Journal of Ornamental Plants - Webs2... · 68 Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2:...

Delaying of Postharvest Senescence of Lisianthus Cut Flowers by Salicylic Acid Treatment...67-74

Davoud Ataii, Roohangiz Naderi and Azizollah Khandan-Mirkohi

Effect of Agar and Different Culture Media on the Micropropagation of Rosa hybridacv.’Black Baccara’...................................................................................................................75-81

Mina Bayanati, Dariush Davoodi and Maryam Jafarkhani Kermani

The Effect of Pollination Time and Gibberellic Acid (GA3) on the Production and Seed

Germination of Phalaenopsis Orchids....................................................................................83-89

Hassan Kia Heirati, Rasoul Onsinejad and Fattaneh Yari

Effect of Magnetic Field on Seed Germination and Early Growth of Calendula officinalis L. ..91-96

Hosein Salehi Arjmand and Saeed Sharafi

Study on Interaction Effects of Mechanical and Geranium Essential Oil Treatments on Vase

Life of Cut Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum L.)..........................................97-103

Shahla Dashtbany and Davood Hashemabadi

Effect of Different Preservatives on Vase Life of Tuberose.................................................105-113

Afroz Naznin, M. Mofazzal Hossain, Kabita Anju-Man Ara, Md. MazadulIslam and Nadira Mokarroma

Enhancement of Growth Performances of Ophiopogon japonicas Ornamental Foliage Plant...115-121

S.M.K.H. Wijayabandara, J.W. Damunupola, S.A. Krishnarajah, W.A.M. Daundasekera and D.S.A.

Wijesundara

The Impact of Drought Stress of the Cultivation Medium on the Growth and Postharvest Life of

Lilium and Chlorophyll in Different Potassium Concentrations of Nutrient Solution.......123-130

A. Mohammadi Torkashvand and T. Toofighi Alikhani

Volume 5, Number 2

June 2015

Journal of Ornamental Plants

Scientific-Research


It is approved publication of Journal of Ornamental Plants (based on approbation of 61st session

of "Survey and Confirmation Commission for Scientific Journals" at Islamic Azad University dated

on 01/25/2010.

Publisher: Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.

Executive Director: Dr. Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand

Editor-in-Chief: Professor Roohangiz Naderi

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Editorial Board:

Professor Ramin, A., Isfahan University of Technology, Iran

Professor Abdollah Hatamzadeh, University of Guilan, Iran

Professor Honarnejad, R., Islamic Azad University-Varamin Branch, Iran

Associate Professor Shahram Sedaghathoor, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran

Dr. Davood Hashemabadi, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran

Associate Professor Moazzam Hassanpour Asil, University of Guilan, Iran

Assistant Professor Behzad Kaviani, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran

Professor Nagar, P.K., Institute of Himalayan Bio-Resource Technology, India

Professor Salah El Deen, M.M., Al Azhr University, Egypt

Assistant Editor: Zahra Bagheramiri

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Delaying of Postharvest Senescence of Lisianthus Cut Flowers by Salicylic Acid Treatment......67-74Davoud Ataii, Roohangiz Naderi and Azizollah Khandan-Mirkohi

Effect of Agar and Different Culture Media on the Micropropagation of Rosa hybrida cv.’Black

Baccara’......................................................................................................................................75-81Mina Bayanati, Dariush Davoodi and Maryam Jafarkhani Kermani

The Effect of Pollination Time and Gibberellic Acid (GA3) on the Production and Seed Germination

of Phalaenopsis Orchids.................................................................................................................83-89Hassan Kia Heirati, Rasoul Onsinejad and Fattaneh Yari

Effect of Magnetic Field on Seed Germination and Early Growth of Calendula officinalis L. .............91-96Hosein Salehi Arjmand and Saeed Sharafi

Study on Interaction Effects of Mechanical and Geranium Essential Oil Treatments on Vase Life of

Cut Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum L.)..............................................................97-103Shahla Dashtbany and Davood Hashemabadi

Effect of Different Preservatives on Vase Life of Tuberose.......................................................105-113Afroz Naznin, M. Mofazzal Hossain, Kabita Anju-Man Ara, Md. MazadulIslam and Nadira Mokarroma

Enhancement of Growth Performances of Ophiopogon japonicas Ornamental Foliage Plant...115-121

S.M.K.H. Wijayabandara, J.W. Damunupola, S.A. Krishnarajah, W.A.M. Daundasekera and D.S.A. Wijesundara

The Impact of Drought Stress of the Cultivation Medium on the Growth and Postharvest Life of Liliumand Chlorophyll in Different Potassium Concentrations of Nutrient Solution...........................123-130A. Mohammadi Torkashvand and T. Toofighi Alikhani

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Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 67-74, June, 2015 67

Delaying of Postharvest Senescence of Lisianthus Cut

Flowers by Salicylic Acid Treatment

Davoud Ataii *, Roohangiz Naderi and Azizollah Khandan-Mirkohi

Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources,

University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

*Corresponding author,s email: [email protected]

Abstract

Salicylic acid (SA) is considered to be plant signal molecule thatplays a key role in plant growth, development, and defense responses. Thephysiological mechanism of exogenous SA to affect the senescence of cutlisianthus flowers during vase life was investigated. Fresh cut lisianthusflowers were treated with distilled water (control), 0.5, 1 and 2 mM SA andthen held at 25 ◦C up to 12 days. Exogenous SA supply at 1 mM extendedvase life, which was associated with reduced electrolyte leakage and MDAcontent. SA treatment also reduced activity of lipoxygenase (LOX), whichis responsible for membrane lipid peroxidation. SA treatment also enhancedactivities of catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and decreasedH2O2 accumulation during vase life. Thus, exogenous SA supply couldmaintain membrane integrity by increasing antioxidant system activity,thereby retarding the senescence of cut lisianthus flower during vase life.

Keywords: Antioxidant enzyme, Lipoxygenase, Lisianthus, Salicylic acid, Vase life.

Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 67-74, June, 201568

INTRODUCTION

Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) is becoming one of the most highly ranked cut flowers

in international markets, due to its rose-like flower shapes and beautiful colors (Bahrami et al.,2013). Vase life as a commercial attribute determines the flexibility of the market at any one time,

particularly for cut flowers. The short vase life of cut flowers is related to physiochemical processes

which affect senescence. These attributes are highly influenced by water loss and wilting during

transportation. Water deficit and consequent precocious senescence result in poor quality of cut

flowers and loss of markets, and there are many reports on these effects (Ezhilmathi et al., 2007).

Maintaining the quality of cut flowers is one of the main challenges of florists in the flower trade

worldwide. In floriculture, delaying the onset of senescence in order to prolong the vase life of cut

flowers is the focus of many researchers (Hassan and Ali, 2014).

