHYSIC L LEVER

Lever applied with

M I N I M U M A R M ( F U L C R U M U N D E R U K E S W A I S T )

O guruma

Ka ta guruma

Tama guruma

Obi otoshi

Sukui nage Taw ara gaeshi

Ushiro goshi Ur a nage

Utsuri goshi Ganseki otoshi

Soto makikomi Uchi makikomi

M E D I U M A R M ( F U L C R U M U N D E R U K E S K N E E S)

Ashi guruma Hiza guruma


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M A X I M U M A R M ( F U L C R U M U N D E R U K E S M A L L E O L A )

Uki otoshi

Yoko otoshi

Sumi otoshi

Ura otoshi

Waki otoshi

Tani otoshi

Tai otoshi

Uki waza Sasae tsurikomi ashi

Dai sharin Seoi otoshi

Tom oe nage Hiza seoi

Sumi gaeshi Suwari seoi

Hikkomi gaeshi Obi seoi

Yok o guruma Suso seoi

V A R IA B L E A R M ( V A R IA B L E F U LC R U M FR O M T H E W A I ST D O W N T 0

KNEES )

Tsuri komi goshi Uki goshi Kata seoi

Sasa e tsurikomi goshi O goshi Seoi nage

KO tsuri komi goshi Koshi guruma Eri seoi nage

tsurikomi goshi Kubi nage Mor ote seoi nage

Sode tsurikomi goshi

111 JUD O SKILLS AND THEIR TREND IN TOP COM PETITION

With the continuous evolution of competitive style, for a right training

of top athletes, we need a better understanding of judo skil ls and thcir

trend in top competi t ions.

Obviously the basic physical principles of standa rd judo techniques and

judo skil ls (competi t ive throwing techniqucs) are the same, but thc

dynamical condit ions are quite different (fast movements, more opposi-

t ion, t iming, change of speed, ctc.) .

Th e right way to learn the connection with standa rd techniques, and to

understand the competitive evolution of judo skills, was signed for the

first time, by dr. Kano with the formulation of principium of ~ M a x i m u m

c f f e c t w ith min imum e f f o r b

This principium can be transla ted in two useful biomecha nical rema rks:

1 To improve techniques to win, signifies to produce maximum economy

of movements.

2

To better techniques to win, signifies

t

produce rnaximum economy of

strain.


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The explication of remarks is: in competition champions, consciously

or unawares, tend to find the right methods of minimizing the total

energy to win.

In two ways: either minimizing his own muscular strain with right

changes in throwing patterns e.g. pulling down the fulcrum), or

minimizing the defensive antagonist capability with right changes in

attack directions e.g. attack in the direction of the adversary side where

the resistive muscular capability is weaker).

These are two biomechanical rules, which give us a better understan-

ding of trend of judo skills in top competitions.

BIBLIOGR PHY

Judo Kyohan okoyama Sakujiro and Oshima Eisuke: traduit par Messieur Le

Prieur, Berger Leverault ED. Paris 1911.

My Study of Jud o G . Koizum i, Sterling Publishing New York 1966.

Lo Judo A. Gees ink, A. Mondador i ED . Milano 1975.

Judo for the West . R. Gleeson 1973.

I Principi dell Analisi Quantitativa Biomeccanica Kronenberg E D . Stampa

Sportiva Roma 1983.

Muscles Reflexes and Locomotion -T. Mc M ah on , Princeton University Press 1984.

Biomeccanica del Judo A . Sacripanti , In print 1987-88.

Th e Kinetics of Jud o M . Ikai and Y. Ma tsum oto 1958.

Electromyog raphic Studies on the Nage Waza (throwing techniques) of Judo .

Ikai et al. 1963.

Stud ies on Jud o Techn iques with Respect to Distribution of Body W eight

Matsumoto, Y. et al . 1963.

Analysis of the Kuzushi in the Nage Waza Ma tsum oto, Y. et al. 1978.

Kinetic Analysis of Jud o Tec hniqu e ez uka , M . et al. 1983.

Fisica e Jud o acripa nti, A. 1986.

Lo Squilibrio Statico in Jud o acripa nti, A . 1987.

Judo Biomechanical Classifications

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