Journey to Work from 1990 Census and ACS National test (C2SS)

Journey to Work from 1990 Census and ACS National test (C2SS)

Elaine Murakami, USDOT, FHWA

Nanda Srinivasan, Cambridge Systematics Inc.

Understanding the Surveys

• Sample: 1 in 6 of all households.

(15.32 million households)

• Coverage: Whole country – 3140 counties

• Point in time Survey

– Reference period: April 1, 1990

• Group quarters’ population included

• Sample: 700,000 households

• Coverage: 1203 counties

• Rolling Survey

• Conducted over 12 months

• Group quarters’ population NOT included

1990 Decennial Census 2000 ACS: Census 2000 Supplementary Survey (C2SS)

Understanding the Surveys

• Mode to work: “usual last week”

• Mode to work: allows only for ONE response

• C2SS includes only workers in hhlds (does not include workers in Group Quarters)

• 1990 CTPP tabulated travel time for all workers—households and group quarter information cannot be separated. 2000 ACS tabulated travel time only for workers in households.

Nationwide Comparison

Variable 1990 2000Change

(Number)Change

(%)Number of households 91,947,410 104,724,456 12,777,046 13.90Total population in households 242,050,161 273,643,269 31,593,108 13.05Total workers in households 113,437,877 127,437,475 13,999,598 12.34Average travel

Time (min) 22 min 23 sec 24 min 20 sec 1 min 57 sec 8.73Percent of households with no vehicles 11.5% 9.3% -2.2%-

Mode to work

• In 2000, 76.3 percent of workers reported driving alone to work.

• In 2000, 11.2 percent of workers reported carpooling, followed by transit (5 percent), work at home (3.2 percent), and

walk (2.7%).

• Carpooling declined from 13.4 percent (1990) to 11.2 percent (2000) of all workers.

• Transit retained 5 percent share between 1990 and 2000.

• In numbers, workers using transit for their JTW increased 7.7 percent over the 10-year period (1990 to 2000).

Mode toWorkPercent of Workers, 1990

Carpooled (13.4%)

Subway (1.6%)

Railroad (0.5%)

Bike/Walk (3.7%)

Other (1.1%)

Other(12.7%)

Bus or trolley bus (3%)

Drove Alone (73.9%)

Worked at home (2.8%)

Data Source:1990 Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP)

Universe: Workers: All Workers 16 years and older living in households

Mode to WorkPercent of workers, 2000

Carpooled (11.2%)

Subway (1.6%)

Railroad (0.5%)

Bike/Walk (3.1%)

Other (1.2%)

Other(12.5%)

Bus or trolley bus (2.8%)

Drove Alone (76.3%)

Worked at home (3.2%)

Data Source2000 ACS: Census 2000 Supplementary Survey (C2SS)


Change in Percent of workers who drove alone</= -0.5-0.4 - 0.50.6 - 22.1 - 5> 5 Data Sources:

2000 ACS: Census 2000 Supplementary Survey (C2SS)1990 Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP)


Drive Alone to WorkChange in Percent, 1990-2000

Legend

Change in Percent of workers who carpooled to work-6.5 - -4-3.9 - -1.5-1.4 - -0.5-0.4 - 0.5

Carpool to WorkChange in Percent, 1990-2000

Legend

Data Sources:2000 ACS: Census 2000 Supplementary Survey (C2SS)1990 Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP)


Transit to WorkChange in Percent, 1990-2000

Legend


Note: Modes included in transit are Bus or trolley bus; Streetcar or trolley car; Subway or elevated; and Railroad.Universe: Workers: All Workers 16 years and older living in households

Change in percent of workers using Transit -2 - -1-0.9 - -0.5-0.4 - 0.50.6 - 11.1 - 2.4

Change in number of workers using Transit-28485 - -10000-9999 - 1000010001 - 100000100001 - 200000

Legend


Note: Modes included in transit are Bus or trolley bus; Streetcar or trolley car; Subway or elevated; and Railroad.Universe: Workers: All Workers 16 years and older living in households

Transit to WorkChange in Number of Workers, 1990-2000

Travel Time

Comparison for the US• In 2000, the average travel time to work was 24 minutes 20 seconds as

compared to 22 minutes 23 seconds in 1990. An increase of almost 2 minutes. Note: Some of this difference may be due to coding changes (of trips > 99 minutes) between 1990 and 2000. The increase may be closer to 1 minute and 24 seconds.

• 14.2% of workers now commute more than 45 minutes to work (1990, 12%)• 29% of workers now commute less than 15 minutes to work (1990, 31.4%)

Note: “Worked at home” was excluded from “commute less than 15 minutes”

Travel Time: Comparison for States

• New York continued to hold the top spot for the longest average travel time at 31 minutes 11 seconds followed by Maryland (29:10), New Jersey (28:41), the District of Columbia (28:32) and Illinois (27:02).