Membrane deterioration is an early and characteristic feature of petal irreversible senes-

cence of cut flowers. Increased lipid peroxidation, mediated and sustained by phospholipid-de-

grading enzymes, such as phospholipase D (PLD) and lipoxygenase (LOX), results in a loss of

membrane integrity, which has been noted in the senescing petal tissues (Brown et al., 1990). It

has been observed that flower senescence is accompanied with increased permeability of petal

cells and increased ROS production (Reezi et al., 2009). Accumulation of harmful ROS such as

superoxide (O2.-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (OH) lead to the oxidation of

the cells vital molecules such as loss of membrane integration via lipid peroxidation, protein ox-

idation, enzymatic activity inhibition, and, finally, damage to DNA and RNA and dictates, ulti-

mately, oxidative stress. In plant cells, ROS accumulation may be due to the inescapable leakage

of electrons onto O2 from the electron transport chain in chloroplasts and mitochondria and/or

by the activation of LOX or NADPH oxidases located in cell membranes (Aghdam and Bodbo-

dak, 2014). Cellular antioxidants are an important buffer against free radical-induced oxidations

(Smith et al., 1989). For the survival of plants, appropriate functioning of the antioxidant system

is important to maintain a balance between ROS production and scavenging. Several enzymes

such as catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) are involved in the scavenging of ROS

in plant systems (Scebba et al., 1999).

Postharvest treatments have been used to increase cut flowers vase life by regulating water

balance, distribution of assimilates, delaying senescence and blocking microbial agents. However,

use of nontoxic, easy to use and inexpensive molecules is always crucial in this respect for large-

scale applications. Salicylic acid (SA) has been considered a new potential alternative for this pur-

pose and has been found to affect physiological and biochemical functions in plants (Asghari and

Aghdam, 2010). In addition, a potential role of SA in response to stresses and gene expression

during senescence has been demonstrated (Morris et al., 2000). Recently, it has been found that

SA delayed gladiolus and rose cut flower senescence (Ezhilmathi et al., 2007; Alaey et al., 2011).

Alaey et al. (2011) suggested that the SA is able to increase the vase life of cut rose flowers and

delay senescence by regulating the plant water and increasing the scavenging capacity of cells. In

the present study, we investigated the effects of pulse treatment with SA on the vase life of cut

lisianthus flowers, as well as physiological and biochemical changes during its petal senescence.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Flowers and treatments

Cut flowers of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) ‘Miarichi Grand White’ were obtained

from a commercial greenhouse and were re-cut under tap water to have uniform length of 30 cm.

Flowers were then placed in a preservative solution containing distilled water (control), 0.5, 1 and

2 mM SA. All treatments were kept at 25 ± 1°C under a 16:8 h light/dark cycle and 60 ± 5% RH

for 24 hours. Subsequently, flowers were transferred to flasks containing only 200 ml-1 distilled

water. The end of vase life was evaluated as the time which 50% of the open flowers had wilted

(Cho et al., 2001).


Membrane integrity evaluation

Membrane permeability, expressed by relative electrolyte leakage rate, was measured by

the method of Jiang and Chen (1995). Thirty petal discs were immersed in 20 mL of 0.3 M mannitol

solution at 25 °C, followed by shaking for 30 min. Electrolyte leakage was determined with a con-

ductivity meter. Total electrolyte leakage was determined after boiling the samples for 10 min. and

cooling to 25 °C. Relative electrolyte leakage rate was expressed as a percentage of total electrolyte

leakage. MDA content was measured according to the method of Heath and Parker (1968). Frozen

petal tissues (1 g) from 10 flowers were ground finely in liquid nitrogen, then homogenized in 15

mL of 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and finally centrifuged at 5000 × g for 10 min. The super-

natant phase was then collected. MDA content was determined by adding 5 mL of 0.5% thiobar-

bituric acid (dissolved in 10% TCA) to 0.5 mL supernatant. The solution was heated at 95 ◦C for

20 min, quickly cooled, and centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 10 min to clarify precipitation. Ab-

sorbance at 532 nm was measured and subtracted from the non-specific absorbance at 600 nm.

The concentration of MDA was calculated with an extinction coefficient of 1.55 n mol L-1m-1.

MDA content was expressed as n mol g-1 fresh weight (FW).

According to method of Doderer et al. (1992), for analysis of LOX activity, frozen petal

tissues (1 g) from 10 flowers were ground finely in liquid nitrogen and then homogenized in 15

mL of 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). After centrifugation at 10,000 × g and 4 ◦C for 20 min,

the supernatant was collected and then used as the crude enzyme extract. LOX activity was assayed

at 25 ◦C by monitoring the formation of conjugated dienes from linoleic acid at 234 nm according

to the method of Axelrod et al. (1981). The reaction mixture (3 mL) contained 2.8 mL of 50 mM

sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 0.1 mL of 10 mM sodium linoleic acid solution and 0.1 mL of

the crude enzyme solution. One unit of LOX activity was defined as a change of 0.01 in absorbance

per minute at 25 ◦C. The specific LOX activity was expressed as U mg-1 protein.

Antioxidant system activity evaluation

Frozen petal tissues (2 g) from 10 flowers were ground finely in liquid nitrogen and then

homogenized in 15 mL of 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 1% (w/v) PVP.

The homogenate was centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 15 min at 4 ◦C and then the supernatant was

used to determine activities of CAT and APX. CAT activity was assayed by measuring the disap-

pearance of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) according to the method of Oracz et al. (2009). The assay

mixture (3 mL) contained 2.95 mL of 44.25 M H2O2 in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and 0.05

mL of enzyme extract. CAT activity was calculated by a decrease in absorbance at 240 nm for 3

min at 25 ◦C. One unit of CAT activity was defined as the amount of the enzyme that caused a

change of 0.001 in absorbance per minute and the specific activity was expressed as U mg-1 protein.

APX activity was determined by the method of Nakano and Asada (1981). The reaction mixture

(3 mL) consisted of 1.5 M ascorbic acid, 0.3 M EDTA and 0.3 M H2O2 solution in 50 mM phos-

phate buffer (pH 7.0) and 0.1 mL of enzyme extract. Ascorbate concentration was followed by the

decrease in absorbance at 290 nm (extinction coefficient 2.8 mM cm-1). One unit of APX activity

was defined as 1 M ascorbate oxidized per minute at 290 nm and the specific activity was expressed

as U mg-1 protein. The protein concentration of petal extracts was estimated using the method of

Bradford (1976) by BSA as standard. The H2O2 content measured according to Patterson et al.(1984). Frozen petal tissues (1 g) from 10 flowers were homogenized with 10 ml of acetone at

0 °C. After centrifugation for 15 min at 6000 × g at 4 °C, the supernatant was collected. The su-

pernatant (1 ml) was mixed with 0.1 ml of 5% titanium sulphate and 0.2 ml ammonia, and then

centrifuged for 10 min at 6000 × g and 4 °C. The pellets were dissolved in 3 ml of 10% (v/v)

H2SO4 and centrifuged for 10 min at 5000 × g. Absorbance of the supernatant phase was measured

at 410 nm. H2O2 content was calculated using H2O2 as a standard and then expressed as µmol g-1

fresh weight (FW).

