The Judiciary #4

1) The intense struggle over the nomination of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court could have occurred only in the United States because only herea) Do judges play so large a role in making public policy.b) Is there a judicial nomination process.c) Is there such intense division between political parties.d) Can one party control the executive and the other the legislative branch.

2) Which of the following statements about British courts is true?a) Judicial review is tightly regulated but fiercely protected.b) Courts are frequently called on by Parliament to settle procedural issues.c) No court may strike down a law that Parliament passes.d) The British federalist system guarantees a minor role for the judiciary.

3) The chief judicial weapon in the government’s system of checks and balances is known asa) Judicial activism.b) Judicial interpretation.c) Judicial review.d) Judicial standing.

4) The Supreme Court’s chief weapon in the system of checks and balances is thea) Advisory opinion it exercises.b) Place it occupies in public opinion.c) Judicial review it exercises.d) Original jurisdiction it enjoys.

5) Strict-constructionist judges differ from activist judges in that they are more likely toa) Support policies that address social and economic problems.b) Apply rules that are clearly stated in the U.S. Constitution.c) Believe in the application of judicial review to criminal matters.d) Look for and apply the general principles underlying the U.S. Constitution.

6) A judicial activist is a judge who holdsa) That courts should make as well as interpret law.b) A liberal ideology.c) That courts should make but not interpret law.d) A conservative ideology.

7) Which of the following is most likely to be true of an activist judge?a) He or she is conservative politically.b) He or she is bound by the wording of the U.S. Constitution.c) He or she is liberal politically.d) He or she is an interpretivist.

8) The Founders expected that judicial review would be relatively passive becausea) Judges would merely find and apply the existing law.b) Judges would be constrained by the legislature.

c) Cases would involve only direct disputes between individuals.d) Judges would be empowered to award money damages only.

9) Marbury v. Madison had both legal and political significance. Which of the following rulings was of political significance?a) Congress may not add to the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.b) The Supreme Court may declare void any laws repugnant to the U.S. Constitution.c) Persons seeking writs of mandamus must go to a lower court.d) The Supreme Court will try to avoid direct confrontations with other branches of

government.

10) Between 1789 and the Civil War, the Supreme Court was primarily occupied with the issues ofa) States’ rights and slavery.b) Trade relations and states’ rights.c) National supremacy and trade relations.d) Slavery and national supremacy.

11) Rulings by the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland established all of the following principles excepta) The Supreme Court could rule an act of Congress unconstitutional.b) The federal government has the power to regulate commerce among the states.c) The federal government is permitted to pass any laws necessary and proper to the

attainment of constitutional ends.d) Federal law is supreme over state law.

12) In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Supreme Court held that a) States could tax a federal bank.b) State militia were subservient to the federal armed services.c) The federal government could pass any laws necessary and proper to that attainment of

constitutional ends.d) The federal government had the power to regulate commerce that occurred among states.

13) In Federalist 78, Alexander Hamilton described the judiciary asa) “the sword of the community.”b) “least dangerous” to political rights.c) “command[ing] the purse).”d) “encouraging factions.”

14) What is the major issue confronting the Supreme Court in America today?a) The relationship between government and the economy b) Nation-buildingc) Personal liberty, social equality, and the potential conflict between the twod) Establishing the supremacy of federal government

15) The principle that the Supreme Court used in overturning Fulton’s monopoly on a New York steamboat operation was thata) A monopoly is a restraint on trade.b) Patents cannot be issued on recent technology.

c) State law cannot prevail over federal law.d) Interstate commerce cannot be regulated.

16) The reaction of early presidents to Supreme Court rulings such as Marbury v. Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland can best be described asa) Highly negative.b) Relatively mild but negative.c) Relatively mild but positive.d) Highly positive.

17) The Dred Scott case involveda) The right of the national government to charter a bank.b) The doctrine of separate but equal.c) Admission of new states to the union.d) A slave owner’s property rights to an escaped slave.

18) From the Civil War to the 1930s, the Supreme Court was primarily occupied witha) The civil rights of former slaves.b) Economic regulation by government.c) The rights of the criminally accused.d) The balance of powers between states and the federal government.

