Journal Prompt: “Amendment”. The Reformers Part I The Movement to Improve the World.
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Transcript of Journal Prompt: “Amendment”. The Reformers Part I The Movement to Improve the World.
Journal
Prompt: “Amendment”
The Reformers Part IThe Movement to Improve the World
The Second Great Awakening
Defined: The religious movement of the early 1800s including revivals
and missionary ideals.
“Humanism”
Also part of the cultural driving force, but “humanism” has too many meanings today.
Just remember, the Reformers fit within a larger movement geared towards the improvement or even perfection of the human condition.
Three Areas of Interest
Education
Abolition
Women’s Rights
EDUCATIONNew School for the U.S.A.
Education
Early 1800s- Only New England provided free elementary education.
Horace Mann- Head of Massachusetts Board of Education in 1837
Lengthened the school year, improved curriculum, doubled teacher salaries, developed new ways to train teachers.
1839- First state supported “normal school”
THANKS HORACE!
By 1850s
Three Principles are generally accepted1) School should be free (supported by taxes)
2) Teachers should be trained
3) Compulsory attendance (required)
Higher Education
More colleges and universities
Oberlin College of Ohio -1833First to admit women and African-Americans
Mount Holyoke- 1837First permanent Women’s College
Ashmun Institute (later Lincoln University) 1854
First African-American college
New Types of Schools
Hartford School for the Deaf- 1817
Perkins Institute- School for the Blind
Hartford
ABOLITIONISTSThose who spoke against the “peculiar institution”
Early Efforts
Constitutional Convention of 1787No abolition, but ended the slave trade in 1808
Gradual abolition in the North
New Jersey- Last Northern state to abolish slavery (officially) in 1804. Final thirteen slaves freed by the 13th Amendment in 1865.
American Colonization Society
Founded by group of Virginians in 1816
Sought to emancipate and relocate African-Americans
To Africa
1822- First African-Americans arrive in Liberia
Proble
ms?
The Cause Changes
By 1830s, Gradual emancipation is no longer reasonable.
More people enlist in the cause to end slavery.White men, women, and African-Americans
Frederick Douglass edited the North Star
Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad
New Reformers Included
Opposition in the North
Many Northerners saw abolition as a:Threat to social order.
Threat to northern economy.
Threat to national peace.
Opposition could turn violentElijah Lovejoy’s print shop was wrecked four times.
The fourth time, opposition forces set fire to his shop.
Lovejoy was shot.
Opposition in the South
Defense of slavery:Essential to Southern economy and culture
“Good for slaves” (compared to “wage slavery”)
“Providence has placed [the slave] in our hands for his own good”