For physiological parameters, results were expressed as mean ± SE from 3 replications.


Statistical significance between mean values was assessed using one way analysis of variance with

SAS (Version 9.1) statistical software. Means were compared using the LSD test.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Vase life

As shown in Fig. 1, treatment with postharvest SA at 1 mM resulted in a higher lisianthus

cut flowers vase life (P<0.01). Based on these results, 1 mM SA for postharvest treatment was

chosen for further analyses.

Salicylic acid treatment and membrane integrity

Electrolyte leakage of the lisianthus cut flowers increased during vase life (Table 1). The

electrolyte leakage of lisianthus cut flowers treated with 1 mM SA at postharvest stage remained

lower than that in untreated control flowers (P<0.01; Table 1). As well, during vase life, the MDA

content in the lisianthus cut flowers increased (Table 1). Compared to the controls, a lower content

of MDA was found in the lisianthus cut flowers treated with postharvest 1 mM SA (P<0.01; Table

1). There was a significant increase in the activity of LOX in lisianthus cut flowers during vase

life (Table 1). The treatment with SA caused reduction in LOX activity in comparison to the control

for the whole 12 days of vase life (P<0.01; Table 1).

Electrolyte leakage is an effective parameter to assess membrane permeability and therefore

is used as an indicator of membrane integrity. In addition, lipid peroxidation, responsible for loss

Fig.1. Effects of salicylic acid treatment at 0.05, 1 and 2 mM

on vase life of lisianthus cut flowers.

Time (day) Treatmenta Membrane integrity

SA (mM) EL (%) MDA (n mol g−1 FW) LOX (U mg−1 protein)

3

6

9

12

Significant

Treatment

Time

T × T

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

df

1

3

3

18.55 ± 1.231 c

19.62 ± 1.186 c

22.15 ± 0.342 b

19.94 ± 0.935 c

26.48 ± 0.472 ab

20.37 ± 0.337 c

37.43 ± 1.652 a

22.44 ± 1.286 b

**

**

*

2.125 ± 0.751 d

1.432 ± 0.477 e

3.172 ± 0.282 c

2.052 ± 0.154 e

5.353 ± 0.354 b

3.752 ± 0.753 c

7.785 ± 0.425 a

5.423 ± 0.236 b

**

**

*

0.908 ± 1.531 d

0.686 ± 1.486 e

1.876 ± 0.382 c

0.758 ± 0.935 e

2.650 ± 0.452 b

1.131 ± 0.317 c

3.589 ± 1.128 a

2.149 ± 1.682 b

**

*

*

Table 1. Effect of postharvest salicylic acid treatment at 1 mM on electrolyte leakage,

MDA content and LOX enzyme activity of lisianthus cut flowers for 12 days.

Mean separation by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at P = 0.05. The same letters within a column are

not significantly different. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ns: not significant


of cell membrane integrity, could be evaluated by the content of malonyldialdehyde (MDA; Agh-

dam and Bodbodak (2014). Lipid peroxidation could be carried out by enzymatic oxidation of

unSFA by LOX or by non-enzymatic oxidation by ROS. MDA is the end product of the peroxida-

tion of membrane fatty acids. The quantity of MDA is used as a marker of oxidative stress and a

rise of MDA indicates damage of cell membrane integrity. The main result of both events is the

loss of the biomembrane functionality (Sevillano et al., 2009). Hassan and Ali (2014) reported that

the 1-MCP or SA treatments significantly prolonged the vase life and minimized the weight loss

of gladiolus spikes compared with the control. Both treatments enhanced the relative water content

(RWC) of leaves and maintained chlorophyll content compared with the control values, which

were decreased. Ethylene production, proline accumulation and MDA content were increased in

florets of untreated spikes. 1-MCP or SA reduced ethylene production, decreased both proline con-

tent and MDA level and hence maintained membrane stability. The increment in MDA has been

described as a biomarker of lipid peroxidation (Bailly et al., 1996) and thus decreased its level in

lisianthus cut flowers treated with SA indicates reduced lipid peroxidation. Reduced lipid peroxi-

dation participates to decreased electrolyte leakage in response to SA treatment. Such effect of SA

as lipid peroxidation reduction and maintained cell stability was previously reported by Ezhilmathi

et al. (2007) and Hatamzadeh et al. (2012). Reduced lipid peroxidation and retained membrane

stability have been demonstrated to be inversely proportional with flower senescence in gladiolus

(Hatamzadeh et al., 2012).

Mansouri (2012) reported that the SA at 0.1 and 1.0 mM and nitric oxide at 0.1 mM in-

creased vase life and decreased fresh weight loss of chrysanthemum flowers. Anthocyanin content

increased in chrysanthemum flowers treated with 1 mM SA and nitric oxide. The electrolyte leak-

age associated with MDA accumulation reduced in chrysanthemum flowers treated with SA and

nitric oxide treatments. Reducing sugar contents increased with SA treatment. Postharvest SA and

nitric oxide application at low concentration prolonged vase life of cut chrysanthemums by im-

proving the membrane stability and decreasing the lipid peroxidation. Mansouri (2012) suggested

that the extended vase life in SA treated chrysanthemums is associated with decreased fresh weight

loss, improved membrane permeability and decreased lipid peroxidation. According to our results,

SA might extend vase life through improving membrane permeability and decreasing of lipid per-

oxidation. Since lipid peroxidation is mediated by ROS (Kellogg, 1975), therefore SA may either

be directly scavenging ROS and thus decreasing lipid peroxidation, or it may be modulating the

activity of antioxidant enzymes. Senescing plant tissue also experiences an increase in LOX ac-

tivity, which also promotes the process of membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation

(Lynch and Thompson, 1984). Similar to lipid peroxidation (MDA content), SA caused a decrease

in LOX activity during vase life (Table 1). An increase in LOX activity has been correlated with

an increase in cell membrane permeability and senescence in daylily and rose (Panavas and Ru-

binstein, 1998; Fukuchi-Mizutani et al., 2000).