19) Redundant question

20) Until the 1930s, the Supreme Court interpreted the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments toa) View civil rights very narrowly.b) View civil rights very broadly.c) Expand the notion of interstate commerce.d) Contract the notion of interstate commerce.

21) In the period following the Civil War, the Fourteenth Amendment was consistently interpreted by the Supreme Court to protecta) Interstate commerce.b) State regulations.c) States’ rights.d) The government’s right to tax.

22) A crucial decision involving the protection of private property interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment’s reference to “person” to meana) Whites only.b) Adults.c) Labor unions.d) Business firms.

23) Between 1887 and 1910, the Supreme Court upheld state regulation of business opportunity approximately ______ of the time.a) 10 percentb) 30 percent

c) 50 percentd) 80 percent

24) The period in Supreme Court history from 1936 to the present has been marked by a concern for a) The regulation of commerce.b) States’ rights.c) Personal liberties.d) Private property.

25) After 1936, the Supreme Court stopped imposing regulations on the power of the government to regulate the economy. In its previous rulings in this area, the Court found itselfa) Favoring the cause of labor against business.b) Making judgments it was not competent to make.c) Allowing state legislatures too much control over the national economy.d) Limiting the protection of private property to enable business to expand.

26) The Supreme Court tradition of deferring to the legislature on matters of economic regulation was established during the period froma) 1789 to 1861.b) 1861 to 1892.c) 1892 to 1936.d) 1936 to the present.

27) Court-packing refers to the practice ofa) Taking away the Supreme Court’s appellate jurisdiction.b) Appointing only justices who agree with the president’s political philosophy.c) Appointing only justices who agree with Congress’s political philosophy.d) Appointing only justices who can be categorized as strict constructionists.

28) Franklin Roosevelt’s court-packing plan would have allowed him to name a new justicea) For every sitting justice older than age seventy.b) Once a year, irrespective of retirements.c) Every time the court struck down one of his laws.d) To replace any sitting justice older than age seventy.

29) The Supreme Court’s acceptance of New Deal principles probably avoideda) A conflict between the president and Congress.b) The election of a Republican president in 1936.c) An assault on the Supreme Court by the other branches.d) The early demise of the New Deal.

30) Which courts are mandated by the U.S. Constitution?a) The Supreme Court onlyb) The Supreme and appellate courtsc) The Supreme, appellate, and district courtsd) Both constitutional and legislative courts

31) What does the U.S. Constitution have to say about the size of the Supreme Court?a) It specifically sets the number of justices at six, later amended to nine.b) It specifically sets the number of justices at nine.c) It suggests but does not mandate a Court of nine justices.d) It does not indicate how large the Court should be.

32) Which of the following courts exercises the judicial powers found in Article III of the Constitution?a) Legislative courtsb) Courts of appealsc) District courtsd) Constitutional courts

33) One basic difference between a constitutional court and a legislative court is thata) Constitutional court judges handle cases that need not be decided by the Supreme Court.b) Constitutional court judges cannot be fired.c) Legislative court judges handle cases that need not be decided by the Supreme Court.d) Legislative court judges cannot be fired.

34) Democratic judges appear to reach more liberal decisions than Republican ones on cases involvinga) Discrimination and criminal prosecution.b) Freedom of the press and discrimination.c) Business regulations and freedom of the press.d) Criminal prosecution and business regulation.

35) Why are presidents often disappointed by the records of their Supreme Court appointees?a) Some justices are not as qualified as they seem.b) Judicial behavior is hard to predict.c) Most presidents get only a few chances to make Supreme Court appointments.d) Presidents often have unrealistic expectations.

36) The behavior of Justices Holmes, Burger, and Blackman suggests thata) Presidents have difficulty predicting the actions of their judicial appointees.b) The Supreme Court follows the election returns.c) The president clearly controls the Supreme Court through his appointments.d) Dissenters on the Supreme Court have more influence than the majority.

37) Which of the following statements about the selection of federal judges is correct?a) The principle of senatorial courtesy applies to the selection of judges in the legislative

courts.b) Presidents generally appoint judges whose political views reflect their own.c) Nominees for district court judge often face tough confirmation battles in the Senate.d) The application of political litmus tests to Supreme Court nominees was established with the

nomination of David Souter.

