Journal Publishing and E-Journal Publishing and E-journal Reading by Social journal Reading by Social Science Scholars in TaiwanScience Scholars in Taiwan

Mei-Ling WangGraduate Institute of Library, Information

and Archival Studies National Cheng-chi University

Email:meilingw@nccu.edu.twJune 25, 2012

OutlineOutlineTaiwan Journal PublishingMethodology of StudySocial scientists’ E- journal Use HabitsSocial scientists’ E-journal Reading Behavior

The importance of e-journalsE-journal reading critical incidentsE-journal article sources Reading environment, methods and processReading value and personal information management

Conclusion112/04/19 2

The First Magazine Published in The First Magazine Published in TaiwanTaiwanTaiwan’s first magazine, “臺灣產學雜誌” (Taiwanese Industry Magazine), was published in1896 during the reign of the Qing dynasty.

The Government of Republic of China later moved to Taiwan gradually developed journal publishing.

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History of Journal Publishing in History of Journal Publishing in TaiwanTaiwan

The popularization of education, the lifting of the newspaper ban, and the Publication Law all contributed to the gradual development of journal publishing.

In 1979, there were 1,600 of periodicals published; in 2011 more than 5,000 journals were published.

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Journals and Magazine Publishers Statistics During 1996 to 2010 in Taiwan

Scholarly Journals in Scholarly Journals in TaiwanTaiwan

The robust growth of scholarly journals in Taiwan has promoted the development of higher education and scientific research

More than 1,200 Scholarly journals which are published by 200 universities and research institutes present rich and vigorous academic achievements in Taiwan.

The 700 scholarly journals in the areas of the Humanities and Social Sciences best represent Taiwan's academic characteristics and academic achievements.

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Journal Publications Transforming Journal Publications Transforming into Information Systems into Information Systems Journals were entered into information systems

beginning in 1970. the National Central Library produced the ROC Journal

Article Index. In 1996, the NCL digitized 4,000 journal collections for

the Distance Books Project. In 2000, the Airiti Co. built the first commercial

Taiwanese electronic journal database - Chinese Journal Electronic Services.

In 2009, the Airiti Co. built the Academic Citation database .

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Three types of Electronic Journal Three types of Electronic Journal Databases in TaiwanDatabases in TaiwanJournal article index databases, Full text electronic journal databases,Journal Citation Index databases.

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Research BackgroundResearch Background

Social scientists use journal articles heavily in their research and teaching. Research into scholarly journal use and reading patterns in Europe and America has shown they have a particular liking for English e-journals.

Few studies on Chinese journal use and reading have been carried out.

Social scientists in Taiwan use and read scholarly journals both in English and in Chinese.

They use and read electronic journals differently from scientists in the U.S. and Europe.

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Purposes of the StudyPurposes of the Study

The study attempts to investigate the electronic journal article reading behavior of social scientists in Taiwan.

1. To investigate the history of electronic journal publishing and databases

2. To explore the importance of e-journals in social scientists’ research

3. To explore the e-journal reading behavior of Taiwanese social scientists

4. To find factors influencing e-journal article reading to allow comparisons to be made between the e-journal reading behavior of social scientists in Taiwan and in Western countries.

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Research MethodsResearch Methods

A web-based in-depth questionnaire was designed to quantify social scientists’ scholarly journal use patterns; e-journal reading environment and methods; and e-journal reading value and information management.

Critical incident technique was used to ask respondents to reply based on their most recent e-journal article reading experience and their use experience in the past month.

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•Discipline•Task•E-journal use habit

•Article •Length•Structure•Language•Publication date•Motivation•Sources

•Reading environment•Strategies•Reading methods•Focus•Liner reading•procedure•Time spent reading

•Satisfaction•Value•Impact•Annotating & highlighting•Personal information management

Evaluation•Feedback to Publisher & database industry

Context → Influence → Process → Consequence

Framework of e-journal article reading behavior for Social Scientists

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Two Questionnaire Surveys Two Questionnaire Surveys Two questionnaire surveys were conducte

d from December,2011 to January, 2012, a total of 294 valid questionnaires collected.