Salicylic acid treatment and antioxidant system activity

As shown in Table 2, lisianthus cut flowers treated with SA showed higher activities of

CAT and APX associated with lower H2O2 accumulation during vase life (P<0.01; Table 1). Hassan

and Ali (2014) reported that the 1-MCP or SA treatments significantly prolonged the vase life and

minimized the weight loss of gladiolus spikes compared with the control. An increase in floret an-

tioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, SOD and POX) was observed in 1-MCP or SA treated spikes

compared with the control. The effects of 1-MCP or SA on floret senescence seemed not entirely

limited due to their effects on ethylene, but they most likely had a sustainable impact on the mem-

brane integrity. Hassan and Ali (2014) reported that the 1-MCP or SA treatments alleviated the

oxidative stress in cut flowers during postharvest senescence. The role of SA treatment in scav-

enging the ROS and preventing flower senescence is previously indicated (Ezhilmathi et al., 2007;


Hatamzadeh et al., 2012). The activities of antioxidant enzymes are considered as a response

against oxidative stress (Zhou et al., 2014). SA treatments enhanced the production of antioxidant

enzymes which scavenge the ROS, as indicated by the decreased level of MDA (Table 1 and 2).

Cellular membranes are highly prone to ROS such as H2O2 attack, and it is reasonable to

propose that progressive decline in membrane stability assayed by MDA content is probably the

consequence of enhanced ROS attack under decreasing antioxidant activity such as CAT and APX

enzymes activity during vase life (Table 2). Senescence of flowers has been delayed by the use of

commercial ROS scavengers, such as SA (Alaey et al., 2011). In the present study, the decline in

membrane integrity of lisianthus cut flowers was alleviated by treatment with SA, which was as-

sociated with an increase in CAT and APX activity in treated flower. It is therefore reasonable to

propose that SA has a role in the induction of antioxidant enzymes and/or might also be acting as

a scavenger of ROS, thus maintaining membrane integrity for extended period. Ezhilmathi et al.(2007) reported that petal wilting in Gladiolus is associated with ROS induced lipid peroxidation,

enhanced LOX activity, and decrease in ROS scavenging system in the form of SOD and CAT.

Also, Ezhilmathi et al. (2007) reported that the Gladiolus cut flowers treated with 5-sulfosalicylic

acid (5-SSA) exhibited significantly higher water uptake, vase life, number of opened florets and

lower number of unopened florets. Gladiolus cut flowers treated with 5-SSA also exhibited lower

respiration rates, lipid peroxidation and LOX activity, and higher membrane stability, soluble pro-

tein concentration, and activity of SOD and CAT. Results suggested that 5-SSA increased vase life

by increasing the ROS scavenging activity of the gladiolus cut flowers. Promyou et al. (2012)

reported that postharvest treatment with salicylic acid (2 mM for 15 min) alleviated CI in

anthurium cut flower, an effect associated with decreasing electrolyte leakage, MDA content

and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, and increasing catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase

(SOD) activities, which led to a decreasing of spathe browning and fresh weight loss, two

detrimental effects of CI on this ornamental. Alaey et al. (2011) reported that the SA treated

cut rose flower showed higher water uptake, relative fresh weight, and CAT activity. SA retarded

the decrease of CAT activity during flowers senescence. Alaey et al. (2011) suggested that the

postharvest SA application prolonged vase life in cut rose flowers by improving the ROS scav-

enging capacity related to CAT activity and by better regulation of the water balance.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the study was an attempt to investigate the potential roles of SA in delaying

the senescence of cut lisianthus flowers. SA was able to prolong the vase life and delay flower

Time (day) Treatmenta Antioxidant system activity

SA (mM) CAT (U mg−1 protein) APX (U mg−1 protein) H2O2 (µ mol g−1 FW)

3

6

9

12

Significant

Time

Treatment

T × T

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

df

3

1

3

0.921 ± 0.151 a

1.242 ± 0.180 a

0.865 ± 0.381 b

0.882 ± 0.482 c

0.785 ± 0.175 c

0.821 ± 0.645 cd

0.687 ± 0.156 d

0.985 ± 0.613 c

**

**

*

2.43 ± 0.234 a

2.82 ± 0.193 a

1.36 ± 0.564 b

2.21 ± 0.342 ab

1.22 ± 0.457 c

1.88 ± 0.367 b

0.88 ± 0.456 d

1.34 ± 0.269 c

**

**

**

59.44 ± 7.235 a

49.26 ± 2.460 a

65.46 ± 3.875 b

51.87 ± 5.539 a

70.63 ± 7.789 c

56.79 ± 4.124 a

92.66 ± 5.724 d

78.76 ± 6.533 c

*

**

*

Table 2. Effect of postharvest salicylic acid treatment at 1 mM on antioxidant enzymes CAT

and APX activity and H2O2 accumulation of lisianthus cut flowers for 12 days.

Mean separation by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at P = 0.05. The same letters within a column are not

significantly different. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ns: not significant


senescence by maintaining membrane integrity, which was result from decreasing LOX enzyme

activity as responsible for membrane lipid peroxidation and increasing the antioxidant enzymes

CAT and APX activities, which was led to diminishing H2O2 accumulation. The effects of SA treat-

ment on retarding flower senescence was due to increased antioxidant enzyme activities and thus

reduced lipid peroxidation and maintained membrane stability, assayed by electrolyte leakage and

MDA content.

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Effect of Agar and Different Culture Media on the

Micropropagation of Rosa hybrida cv.’Black Baccara’

Mina Bayanati 1, Dariush Davoodi 2 and Maryam Jafarkhani Kermani 3

1 Department of Horticultural Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran2 Department of Nanotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 31535-

1897, Karaj, I.R. Iran3 Department of Tissue Culture and Gene Transformation, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute

of Iran, P.O. Box 31535-1897, Karaj, I.R. Iran


Abstract

In vitro propagation of plant has played a very important role in rapidmultiplication of cultivars with desirable traits and production of healthy anddisease-free plants. In the present investigation, the objectives were to optimizethe micropropagation of Rose hybrid ‘Black Baccarat’ cultivar. In proliferationstep, the nodal segments (1.5 cm) was cultured on both liquid and solid media(MS, VS and WPM). The results showed that the highest shoot proliferationwas obtained on VS medium. The highest amount of multiplication and thegrowth rate were obtained in the liquid medium. For rooting, three concentrationsof VS mineral salts (full-, half-, and quarter-strength) containing NAA (0.5µM) were tested in semi-solid and liquid media. Root initiation influenced bymineral concentration in the medium. The investigation showed that thehighest number of roots was observed in semi-solid 1/4 VS medium. Variationin multiplication and growth rate of explants can be explained on the basis ofwater potential and mineral availability to the explants in the liquid medium.

Keywords: Agar, Growth, Media, Multiplication, Rosa hybrida, Tissue culture.