38) It has been suggested that senators actually appoint district judges, and presidents confirm them, through the practice of

a) Senatorial courtesy.b) Advice and consent.c) Legislative vetoes.d) Requiring a two-thirds majority for confirmation.

39) Not a good question

40) The president who appointed the largest percentage of minorities to the federal courts wasa) Richard Nixon.b) Jimmy Carter.c) Ronald Reagan.d) George Bush, Sr.

41) The president who appointed the largest percentage of Hispanics to the appeals courts wasa) Gerald Ford.b) Jimmy Carter.c) Ronald Reagan.d) George Bush, Sr.

42) The president second to Jimmy Carter in appointing the largest percentage of women to the federal courts wasa) Richard Nixon.b) Gerald Ford.c) Ronald Reagan.d) George Bush, Sr.

43) Typically, those who complain about the litmus testing of judicial candidates area) In power.b) Out of power.c) Liberal.d) Conservative.

44) Senate conservatives, for example, might make their approval of a Supreme Court nominee contingent on that individual’s personal views about the death penalty. Such concern for a nominee’s ideology is known asa) Judicial standing.b) A political litmus test.c) Senatorial courtesy.d) An amicus curiae standard.

45) In the twentieth century, the number of Supreme Court nominees rejected by the Senate wasa) Zero.b) Fewer than ten.c) Between ten and twenty.d) More than twenty.

46) The dual-court system of the United States refers toa) Trial and appellate courts.

b) Criminal and civil courts.c) Statutory and common law courts.d) Federal and state courts.

47) A diversity case is one involvinga) The jurisdiction of more than one appellate court.b) The jurisdiction of more than one district court.c) Citizens of different states.d) A writ of certiorari.

48) Citizen X is suing his neighbor Y for ramming his $7,000 car. This case could be heard ina) A federal court.b) Either a federal or state court.c) A state court.d) An appellate court.

49) California is suing Arizona over the use of the Colorado River. This case will be heard bya) A federal court.b) The Supreme Court of California.c) The Supreme Court of Arizona.d) The U.S. Supreme Court.

50) The majority of cases heard by federal courts begin ina) District courts.b) State courts.c) Municipal courts.d) Appellate courts.

51) What is the relationship between an appeal and a certiorari?a) Judges must hear all appeals but only some certiorari.b) A case granted certiorari may be heard in either state or federal court.c) Appeals are paid for by plaintiffs, certiorari by defendants.d) Only some appeals are granted certiorari.

52) The highest state court in Iowa has ruled that the federal Endangered Species Act is illegal because it runs counter to the state constitution. The case could be brought to the U.S. Supreme Court by means ofa) Certiorari.b) A diversity ruling.c) Original jurisdiction.d) None of these; it could not be taken to the U.S. Supreme Court.

53) A case on appeal reaches the Supreme Court via a writ of a) Certiorari.b) Appeal.c) Mandamus.d) Injunction.

54) A writ of certiorari is issued bya) The Supreme Court.b) A lower court, usually a district court.c) The defendant in a federal case.d) The plaintiff in a federal case.

55) If it wanted to make its caseload significantly more manageable, the Supreme Court could probably do so most easily bya) Requiring fewer votes for certiorari.b) Requiring more votes for certiorari.c) Eliminating its appeals docket.d) Broadening its appeals docket.

56) Clarence Gideon managed to have his case heard before the Supreme Court bya) Filing a mandatory appeal.b) Claiming diversity of citizenship.c) Seeking expert legal assistance.d) Filing as a pauper.

57) An organization that has been influential in getting First Amendment cases appealed to the Supreme Court is the a) NRA.b) National Taxpayers’ Union.c) AFL-CIO.d) ACLU.

58) Indigent A, Middle-Class B, and Rich C are contemplating taking a case to the U.S. Supreme Court. Which one is most likely to be discouraged by the costs involved?a) Indigent Ab) Middle-Class Bc) Rich Cd) All three would be affected equally.

59) Two common ways for a plaintiff to lower the costs of an appeal are by filing and being heard as a pauper (in forma pauperis) and bya) Finding an interest group to support the case.b) Filing a writ of certiorari.c) Asking the courts to rule in absentia.d) Suing under the principle of sovereign immunity.