In the first stage , the researcher sent questionnaires by mail to the 84 faculty members of eight Library and Information Science schools and got 51 returned questionnaires.

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Web-based in-Depth Web-based in-Depth SurveySurvey

In the second stage, the web-based in-depth survey was carried out at National Cheng-Chi University in Taiwan in 2012.

The target population was social science faculty members and researchers of National Cheng-Chi University in Taiwan.

In the web-based survey of January 2012, 253 questionnaire responses were collected at National Cheng-Chi University.

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College Respondents

294

%

College of Social Science111 37.8%

College of Business66 22.4%

Library & Information Science51 17.3%

College of Education33 11.2%

College of Law17 5.8%

College of Communication16 5.4%

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OutlineOutlineTaiwan Journal PublishingMethodology of StudySocial scientists’ E- journal Use HabitsSocial scientists’ E-journal Reading Behavior

The importance of e-journalsE-journal reading critical incidentsE-journal article sources Reading environment, methods and processReading value and personal information management

Conclusion112/04/19 16

Importance of E-journalsImportance of E-journals

96% respondents in Taiwan regarded e-journals as important

CollegeSocial

Science(%)

Business(%)

LIS(%)Educati

on(%)

Law(%)Communi(%)

Total(%)

Very important

75(68.2%)

43(67.2%)

40(78.4%)

24(72.7%)

13(76.5%)

8(50%)203(69.8

%)

Important31(28.2%

)15(23.4

%)11(21.6

%)8(24.2

%)4(23.5%

)6(9.4%

)75(25.8

%)

No comment 4(3.6%) 6(9.4%) 0(0%) 1(3%) 0(0%)1(6.3%

)12(4.1%

)

Unimportant 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%)1(6.3%

)1(0.3%)

Very Unimportant 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%)

Subtotal 110 64 51 33 17 16 291

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E- journals Usage ProportionsE- journals Usage Proportions

For 63% of respondents, e-journals accounted for more than 70% of journals used.

Library and Information Science scholars heavily used e-journals.

ProportionSocial

Science(%)

Business(%)

LIS(%)Educatio

n(%)

Law(%)Communication

(%)

Total(%)

25% or less

13(10.8%)

8(12.1%)

2(3.9%) 3(6.1%) 3(17.6%)

2(12.5%)

31(9.9%)

26%~50%

20(18%)

5(7.6%) 1(2%) 1(3%) 3(17.6%)

1(6.3%)

31(10.5%)

51%~70%

20(18%)

6(9.1%) 5(9.8%) 8(24.2%)

5(29.4%)

2(12.5%)

46(15.6%)

71%~90%

20(18%)

18(27.3%)

22(43.1%)

9(27.3%)

4(23.5%)

7(43.8%)

80(27.2%)

91% or more

38(34.2%)

29(43.9%)

21(41.2%)

12(36.4%)

2(11.8%)

4(25%) 106(36.1%)

Subtotal 111 66 51 33 17 16 294

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Taiwan social scientists use the databases

Social Science(

%)

Business(%)

LIS(%)Education

(%)Law(%)

Communication(%)

Total(%)

Proquest52(46.8

%)43(65.2

%)20(39.2

%)23(69.7

%)1(5.9%)

10(62.5%)

149(50.7%)

Taiwan periodical index

64(57.7%)

17(25.8%)

29(56.9%)

18(54.5%)

12(70.6%)

8(50%)148(50.3

%)

EBSCOHost

38(34.2%)

35(53%)

32(62.7%)

25(75.8%)

4(23.5%)

11(68.8%)

145(49.3%)

Google55(49.5

%)33(50%

)23(45.1

%)20(60.6

%)5(29.4%

)7(43.8%

)143(48.6

%)

CEPS61(55%

)13(19.7

%)16(31.4

%)12(36.4

%)5(29.4%

)8(50%)