76 Journal of Ornamental Plants, Volume 5, Number 2: 75-81, June, 2015

INTRODUCTION

Roses are the most economically important flowers in the world. There are more than

20,000 commercial cultivars, which are collectively based on only 8 of the approximately 200

wild species in the genus Rosa (Khosravi et al., 2007). In the last few years, in vitro propagation

has revolutionized commercial nursery business (Pierik, 1991). Tissue culture on the other hand

is becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to the conventional plant propagation methods

(Roberts and Schum, 2003). Significant features of in vitro propagation procedure are its enormous

multiplicative capacity in a relatively short span of time; production of healthy and disease- free

plants; and its ability to generate propagules around the year (Kumar et al., 2006). Micropropaga-

tion has five major advantages compared to the conventional methods of plant propagation: (i) it

is an valuable aid in the multiplication of elite clones of intractable/recalcitrant species; (ii) it is

important in terms of multiplying plants throughout the year, with control over most facts of pro-

duction; (iii) it is possible to generate pathogen-free plants even from explants of infected mother

plants; (iv) plant materials such as male sterile, fertility maintainer and restorer lines can be cloned;

and (v) it enables the production of a large number of plants in a short time from a selected number

of genotypes (Jafarkhani Kermani et al., 2011).

Horn (1992) marked a clear effect of genotypes on in vitro propagation in different cultivars

of Floribunda and Hybrid Tea rose. He observed that it was easy to propagate cultivars Kardinal

and Lilli Marleen, whereas it was very difficult to propagate Anthena, Mercedes, Pasadena and

Golden Times.

By using liquid medium, it may be possible to reduce costs to a level lower than solid

medium and liquid medium is better than solid medium in growth. Both the brand and concentra-

tion of agar also affect the chemical and physical characteristics of a culture medium (Debergh,

1983). Agar concentration and agar brand are known greatly influence the growth response of mi-

cropropagated plants (Signha et al., 1985; von Arnold and Eriksson, 1984). The effects of agar

concentration are on the shoot elongation, and leaf and apex necrosis. Shoot elongation was shown

to decrease with increasing agar concentration (von Arnold and Eriksson 1984), leaf mineral de-

ficiency (necrosis of the apex) and their subsequent drying in vitrified plants (Debergh and Maene,

1984).The use of liquid medium for in vitro culture has many advantages and has been the subject

of many studies over many years. It has also frequently been considered an ideal technique for

mass production as it reduces manual labor and facilitates changing the medium composition

(Berthouly and Etienne, 2002). Althorugh many positive results have been founded with liquid

culture, vitrification, physiological disorder of tissue culturesd plants in which tissue, exhibit

translucency, hyperhydric transformation, water loggying or glassiness, has been reported for many

crops cultured directly in liquid media (Chu et al., 1993). It is well known that agar as a solidifying

agent can have an effect on the growth and development of in vitro cultures (Pierik et al.,1997).Water relation and growth of plant in vitro are assumed to be closely related to the water

status of the culture medium. However, only a few studies have concerned water status of plant

in vitro. The objective of the study was to investigate the best media for micropropagation of Rosahybrid cv. ‘Black Baccara’ in vitro condition.


Plant material and general procedures

Nodal segments (1-1.5 cm) were taken from the stems of ‘Black Baccara’ plants in the rose

garden of the Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII). They were washed

thoroughly with running tap water for 30' and surface sterilized for 30 seconds in 70% (v/v) ethanol,

followed by a 15 min soak in 2.5% (v/v) sodium hypochlorite solution with a few drops of Tween-

20 as a wetting agent, and then rinsed three times with sterile distilled water. MS (Murashige and

Skoog, 1962) basal medium (without hormone) was used for the in vitro of induction of explants

in culture; the pH of the medium was adjusted to 5.8 before adding 8 g/L plant agar. Media were


autoclaved for 15 min at 121°C and 1.2 kPa pressure. Cultures were placed under high pressure

metal halide lamps on a 16/8 hour light/dark cycle in a culture room maintained at 21 ± 1°C.

Shoot proliferation step

Three culture media were employed; MS medium (Murashige and Skoog,1962), VS medium

(van der Salm et al., 1994) and WPM medium (Mc Crown and Lioyd, 1980) macro and micro element

(Duchefa). Axillary shoot of Rosa was cultured on both liquid and gelled (Fig. A). The pH medium

was adjusted to 5.8 before autoclaving medium containing BAP2 µM/l. Multiplication growth rate

were recorded after 21 days for three subsequent subcultures and the averages were calculated.

Rooting stage and acclimatization

Shoots were cultured on shoot elongation medium (VS minerale salts and vitamin without

hormones) for 27 days prior to rooting treatments. For rooting, three concentrations of VS mineral

salts and vitamins (full-, half-, and quarter-strength) containing NAA (0.5 μM) were tested in semi-

solid and liquid media. Each treatment involved 3 repeats with 3 explants. After 21 days, number

of roots and their lengths were recorded and data for different concentrations of VS media (full,

1/2 and 1/4) and state of media (semi-sold and liquid) were recorded. Plantlets were acclimatized

using a soil mixture consisting of peat moss and sand 1:1 (v/v) and successfully transferred to the

greenhouse after 3 weeks.

Experimental design and statistical analyses

For the proliferation stage experiments were conducted as factorial experiments based on

RCD with 5 replications and each replication included 3 explants in one glass baby food jar per

treatment. Rooting experiment, in vitro conservation and recovery of shoots were carried out in a

factorial based completely random design with 3 observations and 3 replications. In the rooting

stage, the percentage of rooting, number of roots per plantlet and total root length per plantlet were

recorded after four weeks. Analysis of variance was performed and comparisons of means were

conducted using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.

RESULTS

Shoot proliferation

The results showed that there was significant difference between the effect of media type

and vegetative traits of R. hybrid cv. ‘Black Baccara’ in proliferation stage (p<0.05). The lowest

shoot multiplication was observed on WPM medium while the highest shoots were formed on VS

medium and maximum number of leaves per explants (11.07) was production on the VS medium

(Table 1). The observation indicates that there were significant differences between solid and liquid

media and best result was achieved for proliferation by liquid medium (Table 2). Maximum number

of shoot per explants (2.66) was produced on the liquid medium. Maximum number of shoot per

explants (3.66) was produced on the VS liquid medium, whereas the maximum shoot length were

obtained on the MS liquid medium (Fig. 1 and 2). The growth rate increased from four weeks and

continued until the sixth week (Fig. 3).

Medium Culture Number of axillary

shoots per explant

Number of new leaves pro-

duced per explant

Shoot length

(cm)

Murashige & Skoog (MS)

Van der Salm (VS)

Woody Plant Medium(WPM)

2.1 b

2.49 a

1.47 c

9.37 b

11.07 a

3.49 c

2 a

2.1 a

1.78 b

Numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly differentns according Duncan Test (P<0.05).