60) Redundant question

61) Fee shifting is not practiced in European courts because a) It is formally prohibited by law.b) It is customarily seen as unethical.c) It would be impractical to administer.d) Parties there need not pay their own way.

62) Fee shifting refers to the practice ofa) Dividing attorneys’ fees among all participants in a class-action suit.b) Getting the loser to pay court costs.c) Getting the government to pay the fees of all parties.d) Having attorneys adjust their fees according to their experience and the damages awarded.

63) When a citizen sues and wins a suit against a government official for withholding a benefit to which a citizen is entitled, such a suit is called aa) First Amendment suit.b) Civil rights suit.c) Common law suit.d) Section 1983 suit.

64) Taxpayer X believes that the federal Endangered Species Act is unconstitutional. What will he have to show before his case can be heard on its merits?a) That he has exhausted all other means to settle his grievanceb) That more than $10,000 is involvedc) That he has suffered personal harm as a result of enforcement of the actd) That Congress will not change the law

65) The rules regarding standing to bring a case to federal court involve all of the following excepta) The existence of a controversy between adversaries.b) The probability of reaching a satisfactory solution.c) Evidence that actual harm has occurred.d) A stake in the outcome beyond that of being a taxpayer.

66) Under the doctrine of sovereign immunity, a citizen cannot a) Sue the government without its consent.b) Bring two suits against one individual for the same crime.c) Bring the same suit to courts in two different states.d) Appeal a case that has already been ruled on by the Supreme Court.

67) The president’s helicopter lands in your rose garden and causes thousands of dollars’ worth of damage to your prize roses. Can you sue the government for damages?a) Yes, without qualification.b) Yes, but only if the government gives its consent under the sovereign immunity doctrine.c) No, because the government can be sued only when personal injury is involved.d) No, because the sovereign immunity doctrine protects the government from lawsuits.

68) Having taxpayer status does not entitle one to sue the government for actions of which one disapproves. Effort to ease this rule would be most likely to be opposed bya) Taxpayers.b) Government bureaucrats.c) Large interest groups.d) The mass media.

69) Class-action suits are more advantageous than single-party suits in that they allowa) Extremely controversial issues to be adjudicated.

b) The government to protect itself from frivolous suits.c) Lawyers to practice without receiving fees.d) Large groups of people to receive relief.

70) Brown v. Board of Education is an example of a a) Taxpayer suit.b) Class-action suit.c) Section 1983 suit.d) Reapportionment suit.

71) The major reasons class-action suits became more common in recent years was thata) They became financially attractive to lawyers.b) Laws changed to deregulate such suits.c) The requirements for bringing such suits to court were easy to satisfy.d) Attorneys’ fees could be shared among all plaintiffs.

72) Beginning in 1974, the Supreme Court reacted to the implications of class-action suits by greatlya) Expanding settlement awards.b) Reducing settlement awards.c) Tightening the rules governing class-action suits.d) Easing the rules governing class-action suits.

73) The text argues that getting into court depends most strongly on havinga) A just cause and standing.b) Standing and resources.c) Resources and an opponent.d) An opponent and a just cause.

74) In most cases presented to the Supreme Court, the bulk of the argumentation presented by either side will be found in the a) Brief.b) Certiorari petition.c) Oral argument.d) Per curiam decision.

75) A key government official involved in the determination of whether a case should be appealed to the Supreme Court is thea) Plaintiff’s lawyer.b) President.c) U.S. attorney general.d) U.S. solicitor general.

76) The function of the U.S. solicitor general is toa) Approve every case the federal government presents to the Supreme Court.b) Enforce the decisions of the Supreme Court.c) Serve as the principal legal adviser, or counsel, to members of the Supreme Court.d) Maintain order in the Supreme Court’s courtroom.

77) Amicus curiae briefs amount to a form ofa) Judicial red tape.b) Judicial standing.c) Judicial lobbying.d) Dissenting opinion.