115(39.1%)

JSTOR53(47.7

%)30(45.4

%)12(23.5

%)12(36.4

%)4(23.5%

)4(25%)

115(39.1%)

TSSCI32(28.8

%)12(18.2

%)12(23.5

%)17(51.5

%)2(11.8%

)1(6.3%)

76(25.9%)

WOS14(12.6

%)16(24.2

%)20(39.2

%)3(9.1%) 1(5.9%)

2(12.5%)

56(19%)

Number of Articles Read Within a MonthNumber of Articles Read Within a Month

Respondents read an average 14.47 articles per month, and read 174 articles per year.

College of Education scholars read the most articles per month, 23.65, followed by College of Communications scholars at17.73 articles per month. LIS scholars read least.

ArticlesSocial

Science(%)

Business(%)

LIS(%)Education

(%)Law(%)

Communication(%)

Total(%)

<10 63(60%)39(68.4%

)35(68.6%

)17(54.8%

)11(68.7%

)11(73.3%

)176(63.6%

)

11-1512(11.4

%)4(7%) 3(5.8%) 2(6.4%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 21(7.6%)

16-2015(14.2

%)7(12.2%) 9(17.6%) 4(12.9%) 1(6.3%) 1(6.6%) 37(13.5%)

21-25 1(0.9%) 1(1.7%) 0(0%) 2(6.4%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 4(1.5%)

26-308(7.62%

)3(5.2%) 1(1.9%) 2(6.4%) 2(12.5%) 1(6.6%) 17(6.2%)

>30 6(5.7%) 3(5.2%) 3(5.8%) 4(12.9%) 2(12.5%) 2(13.3%) 20(7.3%)Subtotal 105 57 51 31 16 15 275Average 13.53 12.91 11.43 23.65 15 17.73 14.47

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Language of E-journals ReadLanguage of E-journals Read

Analysis of e-journal critical incident article reading showed that 78.3% were in English.

21.7% were in Chinese.College of Business scholars read the most e-journals in

English60% of College of Law scholars read e-journals in Chinese

LanguageSocial

Science(%)Business

(%)LIS(%)

Education(%)

Law(%)Communication(%)

Total(%)

Chinese19(38%

)3(7.3%)

5(12.5%)

3(25%)3(60%)

1(11.1%)

34(21.7%)

English31(62%

)38(92.7

%)35(87.5

%)9(75%)

2(40%)

8(88.9%)

123(78.3%)

Subtotal 28 29 43 32 21 4 157

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Time Spent Reading ArticlesTime Spent Reading Articles The average time spent reading an e-journal article was 88.55

minutes. Average annual reading time was 256.26 hours each year. Business School scholars spent 131 minutes to read one article;

Education scholars spent 100 minutes; Library and Information scholars spent 66 minutes.

Time spent

Social Science(

%)

Business (%)

LIS(%)Education(

%)Law(%)

Comm.(%)

Total(%)

<10 mins3(7.6%) 1(2.7%) 2(4.8%) 1(8.3%) 0(0%)

1(12.5%)

8(5.8%)

10~30mins16(41%) 10(27%)

18(43.9%)

6(50%) 1(50%) 2(25%)53(38.1%

)30~60mins

9(23.1%) 8(21.6%)14(34.2%

)2(16.6%) 0(0%) 2(25%)

35(25.2%)

60~120mins6(15.4%) 4(10.8%) 3(7.3%) 1(8.3%) 0(0%) 2(25%)

16(12.2%)

120~180mins

1(2.6%) 6(16.2%) 1(2.4%) 0(0%) 1(50%) 0(0%) 9(6.5%)

>180 minutes

4(10.3%) 8(21.6%) 3(7.3%) 2(16.6%) 0(0%)1(12.5%

)18(12.9%

)Subtotal 39 37 41 12 2 8 139average 77.07min

s131.08mi

ns66.46min

s100mins

82.5mins

70.63mins

88.55mins

22112/04/19

Reading PurposesReading PurposesThe main reading purposes were writing papers,

undertaking research projects, and writing research proposals.