• West Virginia had the greatest increase in travel time at 4 minutes and 26 seconds followed by Georgia (4:14) and New Jersey (3:24).

• The states with the fastest average travel times continued to be South and North Dakota at 15 minutes 34 seconds and 15 minutes 24 seconds respectively.

Travel Time DistributionU.S. Total, 1990-2000

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

Lessthan 5

5 to 9 10 to 14 15 to 19 20 to 24 25 to 29 30 to 34 35 to 39 40 to 44 45 to 59 60 to 89 90 ormore

Workedat home

Travel time (in minutes)

Pe

rce

nt

of

Wo

rke

rs

1990 CTPP

C2SS


Note: C2SS did not survey Group Quarter Population.Universe: Workers: All Workers 16 years and older who did not work at home

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

20.0

Lessthan 5

5 to 9 10 to 14 15 to 19 20 to 24 25 to 29 30 to 34 35 to 39 40 to 44 45 to 59 60 to 89 90 ormore

Workedat home

Travel time (in minutes)

Per

cen

t o

f W

ork

ers

1990 CTPP

C2SS

Travel Time DistributionTexas, 1990-2000



Departure TimeU.S. Total,1990

Perc

ent o

f W

orke

rs

Departure Time


Note: C2SS data release did not include a table with departure timeUniverse: Workers: All Workers 16 years and older who did not work at home

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

12:00 a.m.to 4:59 a.m.

5:00 a.m. to5:29 a.m.

5:30 a.m. to5:59 a.m.

6:00 a.m. to6:29 a.m.

6:30 a.m. to6:59 a.m.

7:00 a.m. to7:29 a.m.

7:30 a.m. to7:59 a.m.

8:00 a.m. to8:29 a.m.

8:30 a.m. to8:59 a.m.

9:00 a.m. to9:59 a.m.

10:00 a.m.to 10:59

a.m.

11:00 a.m.to 11:59

a.m.

12:00 p.m.to 3:59 p.m.

4:00 p.m. to11:59 p.m.

Worked athome

2000 Average Travel Time (in minutes)15-1818.1-2222-2525 - 31.2

Average Travel Time to workTotal in minutes, 2000

Legend

Data Source:2000 ACS: Census 2000 Supplementary Survey (C2SS)


Change in percent of workers who commute longer than 45 minutes-0.9 - 11.1 - 22.1 - 44.1 - 6

Note: C2SS did not survey Group Quarter Population.Universe: Workers: All Workers 16 years and older

Commutes more than 45 minutesChange in percent, 1990-2000

Legend


Commutes less than 15 minutesChange in percent, 1990-2000

Legend

Note: C2SS did not survey Group Quarter Population.“Worked at home” was excluded from “commute less than 15 minutes”Universe: Workers: All Workers 16 years and older


Change in percent of workers who commute less than 15 minutes-6.8 - -4-3.9 - -2-1.9 - -1-0.9 - 11.1 - 2

L

ess

than

5%

Note: C2SS did not survey Group Quarters Universe: Workers: All Workers 16 years and olderPopulation: Persons living in households

% PopulationChange

Change in Avg.Travel Time

5%

- 20

% M

ore

than

20%

More than 3 min.

2 – 3 min.

Less than 2 min.

Legend

Population Change (%) and Change in Average Travel Time (min) to Work

1990-2000


Legend

L

ess

than

5%

5%

- 20

%% Change innumber of workers

Change in Avg.Travel Time

More than 3 min.

2 – 3 min.

Less than 2 min.

Mor

e th

an 2

0%

Worker Change (%) and Change in Average Travel time (min) to Work

1990-2000

Note: C2SS did not survey Group Quarters Universe: Workers: All Workers 16 years and older


Vehicle Availability

• Percent of households with no vehicles decreased from 11.5% in 1990 to 9.3% in 2000.

• By state, the percent of households with no vehicles ranges from 3.5% in Idaho to 28.1% in New York.

• Percent of households with 3 or more vehicles increased from 17.3% in 1990 to 18.3% in 2000.– Wyoming has the highest percent of households with 3 or more

vehicles (30.2%).

Average Number of Vehicles in Households1-1.51.6-1.71.8-1.92-2.1

Average Number of Vehicles in HouseholdsTotal, 2000

Legend

Data Source:2000 ACS: Census 2000 Supplementary Survey (C2SS)

Universe: Households: All Households

Journey to Work from 1990 Census and ACS National test (C2SS)

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