78) An interest group such as the ACLU or the NAACP is most likely to attempt to influence the Supreme Court bya) Appealing a decision directly to the president.b) Consulting in the nomination process of a new Supreme Court justice.c) Writing an amicus curiae brief.d) Raising a political question with the solicitor general.

79) Sources of influence on Supreme Court justices include all of the following excepta) The ACLU.b) Amicus curiae.c) Law reviews.d) Legal aid societies.

80) A chief justice is able to exercise his influence most effectively bya) Setting the agenda.b) Guiding the voting.c) Guiding the debate.d) Enforcing the decision.

81) What happens if a vote by the Supreme Court ends in a tie?a) The chief justice breaks the tie.b) A majority of both houses of Congress decides the case.c) The lower court decision is left standing.d) A vote cannot end in a tie because all nine justices must participate in every vote.

82) Among the types of written opinions issued by the Supreme Court are all of the following excepta) Majority.b) Per curiam.c) Concurring.d) Dissenting.

83) The strongest type of Supreme Court opinion is a(n)a) Unanimous opinion.b) Majority opinion.c) Concurring opinion.d) Dissenting opinion.

84) Justices Ruth Bader Ginsberg, for example, votes on the side of a majority of Supreme Court justices on a particular case even though her reasoning differs from the others. She may choose to express her reasons in a(n)a) Dissenting opinion.b) Concurring opinion.

c) Opinion of the Court.d) Per curiam opinion.

85) Typically, about ______ of U.S. Supreme Court opinions are unanimous.a) One-halfb) Three-fourthsc) One-thirdd) One-tenth

86) The number of federal laws that have actually been overturned by the Supreme Court isa) Fewer than 20.b) Approximately 50.c) Between 75 and 100.d) Well in excess of 100.

87) Supreme Court rather than congressional interpretation of acts of Congress can result froma) Constitutional interpretation.b) Interpretation of federal laws.c) Reversals of past precedents.d) The imposition of strict constructionism.

88) One measure of the policy-making role of the Supreme Court is the frequency with which ita) Supports the president.b) Supports Congress.c) Departs from stare decisis.d) Challenges interest groups.

89) An important reason federal courts follow precedent is that a) Lower court judges have less expertise than members of the Supreme Court.b) The Fourteenth Amendment requires following precedent to avoid conflict with state

courts.c) The practice of stare decisis makes judicial decision-making chaotic.d) Equal justice requires similar cases to be decided the same way.

90) The power of federal courts to make policy derives from all of the following excepta) Their interpretation of existing laws.b) Their extension of the reach of existing laws.c) Their designing of imposed remedies.d) Their enactment of new laws.

91) Each of the following is a measure of the power of the federal courts excepta) The reluctance of these courts to deal with political questions.b) The number of laws they declare unconstitutional.c) The number of prior cases they overturn.d) The kinds of remedies they impose to correct situations.

92) Each of the following is a measure of the power of the federal courts excepta) The willingness of these courts to rule on political questions.

b) The number of laws they declare unconstitutional.c) The number of legislators they appoint to the courts.d) The kinds of remedies they impose to correct situations.

93) The willingness of the Supreme Court to deal with congressional redistricting is an example of judicial a) Power.b) Fairness.c) Partisanship.d) Reaction.

94) When a federal judge order the reorganization of a state prison system in a case brought by a single convict, the judge is issuing a a) Partisan decision.b) Stare decisis.c) Writ of certiorari.d) Policy-making remedy.

95) Justices who believe the Supreme Court should change the direction of legislative policy are advocatinga) Social Darwinism.b) Judicial activism.c) Strict constructionism.d) Judicial restraint.

96) The argument that courts are the last resort for the powerless is most likely to be used by those favoringa) Judicial activism.b) Strict constructionism.c) Interpretivism.d) Conservative causes.

97) A frequent criticism of judicial activism is that judgesa) Have little expertise in managing policy areas.b) Are helping the wrong people.c) Do not exercise it enough.d) Should do more research before becoming involved with policy.

98) Common criticisms of judicial activism include all of the following excepta) Judicial activism works only when laws are devoid of ambiguous language.b) Judges are not elected and are therefore immune to popular control.c) Judicial activism often fails to account for the costs of implementing activist rulings.d) Judges usually have no expertise in designing and managing complex institutions.