Table 1. Effect of different media on some vegetative traits of R. hybrid cv. ‘Black Baccara’ in proliferation stage.


Root initiation

The average number of roots (4.6) and root length (4.5 cm) were significantly higher in 1/4

strength VS (Table 3). Table 3 compares the effect of semi-solid and liquid media. Statistical analy-

sis indicates that there was a significant difference between the average root length in semi-solid

and liquid media. The highest root length, root number was recorded in ¼ VS medium. The best

results were obtained on VS medium containing 1/2 strength of VS macro- micro- salts and vita-

mins. The rooted plants were not difficult to acclimatization at ±24 °C and relative humidity of

80% during initial stages of development gradually reduced to 40% after 4 weeks of culture and

was transferred to the greenhouse for flowering. Fig. 4 illustrates the morphogenetic responses of

the shoots treated with three (full, 1/2 and1/4) strengths of VS salts and vitamins.

Medium Number of shoot (per explants) Length of shoot (cm)

Solid medium

Liquid medium

1.66 b

2.66 a

1.65 a

1.56 a

Numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly differentns according Duncan Test (P<0.05).

Table 2. Effect of liquid and solid media on shoot number and length.

Fig.1. Effect of the basic medium (MS, VS, WPM) and the solid and liquid media on

number of shoot and height shoot.

Fig. 2. Shoot proliferation; Left) liquid medium, Right) solid medium.

Fig. 3. The growth rate of axillary shoots grown on solid

and liquid media within 6 weeks.


DISSCUSION

Plant tissues from numerous species have performed better when cultured in liquid medium

rather than on an agar medium (Berthouly and Etienne, 2005).Using liquid media in micropropa-

gation processes is considered to be the ideal solution for reducing plantlet production costs and

for considering automation (Debergh, 1983; Aitken-Christie et al., 1995). Indeed, liquid culture

systems provide much more uniform culturing conditions, the media can easily be renewed without

changing the container, sterilization is possible by ultrafiltration and container cleaning after a cul-

ture period is much easier (Berthouly and Etienne, 2005). Agar quality could affect, in principle,

all developmental processes, the regeneration of adventitious shoots and roots being the most sen-

sitive (Ahmadi et al., 2013). Pervios researches have also indicated that availability on cytokinins

different a solid versus liquid medium(Chu et al., 1993). Perhaps, the higher multiplication rate of

‘Black Baccara’ on liquid compared to solid medium (Table 2) in our studies was due to greater

availability of BAP or other compounds in liquid medium.

Decreasing agar concentration increased mineral availability and growth. Banana (Musaspp.) was micropropagated in vitro on agar at various concentrations: 0, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 g l-1 (Amiri

and Arzani, 2006).Growth is related to soluble mineral uptake. Mineral availability to the explants

depends on its solubility and mobility through the gel, both depend on availability of water (free

water). In other words, both solubility and transport of minerals decrease (possibly by precipitation

and fixation in the gel matrix) with decreasing water availability. It can be mentioned that the avail-

ability of water within the system may be adequate for normal growth, but not sufficient for mineral

solubility and mineral transport (water as carrier) (Amiri and Arzani, 2006). Variation in multipli-

cation and growth rate of explants can be explained on the basis of water potential and mineral

availability to the explants in the liquid medium.

For G N9, WPM and QL media were found to have a better effect on shoot proliferation

rate than either MS or MS medium and the possible explanation given for this was the reduced ni-

trogen content in WPM (Arab et al., 2014). Hyndman et al. (1982) succeeded in enhancing root

Concentration Number of roots per explant Root length (cm)

VS

½ VS

¼ VS

Semi solid medium

Liquid

1.5 c

4.2 a

4.6 a

4.9 a

2.7 b

2.8 b

2.9 b

4.5 a

3.9 a

1.8 b

Numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly differentnsaccording Duncan Test (P<0.05).

Table 3. Comparing average percentage of rooting, number of roots produced and root length in

different concentrations of VS (full, ½ and 1/4) salts and vitamins and semi-solid and liquid media.

Means in each column with different letters show significant differences according to Duncan’s

Multiple Range Test (P ≤ 0.05).

Fig.4. Shoot rooted in three strengths of VS

(A: Full, B: 1/2 VS, C:1/4 VS).


number and length of in vitro grown shoots of R. hybrida cv. Improved Blaze by lowering total ni-

trogen concentration of MS salts (6.0 to 7.5 mM) in the culture medium keeping other salt con-

centrations constant.

The average number of roots and root length were significantly higher in 1/4 strength VS

medium which is in accordance with Skirvin et al. (1990) who reported that the reduced salt con-

centration generally increased rooting in MS medium. Kumar et al. (2006) demonstrated that a

decrease in KNO3 and NH4NO3 concentration was the decisive factor for improving the rooting

percentage. Enhanced root initiation and growth in 1/4 strength medium could be attributed to a

more favorable nitrogen concentration availability and thus a higher rate of rhizogenesis than pro-

vided by full VS mineral salts (Khosravi et al., 2007). Rout et al. (1990) also reported that rooting

of micro-shoots was better in solid medium than that in liquid medium too. Senapati and Rout

(2008) reported rooting was readily achieved upon transferring the microshoots onto half-strength

MS medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/l IBA and 2% (w/v) sucrose. Although rose shoots often

proliferate readily in vitro, rooting of those shoots is proved to be more difficult. Kim et al. (2003)

suggested that rooting is affected by genotype; MS medium salts concentration, cold dark treat-

ment, and auxin type. The average number of roots and root length were significantly higher in

1/4 strength VS medium which is in accordance with Skirvin et al. (1990) who reported that the

reduced salt concentration generally increased rooting in MS medium.

CONCLUSION

A micropropagation system for Rosa hybrida cv. ‘Black Baccara’ has been worked out uti-

lizing nodal explants. Our investigation showed that the liquid VS medium with 2 µM/L BAP was

the best for proliferation of Rosa hybrida cv. ‘Black Baccara’ and micropropagated plants were

rooted and established in soil successfully. Also, the VS medium with additive Fe was better than

MS medium in all stages of micropropagation of this plant.

