Joy Kirchner ACRL Scholarly Communication 101: Starting with the Basics Economics: The Not-So-Hidden...
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Transcript of Joy Kirchner ACRL Scholarly Communication 101: Starting with the Basics Economics: The Not-So-Hidden...
Joy Kirchner
ACRL Scholarly Communication 101: Starting with the Basics
Economics:The Not-So-Hidden Costs
Learning Objectives
• Understand some of the basic economic realities of the traditional scholarly publishing system
• Recognize the connection between authors’ copyright management practices and monopolistic pricing in the scholarly journal market
• Consider and reflect on alternative models & funding sources for scholarly publishing
cost
AcademicLibrary
budget
Publisher
Editor
Peer Reviewers
Creation©
DisseminationPublication (Registration and Certification)
Pressure points
peer-reviewed articles per year
24,000peer-reviewed journals
1,500,000
1,800+scholarly publishers (est.)
Who is publishing scholarship?
Journal publisher size guide
Petite (5 or fewer) 54%Small (6-10) 11%Medium (11-25) 16%Large (26-50) 8%X-Large (51-100) 4%XX-Large (100+) 7%
Scholarly publishing practice: academic journal publishers’ policies and practices in online publishing, 3rd survey, ALPSP, 2008
Sch
ola
rly Journ
als
Mark
et
societies & other non-
profits
university presses
commercial publishers
$ 20.3 Brevenue in 2009
STM sector
$ 2.4 BSSH sector
Dat
a f
rom
Sim
ba I
nfor
mat
ion
201
0 p
ublis
hing
indu
stry
rep
orts
Sch
ola
rly P
ub
lishin
g M
ark
et
Profits are high, too
Elsevier consistently reports profit margins for its STM journals of ~ 36%
From an investment analysis by Deutsche Bank:
“We believe the publisher adds relatively little value to the publishing process. We are not attempting to dismiss what 7,000 people at REL do for a living. We are simply observing that if the process really were as complex, costly and value-added as the publishers protest that it is, 40% margins wouldn’t be available.”
To maintain these margins, prices must rise
2010 – academic journal prices rose 4.3% (year budgets were, supposedly, worst)
2011 – Average increase was 5.5%
2012 – 6%
2013 – Projected average increase is 6-7%
Steelmakers Auto manufacturers Consumers
Steel
$$
Cars
$
Typical economy
Author Library
JournalArticle
Publisher$$
Gift economy
P&TGrantsReputationPrestige
S
Publisher
©
wholesale transfer of rights
creates scarcity/monopoly
drives prices up(inelastic market)
Libraries challenge pricing power
Publishers try to sustain revenue flow
Tying print to onlineBundling journalsRequiring multi-yr contractsBuying other publishersRaising prices
Subsidizing journal start-ups
Canceling journalsEducating faculty authors
Forming consortiaFighting mergers
Roger Clarke, The cost profiles of alternative approaches to journal publishing, First Monday, 3 December 2007
Cost to produce one journal article
Average journal article
XYZ Commercial Publisher
Amsterdam, London, New York
My Facuty, PhD
Average journal article
ABC Not-for- Profit Publisher
My Facuty, PhD$ 730$ 3,400
9% $
91%dollars
62%citations
38%citations
Economics of quality?C. Bergstroms & T. Bergstromwww.econ.ucsb.edu/~tedb/journals/jpricing.html
The cost of knowledge -- what do others pay
PRICE Per Title:
• Elsevier -- $784
• Wiley -- $665
• Springer -- $1519
• Sage -- $401
So how good a deal is the “Big Deal”?
Bergstrom compared 2009 prices paid by large research universities based on cost per ISI citation and per article:
– Elsevier’s Freedom package– Packages offered by major professional societies
AltMetrics for library collection development?
BUNDLE Per Cite Per Article
Elsevier (U. Mich) $3.60 $15.16
Am. Biochem. Soc. $0.20 $0.95
Am. Physical Soc. $0.45 $1.10
Am. Soc. Microbiology $0.45 $1.20
Oxford U Press (Colorado)
$0.55 $2.15
Am Chemical Soc. (U Mich)
$0.65 $2.85
Am Geophysical Union $0.90 $2.65
IEEE $1.05 $2.25
Am Medical Assoc. $1.05 $5.90
UC Value experiment
UC Value- ‐Based Pricing Strategy: 2007-
“How can we establish, validate and communicate an explicit method for aligning the purchase or license costs of scholarly journals with the value they contribute to the academy and the costs to create and deliver them?”
http://libraries.universityofcalifornia.edu/cdcvaluebasedprices.pdf
New value metrics?
A growing directory of noteworthy altmetrics tools:
http://altmetrics.org/tools/
Total-Impact
Total-Impact is a Web-based application that makes it easy to track the impact of a wide range of research artifacts (such as papers, datasets, slides, research code). The system aggregates impact data from many sources, from Mendeley to GitHub to Twitter and more, and displays it in a single, permalinked report.
ReaderMeter
ReaderMeter is a mashup visualizing author-level and article-level statistics based on the consumption of scientific content by a large population of readers. Readership data is obtained via the Mendeley API. Reports are available both as HTML and in a machine-readable version as JSON and are released under a CC-BY-SA 3.0 license.
http://chronicle.com/article/As-Scholarship-Goes-Digital/130482/
The Cost of Knowledge – the Elsevier boycott
• Over 11,000 signers on May 4; growing daily• Reaction to prices and lobbying to prevent
public access to scholarship• Expression of frustration FROM THE
SUPPLIERS!• Many asking what to do next.
• Harvard Library Advisory Board memo to faculty may offer a path
• Promotion & Tenure system• MLA Guidelines for evaluating Digital
Humanities & Digital Media.
Scholarly communications reform
includes efforts to establish balanced,
sustainable economic models
Long-term solution may include shifting of library funds from collecting to producing or subsidizing
scholarly content
Questions?Comments?
This work was created by Lee Van Orsdel for the ACRL National Conference, Scholarly Communications 101
Most recently updated by Kevin Smith & Joy Kirchner June 11, 2012.
It is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/