99) The argument that justices usually lack expertise in many aspects of society today is most likely to be used by those favoringa) Judicial activism.b) Strict constructionism.

c) Liberal causes.d) Conservative causes.

100) The text’s position is that the enormous increase in court cases and the degree of judicial activism by federal courts are most directly related to an increase ina) Lawyers.b) Contending interests.c) Congressional power.d) The size of the court system.

101) Cases that come before the courts usually originate from a) Ambitious lawyers.b) Contending interests.c) Conflicting laws.d) Free speech violations.

102) Between 1961 and 1990, the largest percentage increase in court cases occurred in the area ofa) Civil rights.b) Prisoner petitions.c) Social Security.d) Economic regulation.

103) The fastest growing portion of the federal courts’ civil work load involvesa) Economic regulation.b) Environmental protection.c) States’ rights.d) Civil rights.

104) An increase in cases is not the sole reason for the sweeping remedies imposed by courts. A second factor contributing to this trend isa) The rise in the number of courts in the United States.b) The increasingly liberal ideology of federal court judges.c) Laws that contain vague language.d) Public distrust of Congress.

105) Federal courts are offered opportunities for designing remedies in part because of Congress’s role ina) Issuing mandates to the courts that encourage judicial activism.b) Nominating federal judges.c) Writing laws that require interpretation or litigation.d) Stripping agencies of their regulatory powers.

106) A study of appellate court reviews of decisions made by regulatory agencies found that the agencies’ position was supported by the courtsa) In almost every case.b) Approximately two-thirds as often as it was reversed.c) Approximately as often as it was reversed.

d) In a distinct minority of the cases.

107) The ways in which the Supreme Court has interpreted ambiguities in the law can best be explained bya) The personal political beliefs of judges.b) Pressure-group activity.c) Changing the views of the legislators.d) Changes in legal education.

108) The fact that prayer continues in some public schools, even though the Supreme Court has declared it unconstitutional, is an example ofa) The slowness of the appeals process.b) Ambiguity in the Court’s decisions.c) Lack of effective enforcement by the Court.d) The power of state government to countermand judicial rulings.

109) One restraint under which the federal courts operate is that a) Public opinion and election politics can undermine their efforts.b) Their decisions can sometimes be ignored.c) The president can always fire a federal judge.d) Congress can always impeach a federal judge for backing an unpopular position.

110) The 1952 steel mill seizure case is an example of the a) Limits of judicial power.b) U.S. commitment to the electoral process.c) Ability of the Supreme Court to check the president.d) Conflicting roles of the judicial and legislative branches of government.

111) Congress can check the power of the federal judiciary in all of the following ways excepta) By confirming or not confirming nominees.b) By changing the number of judges.c) By initiating amendments of the U.S. Constitution.d) By interpreting laws themselves.

112) Which of the following statements about impeachment proceedings against federal judges is true?a) They are effective restraints on the judiciary.b) They are quite frequent.c) They are usually brought by judicial activists.d) They are ineffective restraints on the judiciary.

113) The most practicable course of action for a senator who does not like a constitutional decision by the Supreme Court is toa) Accept it nevertheless.b) Seek a constitutional amendment.c) Introduce a law to overturn it.d) Solicit the president’s support.

114) The Fourteenth Amendment overturneda) Dred Scott v. Sandford.b) Marbury v. Madison.c) McCulloch v. Maryland.d) Brown v. Board of Education.

115) One practicable way that Congress can get around an unfavorable Supreme Court ruling on a law is toa) Remove the judges who voted against the law.b) Overturn the Supreme Court ruling.c) Pass the law again in slightly altered form.d) Strip the Supreme Court of its enforcement authority.

116) Which of the following statements about the Dred Scott decision is correct?a) It exceeded the formal authority of the Supreme Court.b) It infuriated public opinion and harmed the Supreme Court.c) It resulted from an inaccurate determination of fact.d) It was widely applauded throughout the nation.

117) Congress has the power to decide the jurisdiction of lower federal courts. This means thata) Congress can determine the number of judges that sit on each court.b) Congress can decide what types of cases these courts hear.c) Congress can veto decisions of lower courts, unlike those of the Supreme Court.d) Lower courts cannot declare an act of Congress unconstitutional.

