Journey Across the Life Span, 3rd EditionJourney Across the Life Span, 3rd Edition

Chapter 8

Preschool

Journey Across the Life Span, 3rd EditionJourney Across the Life Span, 3rd Edition

Preschool

Characteristics Ages 3-6 years Growth slow and steady Improved fine and gross motor skills Autonomous, creative exploration Participation in preschool and nursery

school

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Physical Characteristics of the Preschooler Height and weight Body proportions Muscle and bone development Teeth Sensory development

Journey Across the Life Span, 3rd EditionJourney Across the Life Span, 3rd Edition

Vital Signs

Temperature Pulse Respirations Blood pressure

Journey Across the Life Span, 3rd EditionJourney Across the Life Span, 3rd Edition

Developmental Milestones

Motor development Gross motor skills Fine motor skills Sexual development

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Psychosocial Development

Erikson—Developing initiative Pretending Trying out new roles

Journey Across the Life Span, 3rd EditionJourney Across the Life Span, 3rd Edition

Discipline

Need limits set Learn impulse control Use positive reinforcement Use time out

Journey Across the Life Span, 3rd EditionJourney Across the Life Span, 3rd Edition

Psychosocial Concerns

Jealousy Sibling rivalry Need “special time” with parents Response to divorce Preschool education

Journey Across the Life Span, 3rd EditionJourney Across the Life Span, 3rd Edition

Cognitive Development

Piaget—Preoperational stage continues Reversibility Centration

Magical thinking Longer attentions span

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Moral Development

Kohlberg—Preconventional stage Learn to model adult behaviors

Freud’s development of a superego or conscience

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Communication Language more sophisticated

4-year-old Uses 3-4 word sentences Understands who, what, and where questions

5-year-old Can form sentences with five or more words Vocabulary contains 2000-2400 words

Very talkative Like to talk on the telephone

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Nutrition

Follow the food pyramid Average 1800 calories/day Still like certain familiar foods Need smaller portions than adults Offer healthy snacks Mealtime should be pleasant, family time

Journey Across the Life Span, 3rd EditionJourney Across the Life Span, 3rd Edition

Sleep and Rest

Need 10-12 hours of sleep Some still need a daytime nap Follow a consistent bedtime routine Dreams and nightmares are common

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Play

Cooperative or associative play Sharing and taking turns Need activities to further develop gross motor

skills Fine motor skills improve, more coordination Building confidence Play stimulates imagination Limit television and video games

Journey Across the Life Span, 3rd EditionJourney Across the Life Span, 3rd Edition

Safety

Safety issues Use of proper clothing for play and sleep Use of proper safety restraints in motor vehicles Stranger safety Water safety Poisoning

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Health Promotion

Good health practice Use of health-care services Early diagnosis and treatment Regular immunizations

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Common Preschool Concerns

Thumb sucking Bedwetting Fears

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Chapter Challenge

Explain what Erikson meant by the task of initiative for this stage

Give three good food snacks appropriate for this stage

Describe the safety concerns for preschoolers