Journalism review complete first part ENG 24
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Transcript of Journalism review complete first part ENG 24
Journalism
The profession of gathering, editing, and publishing news reports and related articles for newspapers, magazines, television, or radio.
- The various means of mass The various means of mass communication considered as a whole, communication considered as a whole, including television, radio, magazines, including television, radio, magazines, and newspapers, together with the and newspapers, together with the people involved in their production.people involved in their production.
Representational Media
Enable messages to be stored, passed over a distance, and reproduced in the absence of the participants
Ex. Telegrams, newspapers, comics, and magazines
They rely on technical devices for producing their messages
Mechanical/Electronic Media Are also representational because
they use codes to carry messages They differ from simple
representational ones because they depend on technical devices both for sending messages and receiving them (Hart, 1991)
Mass Media
The tools to mass communication. They are the channels, therefore
media, through which information, ideas, and attitudes are disseminated to the masses.
Traditional Media
The folk arts: plays, puppet shows, musical drams, poetry, jousts etc., which were/are popular forms of entertainment among the rural people in the Philippines and other parts of Asia.
Community Media A new trend in the use of communication
media for community development. The small media or group media, provide
better success and opportunities for people participation in community development
Examples: community newspaper, blackboard newspapers, rural newspapers, audio cassettes and development theatre
Mass Communication
Is a process by which an individual or organization transmit messages to a large, diverse audience with limited opportunity to respond
Channels of Mass Communication Books, pamphlets Magazines Newspapers Direct-mail circular Newsletters Cd’s audiotapes Television Motion picture Radio Videotapes Computer networks
Not included as channels of mass communication Telephones – do not reach large
audience, one-on-one conversation Stage plays – limited to a confined
area
The Communication Process
Source Receiver
Message
Channel
Figure 2 Communication Model (Wilson & Wilson 1998)
Types of Communication Intrapersonal Communication –
describes a person talking to himself or herself
Interpersonal Communication – two or three people talk with one another in close physical proximity
Group Communication – groups of people communicate with one another in face-to-face encounters
Mass Communication –communicators use technological devices known as media to communicate over great distances to influence large audiences
Basic Components of Communication Process Source – sometimes called the
sender, communicator, or encoder- Is the person who shares
information, ideas, or attitudes with another person
- In mass communication, is usually a professional communicator who shapes the message to be shared
Examples: TV reporter or entertainer
MessageMessage
Is whatever the source attempts to share with someone else
It originates with an idea, which then must be encoded into symbols which will be used to express ideas
Symbols are words, pictures, or objects that the source uses to illicit meaning in the mind of the receiver of the message
Ex. Words, pictures, facial expressions, gestures, and body language
Channel
Is the way in which the message is sent
Is interpersonal communication: sense of sight, sound and touch
Example: use of electronic or technological devices
Receiver
Sometimes called destination, audience, or decoder
Is the person with whom the message is extended to be shared in mass communication
Is usually a large audience that is often referred to as the masses
Ex. Book reader, movie audience, radio listeners
Feedback
Is an added component in the communication process if the receiver or the audience transmits back to the source an observable response
Can take many forms: words, gestures, facial expressions, or any observable element
Communication Noise
1. Channel Noise – refers to external interference in the communication process
Ex. Radio static blocks, unreadable book prints, inaudible voices, blurred pictures
2. Semantic Noise – occurs when the message gets through as sent, but you don’t understand what it means
- Can be caused by jargons, scientific, and technical terms idioms, legalese, gobbledygook
- Can also occur when words take on connotations or emotional meanings based on experiences
3. Psychological Noise
Refers to internal factors that lead to misunderstandings in the communication process
Selective exposure – we expose ourselves to information that reinforces rather than contradicts our beliefs or opinions
Selective perception – we tend to see, hear, and believe what we want to see, hear, and believe – also called “autistic thinking” (Piaget) (Autism – thought in which truth is confused with desire)
Theory of Redundancy
The communicator’s way of overcoming channel noise by repeating the main idea of his message a number of times to make sure it gets through.
Information Processing By the Media1. Gate keeping – one way the media
control our access to news, information, and entertainment.
- This sociological term was coined by Kurt Lewin who used to describe the fact that news most travel through a series of checkpoints (gates) before it reaches the public
2. Agenda setting – another process whereby the mass media determines what we think and worry about
- Mass media agenda-setting theory contends that the mass media, not we, determine what will be news and what won’t
- The most important effect of mass communication is its ability to mentally order and organize our world for us
Mass Communication Field Encompasses:1. Advertising agencies2. Wire services, public relations and publicity
firms3. Syndication houses that provide feature and
photo material for print media or programs and movies for television, artist and graphic design consultants
4. Research firms for product, audience and message analysis
5. Independent producers of movies and television programs
6. Program suppliers
Important Agencies of Communication that are Adjuncts of the Mass Media1. The Press Association, which collect
and distribute news and pictures to the newspapers, television, radio stations and magazines.
2. The syndicates, which offer background news and pictures, commentaries, and entertainment features to newspapers, tv, radio, and magazines.
3. The advertising agencies, which serve their business clients on the one hand and the mass media on the other.
4. The advertising departments of companies and institutions, which serve in merchandising roles, and the public relations departments, which serve in information roles.
5. The Public Relations counselling firms and publicity organizations, which offer information in behalf of their clients.
6. Research individual and groups, who help gauge the impact of the message and guide mass communicators to more effective paths
The Social Roles of Mass Communication (Lasswell 1948)1. Surveillance of the environment2. Correlation of the components of
society in making a response to the environment
3. Transmission of social inheritance
Social Functions of Media (Farrar, 1997)1. Sentinel – we rely on mass
communication media to keep us alert to an impending typhoon, election, oil price hike, movie schedule, brown-outs, etc.
2. Arena – the communication media place events and controversies on the community agenda, focusing attention on issues so that consensus can be reached.
3. Instructor – through communication media, we teach what others are saying, wearing, doing.
4. Social and Political regulator – this may be most important rate mass communication media play: they keep leaders honest; social and government policies equitable.
Four Concepts of Mass Communication1. Authoritarianism – or authoritarian
theory – a theory of the press asserting that the rulers of society should control what is disseminated to the public in the mass media.
2. Libertarianism or libertarian theory – the theory that the press should serve the governed (people) not governors
3. The soviet people – an offshoot of the authoritarian theory of the press stating that the mass media should be state owned and operated to best serve the government.
4. Social responsibility – an offshoot of libertarian theory of the press that contends that the press is socially responsible to keep a democratic nation well informed.