PurposesSocial

Science(%)

Business (%)

LIS(%)Educatio

n(%)Law(%)

Comm. (%)

Total(%)

Writing papers 22(43.1%)

22(53.7%)

9(20%) 3(25%) 3(60%) 5(55.6%)64(39.3

%)

Research 11(21.6%)7(17.1

%)25(55.6

%)6(50%) 0(0%) 1(11.1%)

50(30.7%)

Research proposal 13(25.5%) 3(7.3%) 7(15.6%) 1(8.3%) 2(40%) 2(22.2%)

28(17.2%)

Teaching 1(2%) 4(9.8%) 3(6.7%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(11.1%) 9(5.5%)Others 1(2%) 4(9.8%) 1(2.2%) 1(8.3%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 7(4.3%)Symposium 2(3.9%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(8.3%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 3(1.8%)Classic paper 1(2%) 1(2.4%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 2(1.2%)Subtotal 51 41 45 12 5 9 163

23112/04/19

Seeking Electronic ArticlesSeeking Electronic ArticlesThe main methods for seeking electronic articles were

searching in journal databases and library catalogs. College of Communication and Business scholars were more likely to use search engines.

MethodSocial

Science(%)

Business (%)

LIS(%)Educatio

n(%)Law(%)

Comm. (%)

Total(%)

Journal Database

10(20.4%) 8(19.5%) 28(62.2%) 3(25%) 1(20%) 1(11.1%)51(31.7%

)Library catalog

17(34.7%) 16(39%) 2(4.4%) 6(50%) 3(60%) 4(44.4%)48(29.8%

)Search engine

9(18.4%) 12(29.3%) 8(17.8%) 1(8.3%) 0(0%) 3(33.3%)33(20.5%

)Citations 7(14.3%) 2(4.9%) 3(6.7%) 1(8.3%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 13(8.1%)Colleagues

3(6.1%) 3(7.3%) 2(4.4%) 1(8.3%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 9(5.6%)

Browsing journals

2(4.1%) 0(0%) 1(2.2%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 3(1.9%)

Others 1(2%) 0(0%) 1(2.2%) 0(0%) 1(20%) 1(11.1%) 4(2.5%)Subtotal 49 41 45 12 5 9 161

24112/04/19

E-journal Article SE-journal Article SourcesourcesThe main sources of E-journal articles were library

collections and search engines.

Source

Social Scienc

e(%)

Business

(%)LIS(%)

Education

(%)

Law(%)

Comm. (%)

Total(%)

Library collection

38(76%)

34(82.9%)

38(84.4%)

11(91.7%)

3(60%)

5(55.6%)

129(79.6%)

Search engine

12(24%)

7(17.1%)

6(13.3%)

1(8.3%)1(20%

)3(33.3%

)30(18.5

%)

Other 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%)1(20%

)1(11.1%

)2(1.2%)

Personal subscription

0(0%) 0(0%)1(2.2%

)0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(0.6%)

Suttotal 50 41 45 12 5 9 16225112/04/19

Screen Browsing Screen Browsing 87.3 % of Taiwan's social science scholars browse

electronic journals on the screen.They first view the content or title on the screen, and then

decide whether to read or download the article. Social Sciences and Business college scholars like screen browsing

Screen browsin

g

Social Science

(%)

Business (%)

LIS(%)

Education

(%)

Law(%)

Comm. (%)Total(%)

Yes50(94.3

%)39(95.1

%)30(66.7

%)11(91.7

%)5(100

%)9(100%)

144(87.3%)

No 3(5.7%) 2(4.9%)15(33.3

%)1(8.3%) 0(0%) 0(0%)

21(12.7%)

Subtotal

53 41 45 12 5 9 165

26112/04/19

Reading EnvironmentReading EnvironmentReading environments involve screen-based reading,

print reading and the mixed methods mentioned above. Most respondents read on the screen more then read in

print.