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www.jornamental.com


The Effect of Pollination Time and Gibberellic Acid (GA3)

on the Production and Seed Germination of PhalaenopsisOrchids

Hassan Kia Heirati 1*, Rasoul Onsinejad 2 and Fattaneh Yari 3

1 M.S. Student, Department of Horticulture, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran2 Assistant Professor of Department of Horticulture, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran3 Department of Horticultural Science, Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University, Khozestan,

Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Iran


Abstract

The germination power of orchids (Orchidaceae family) seems to betoo weak due lack of albumen. The study carried out with various treatmentsincluding pollination time and GA3 for breaking dormancy and increasingseed germination of orchids. The effect of pollination time (8 periods fromJanuary to August) and gibberellic acid (0, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg L-1) werestudied on germination of Phalaenopsis orchids. Capsules containing seedswith 2, 4, 8 and 10% hypochlorite sodium were disinfected. In order to growseedlings the culture medium of cocopeat and coal with the ratio of 1:5, andcocopeat, coal, industrial shell, and polystyrene with the ratio of 1:1:2:4 wasused. Results indicated that the most appropriate concentration of sodiumhypochlorite in order to disinfect the capsules was 2%. The best month forpollination of flowers was January. The highest yield from one capsuleobtained 15.3 seedlings in the medium of 1/2 MS containing 1000 mg L-1 gib-berellic acid. The produced seedlings were transferred to greenhouse in orderto hardening. The highest rate of viability was obtained through the mediumof cocopeat, coal, industrial shell, and polystyrene particles.

Keywords: Culture medium, Orchidaceae species, Seed treatment, Viability.


INTRODUCTION

Orchids have 800 types as well as 2500 species within Orchidaceae family and they are

considered as the largest plant families. Orchids have very small seeds as well as defective embryo

and no albumen, hence, requiring symbiosis with fungi for germination in the nature. It should be

noted that seed germination and seedling growth of orchids are very slow. There has been research

conducted in order to stimulate and increase the rate and power of seed germination and seedling

growth of orchids. Stimulation of seed germination and seedling growth within the medium con-

taining growth regulators has been more common.

Mahendran and Narmatha Bai (2012) found the highest rate of germination and seedling

growth of Cymbidium bicolor within a semi-solid MS medium containing 1 mg L-1 BA and 2 mg L-1

2,4-D. Cooling as well as other treatments including seeding with gibberellic acid were applied to

increase the percentage of seeds germination (Najafi et al., 2006). In another study, Sharma and

Tandon (2010) looked into the effect of flower age and capsules as well as banana and potato juice

on the seed germination rate of Dendrobium tosaense within MS medium. It has also been found

that pollination time plays an important role in ovule growth and seed germination (Nadeau et al.,1996).

Hence, the present study aims at determining the most appropriate time of pollination, op-

timized temperature, and different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) for production and seed

germination of Phalaenopsis orchids.


The flowers of Phalaenopsis orchids were prepared from a greenhouse in Chalous, Mazan-

darn, Iran. It should be noted that artificial pollination was done in the greenhouse and seed cap-

sules were provided from there as well. Study treatments include pollination time in 8 levels (from

January to August), GA3 in 4 levels (0, 500, 1000, and 1500 mg L-1) and disinfection method of

seeds in 2 levels (30 seconds in alcohol 70% and 30 seconds in sodium hypochlorite with concen-

tration of 2, 4, 8, and 10%). Artificial pollination and seed germination were conducted within 1/2

MS medium. The study was carried out with 48 treatments with 3 replications. Evaluated characters

of the experiment were capsule production rate for pollinated flowers in different months, seed

germination percentage, seed germination rate, and seedling production yeild.

The experiment was done as factorial arrangement based on RCD. The studied factors in-

clude pollination time, different concentrations of GA3, temperature, and disinfection method. Data

analysis was done SAS software and means compared with DMRT within 5% probability level.


Analysis of variance regarding the effect of pollination time on the rate of seed production

and petals wilting of Phalaenopsis orchids indicated that pollination time significantly affected

seed production and petals wilting (Table 1).

The first successful sign of pollination has been the wilting of petals. As to the treatments,

the interval between pollination and petals wilting has been rather long, in a sense that the longest

interval (17 days) was related to flowers pollinated in February, while the shortest (4 days) belonged

Treatments df Mean Square

Pollination time

Error

cv (%)

7

12

25.31**

0.53

25

**: significant difference at 1% probability level.

Table 1. Analysis of variance regarding the effect of pollination time on the rate petals wilting of

Phalaenopsis orchids.


to pollinated flowers in January (Fig. 1).

Analysis of variance (Table 2) showed that there was a significant relationship (1% prob-

ability) between pollination time and the production of seed capsules of orchid flower. Fig. 2 shows

different means of capsule production among pollination times highlighting the point that the most

capsule production (4.07) among pollination times was found to be in January, while the least one

(0.4) observed in August.

The present study indicated that if pollination carried out in cool months of the year (e.g.

winter), capsule production rate is possibly high, while in spring and summer, in which the weather

seems to be hot, the least production rate of capsules can be seen. There are two external factors

(i.e. high temperature and ethylene) and physiological basis (such as short lifetime of ovule and

pollen grains as well as ovary growth failure) affecting capsule production.

According to the ANOVA, it was found that capsule disinfection treatment significantly

Fig. 1. Effects of time on the petals wilting of Phalaenopsis orchids.

Fig. 2. Effect of pollination time on the production of seed capsules.


Production of seed capsules

Error

cv (%)

6

107

23.43**

0.49

21


Table 2. Analysis of variance regarding the effect of pollination time on the production of seed

capsules of orchid flower. Phalaenopsis orchids.


(1% probability) affected Phalaenopsis orchids (Table 3).

Findings regarding capsule disinfection highlighted that if the concentration of sodium

hypochlorite is lower, pollution rate is high, and to the extent that sodium hypochlorite concentra-

tion is high, pollution is reduced. However, high concentration causes physical harms leading to

making the seeds black and useless. As to the treatments, the best performance was attributed to

alcohol 70% within 30 seconds and 94% percent of cultivated samples were healthy (Fig. 3 and

4), which was in agreement with studies done by Arditi (1993) and Chung et al. (2009) in terms

of disinfecting the capsules of Phalaenopsis amabilis.

Concerning Fig. 4, the treatment containing sodium hypochlorite 2% resulted in 78% health

of the seeds. When the concentration of sodium hypochlorite reached 8%, it was found that despite

the reduction of pollution, 23% of the cultivated samples within the medium of 1/2 MS turned to


Disinfection treatment

Error

cv (%)

3

396

15.85

The sample was contaminated (2.16** The sample Defunct (2.31**)

0.09

19.22


Table 3. Analysis of variance capsule disinfection treatments.

Fig. 3. Compare effects of sodium hypochlorite 2% and ethanol 70%

on disinfect of seed.

Fig. 4. Effects of sodium hypochlorite concentration on disinfect of

seed.


black in the second week and only 66% of the samples were healthy.