118) One effective tool that Congress has at its disposal for controlling the federal courts is the power toa) Impeach judges who back policies opposed by Congress.b) Overturn Supreme Court rulings with which it disagrees.c) Withdraw jurisdiction from the courts.d) Strip federal courts of their enforcement authority.

119) In the 1868 habeas corpus case involving a Mississippi newspaper editor named McCardle, Congress sought to thwart the Supreme Court bya) Threatening to impeach the justices.b) Withdrawing part of the Court’s appellate jurisdiction.c) Changing the original jurisdiction of the Court.d) Changing the size of the Court.

120) The Supreme Court is protected to a considerable extent from frontal attacks by the president and Congress througha) The logic of its decisions.b) The logic of its opinions.c) Its own bureaucracy.d) Its prestige in the nation.

121) Withdrawing some of the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court would probably shift policy making toa) Lower federal courts and state courts.b) Congress.c) The president and state governors.d) State prosecutors.

122) Congress’s removal of Supreme Court jurisdiction in an area where it was at odds with the Court might backfire becausea) Another court might reinstate the earlier decision.b) Public opinion is always on the side of the courts.c) Congress has no way to enforce such a decision.d) A presidential veto would doubtless intervene.

123) If Congress passed a law to withdraw some questions from the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, the latter would likelya) Declare that law unconstitutional.b) Retaliate against Congress in other areas.c) Reconsider the case that offended Congress.d) Seek impeachment of key congressional leaders.

124) When Supreme Court justices read law review articles commenting on their opinions, they are acknowledging a) Public opinion.b) The respect given to their own opinions.c) Elite opinion.d) Errors in public opinion.

125) Historically, the Supreme Court has been especially activist whena) Congress was in transition from control by one party to control by the other.b) The political system was undergoing considerable change.c) The president was weak and indecisive.d) Congress was weak and the president was strong.

126) Periods of partisan realignment often have the effect on the courts ofa) Expanding them.b) Contracting them.c) Energizing them.d) Intimidating them.

127) Public confidence in the Supreme Court since 1976 has a) Remained unchanged.b) Seesawed dramatically.c) Increased steadily.d) Decreased steadily.

128) Public confidence in the Supreme Court at any given time is most closely related toa) The appointment of a new justice to the Court.

b) Decisions that reflect either a clearly liberal or a clearly conservative outlook.c) The popularity of government as a whole.d) The performance of the economy, especially with regard to inflation.

129) Attempts by Presidents Nixon, Reagan, and Bush, Sr. to produce a less activist court have been a) Totally unsuccessful.b) Mostly unsuccessful.c) Somewhat successful.d) Very successful.

130) If the size and scope of government were reduced, we could expecta) More judicial activism.b) Less judicial activism.c) Less judicial restraint.d) A smaller Court.

131) One cause of today’s increased judicial activism is the fact thata) More judges are willing to stretch the U.S. Constitution to achieve certain ends.b) Political parties are stronger today than they were fifty years ago.c) Interest groups employ more lawyers today.d) More judges believe they should be activists.

ANSWERS

1) A2) C3) C4) C5) C6) A7) C8) A9) D10) D11) B12) C13) B14) C15) C16) A17) D18) B19) N/A20) A21) B22) D23) D24) C25) B26) D27) B28) C29) C30) A31) D32) D33) B34) A35) B36) A37) B38) A39) N/A40) B

41) D42) D43) B44) B45) B46) D47) C48) C49) D50) A51) D52) A53) A54) A55) B56) D57) D58) B59) A60) N/A61) D62) B63) D64) C65) B66) A67) B68) B69) D70) B71) A72) C73) B74) A75) D76) A77) C78) C79) D80) C81) C82) B

83) A84) B85) C86) D87) B88) C89) D90) D91) A92) C93) A94) D95) B96) A97) A98) A99) B100) B101) B102) A103) D104) C105) C106) B107) A108) C109) B110) C111) D112) D113) B114) A115) C116) B117) B118) C119) B120) D121) A122) A123) A124) C

125) B126) C127) B128) C129) C130) B131) D