CollegeSocial

Science(%)

Business(%)

LIS(%)Education

(%)Law(%)

Commni. (%)

Total(%)

Screen-based reading

22(42.3%)

15(36.6%)13(28.9

%)9(75%) 3(60%) 8(88.9%) 70(42.7%)

Print reading

14(26.9%)

16(39%)20(44.4

%)2(16.7%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 52(31.7%)

Mixed methods

16(30.8%)

10(24.4%)12(26.7

%)1(8.3%) 2(40%) 1(11.1%) 42(25.6%)

Subtotal 52 41 45 12 5 9 164

27112/04/19

Reading MethodsReading Methods

Of the four methods of journal reading, 31.9% used repeated reading, 28.8% partial reading, 27% complete reading, and 12.3% collocating reading. Most respondents read articles repeatedly.

Social Science(

%)

Business

(%)LIS(%)

Education(%)

Law(%)

Comm.(%)

Total(%)

Repeated reading

20(39.2%)

12(29.3%)

12(26.7%)

5(41.7%)

0(0%) 3(33.3%)52(31.9

%)Partial reading

17(33.3%)

12(29.3%)

8(17.8%)

5(41.7%)

1(20%)

4(44.4%)47(28.8

%)Complete reading

9(17.6%)12(29.3

%)17(37.8

%)2(16.7%

)2(40%

)2(22.2%)

44(27%)

Collocating reading

5(9.8%)5(12.2%

)8(17.8%

)0(0%)

2(40%)

0(0%)20(12.3

%)Subtotal 51 41 45 12 5 9 163 28112/04/19

Reading StrategiesReading StrategiesMore than half of respondents selected partial in-depth

reading, followed by in-depth reading. Respondents from the College of Business, College of

Law, and College of Communicate were least likely to choose in-depth reading.

Social Science(

%)

Business (%)

LIS(%)Educatio

n(%)

Law(%)Comm.

(%)

Total(%)

Partial in-depth reading

21(41.2%)

29(70.7%)

27(60%)8(72.7%

)5(100%)

7(87.5%)

97(60.2%)

In-depth reading

18(35.3%)

5(12.2%)

15(33.3%)

2(18.2%)

0(0%) 0(0%)40(24.8

%)

Skimming

9(17.6%)6(14.6%

)2(4.4%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%)

17(10.6%)

Browsing

3(5.9%) 1(2.4%) 1(2.2%) 1(9.1%) 0(0%)1(12.5%

)7(4.3%)

Subtotal

51 41 45 11 5 8 161

29112/04/19

Reading ProcedureReading ProcedureParticipants read electronic articles in order, including

sequential reading, jump reading, and jump reading followed by sequential reading.

Most of respondents first jump read and then read sequentially.

Social Science

(%)

Business (%)

LIS(%)Education(%)

Law(%)Comm.

(%)

Total(%)

First jump then sequential reading

25(49%)

14(34.1%)

17(37.8%)

2(16.7%)

2(40%)5(55.6

%)75(46%)

Sequential reading

20(39.2%)

14(34.1%)

17(37.8%)

2(16.7%)

2(40%)5(55.6

%)60(36.8

%)Jump reading

6(11.8%)

8(19.5%)

8(17.8%)

4(33.3%)

1(20%)1(11.1

%)28(17.2

%)Total 51 41 45 12 5 9 163 30112/04/19

Satisfaction After ReadingSatisfaction After Reading 90% of the social scientists surveyed reported feeling

satisfied with reading e-journal articles. Social science scholars believe that electronic journals reading to help research

Social Scienc

e(%)

Business(%)

LIS(%)Education

(%)Law(%)

Comm.(%)

Total(%)

Very satisfied

9(18%) 9(22%) 8(18.2%) 3(25%) 2(40%) 1(11.1%)32(19.9%

)

Satisfied35(70

%)30(73.2%

)31(70.5%

)7(58.3%) 3(60%) 8(88.9%)

114(70.8%)

No opinion

5(10%) 1(2.4%) 5(11.4%) 2(16.7%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 13(8.1%)

dissatisfied

1(2%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(0.6%)

Very dissatisfied

0(0%) 1(2.4%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(0.6%)

subtotal 50 41 44 12 5 9 16131112/04/19

AAnnotating and nnotating and HHighlightingighlighting86.9%of scholars take notes or highlighting, 56.3%

marked on printed article, followed by 25.6% who took handwritten notes.

.

Social Science(

%)

Commerce(%)

LIS(%)Education(

%)Law(%

)Comm.

(%)

Total(%)

Marking the printed article 27(54%)

21(52.5%)

32(72.7%)

5(41.7%)2(40%

)3(33.3%

)90(56.3%

)Taking handwritten notes on printed articles

17(34%) 12(30%) 9(20.5%) 0(0%)2(40%

)1(11.1%

)41(25.6%

)

Marking the e-journal article 16(32%) 8(20%) 7(15.9%) 2(16.7%)

1(20%)

5(55.6%)

39(24.4%)

Taking notes on e-journal articles

14(28%) 8(20%) 7(15.9%) 3(25%)3(60%

)1(11.1%

)36(22.5%

)

No annotation 6(12%) 6(15%) 5(11.4%) 2(16.7%)1(20%

)1(11.1%

)21(13.1%

)Other 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 0(0%)

32112/04/19

Personal Information ManagementPersonal Information Management 85% of the scholars engaged in personal information

management behaviors. LIS scholars, law school scholars, doctoral students were more likely to download the paper or managing by computer.

Social Science(%

)

Commerce(%)

LIS(%)Education

(%)Law(%)

Comm. (%)

Total(%)

Downloading articles without managing them

21(42.9%)17(41.5

%)18(40.9%) 5(41.7%) 2(40%)

5(55.6%)

68(42.5%)

Download and manage articles on the computer

20(40.8%)17(41.5

%)22(50%) 3(25%) 2(49%)

3(33.3%)

67(41.9%)

No downloading and managing of articles

8(16.3%)7(17.1%

)4(9.1%) 4(33.3%) 1(20%)

1(11.1%)

25(15.6%)

Subtotal 49 41 44 12 5 9 16033112/04/19

Conclusions(cont’d)Conclusions(cont’d)Four types of e-journal reading behavior of social scientists

in Taiwan are shown in the study, including screen-based reading, screen-based collocating reading, screen-based partial reading, screen browsing and print reading.

Most respondents agreed that e-journals are very important, none of them think they are unimportant, and the proportion using them was over 90%. E-journals are the most common way for social scientists to read journal articles.

The respondents read an average of 14.47 articles per month, and 173.64 articles per year

The average spent time reading an article of social scientists in Taiwan was 88.55 minutes, and 256 hours per year.

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ConclusionsConclusions Social science scholars prefer to read a lengthy e-journal

article published in English for nearly six years, except the Law School scholars, they prefer reading Chinese journals.

Social science scholars read e- journal articles mostly from the Library by database searching.

Social science scholars like screen browsing before reading e-journal , e-journal article screen reading more than print article reading

Social science scholars read e-journals articles with various reading methods and reading strategies

Most of Social science scholars were satisfied with the e-journals article reading and took notes , highlighted and managed by computer.

35112/04/19

Conclusions(cont’d)Conclusions(cont’d)There are differences in the electronic

journal reading behavior s in accordance with Scholars different backgrounds.

Some factors affect the reading behavior and satisfaction of e-journals , including paper length and language of electronic journal , reading methods and strategies of scholars.

112/04/19 36

Future ResearchFuture ResearchThe future ongoing researches will focus

on the point of view of cultural differences. Further investigation of the electronic

journal reading of social science scholars in mainland China and the United States , besides, e-books reading and use behavior will be carried out, in the hope that the new discovery in the digital reading behavior

112/04/19 37