Fungal pollutions emerged after 7 days of cultivation, and the samples harmed by disin-

fection process were visible after 9 days. As to the treatment, the highest rate of seed germination

was obtained in February while the lowest rate was found to be in July. Data of seed germination

showed that the best time for capsule pollination is winter because winter seeds of pollinated flow-

ers showed the highest rate of germination. On the other hand, findings also concluded that summer

has been the most inappropriate season for pollination because there were a few produced capsules

as well as the least amount of seed germination (Fig. 5).

The first sign of seed germination was the production of green-colored protocorm. There

were white-colored rhizoids around these protocorms, which were in contact with the medium sur-

face and acted as the root. After many months, true leaves and roots formed and plantlet emerged

completely (Fig. 6). Pierick (1990) found that the required time from seeding to seedling growth

can be estimated as 6 months, although nothing presented with respect to the size of seedlings.

The highest treatment (15.3 seedlings) was obtained within the medium of 1/2 MS contain-

ing 1000 mg L-1 gibberellic acid (Fig. 7). The least number of seedlings was found in the controlled

seeds. The number of active buds in the medium containing GA3 in relation to the controlled seeds

indicated that this growth regulator has the potential to stimulate the buds in order to form the

shoots and germinating the seeds. Kosir et al. (2004) argued that the best yeild was obtained

through 8.53 seedlings for each seed within the commercial medium of Sigma P 6793 containing

2 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA.

ANOVA also indicated that there was a significant relationship (1% probability) on the ef-

fects of seedlings hardening for produced seedling of Phalaenopsis orchids (Table 4).

The best performance was attributed to the plants produced within enriched medium of

1/2 MS containing 1000 mg L-1 gibberellic acid. In order to make the cultivated seedling compatible

with the mentioned medium, the both media were distinguished as appropriate, in the sense that,

Fig. 5. Effect of time on seed germination on medium ½ MS.

Fig. 6. Protocorm and white-colored rhi-

zoids around these protocorms.


after 30 days, 99% (within the culture medium of cocopeat, coal, industrial shells, and polystyrene

particles with the ratio of 1:1:2:4) (1) and 96% (within the culture medium of cocopeat and coal

with the ratio of 1:5) (2) of seedlings were compatible with greenhouse conditions. It should be

noted that these seedlings showed an acceptable compatibility due to having more and longer roots

(Fig. 8).

Literature Cited

Arditi, 1993. Fundamental of orchid biology. Wiley Interscience, New York.

Chung, J.D., Chun, C.K. and Kim, S.S. 2009. Factors affecting growth of rhizome and organogenesis

of Korean native Cymbidium kanran. Journal of the Korean Society of Horticulture Science.

40: 485-488.

Kosir, P., Skof, S. and Luthar, Z. 2004. Direct shoot regeneration from nodes of Phalaenopsis orchids. Acta Agricultural. 83:336-366.

Fig. 7. Effects of different concentration GA3 on seed germination.

Fig. 8. Compatibility of seedlings on two mediums.


Seedlings

Medium

Seedlings* Medium

Error

cv (%)

2

1

2

24

1.48

153.03**

50.7**

0.7 ns

2.03

1.48

**: significant difference at 1% probability level, ns: Not significant.

Table 4. Analysis of variance effects of seedlings compatibility on the flowers of Phalaenopsis orchids.


Mahendran, G. and Narmatha Bai, V. 2012. Direct somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration

from seed derived protocorms of Cymbidium bicolor Lindl. Word Scientific, India.

Nadeau, J. A., Zhang, X. Sh., Li, J. and O’Neill, Sh. 1996. Ovule development: Identification of

stage-specific and tissue-specific cDNAs. The Plant Cell. 8: 213-239.

Najaf., M., Banayan, L., Tabtiz, I. and Rastgo, M. 2006. Seed germination and seed dormancy

breaking techniques for Ferula gummosa and Teucrium polium. Journal of Arid Environments,

Article in press.

Pierik, R. L. M. 1990. In vitro culture of higher plants 1st edn. 325. Madrid. Ediciones Mundi-Prensa.

Sharma, A. and Tandon, P. 2010. In vitro culture of Dendrobium wardianum Warner: morphogenetic

effects of some nitrogenous adjuvants. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. 35: 80- 85.

www.jornamental.com


Effect of Magnetic Field on Seed Germination and Early

Growth of Calendula officinalis L.

Hosein Salehi Arjmand and Saeed Sharafi *

Arak University, Agriculture Faculty, Iran-Arak


Abstract

In order to study on effect of magnetic field on germination characteristicsand early growth of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) seeds an experimentwas carried out in laboratory conditions in Arak University of Iran. Seedswere magnetically exposed to magnetic field strengths, 100 or 200 mT fordifferent periods of time; D1 (control), D2 (1 h), D3 (6 h), D4 (12h), D5 (24 h)and D6 (continuous). Mean germination time (MGT) and the time required toobtain 10, 25, 50, 75 and 90% of seeds to germinate were calculated. The ger-mination time for each treatment were in general, higher than control values,in the other word in treated seeds time required for mean seed germinationtime increased nearly 4 hours in compared non treated control seeds. T10 fordoses D3, D4 and D5 significantly higher than the control values. Meangermination time significantly increased when the time of seed exposed atmagnetic field treatments increased, about 3 and 2 hour, respectively. Accordingto experiment results of seedling dry weight (SLDW), seed resource depletionpercentage (SRDP) and shoot length (STL) showed more decrease withincreasing of the exposure time in the magnetic field.

Keywords: Field intensity, Magnet, Seed resource depletion.


INTRODUCTION

Great development in medicinal plants has occurred in countries due to their high added

value as a consequence of the reappearance of phitotherapy, among other reasons. Marigold (Cal-endula officinalis L.) is one of the ornamental and medicinal plants in green space and drug in-

dustry, which it can grow in unfavorite conditions. In recent years, physical techniques take an

interest not only in the common and valued crop-farming factors, but also in those less expensive

and generally underestimated such as ionizing, laser or ultra violet radiation and electric and mag-

netic field, and therefore, plants mean an attractive model for the study of biological effects of

magnetic fields (Racuciu and Creangia, 2005; Sharafi et al., 2010a).

Studies on wheat (Sharafi et al., 2010 a,b), rice and onion showed that magnetic pre-treat-

ment improved the germination of seedling vigor of low viable seeds (Alexander and Doijode,

1995). Magnetic field pre-treatment had also positive effect on cucumber, such as stimulating

seedling growth and development (Yinan et al., 2005). Also, research study reported that 125 and

250 mT magnetic treatment produces a bio-stimulation on the initial growth stages and increase

the germination rate of several seeds as rice (Carbonell et al., 2000; Flórez et al., 2004), wheat

(Martínez et al., 2002), tomato (De Souza et al., 2005) and barley (Martínez et al., 2000).

Grewal and Maheshwari (2011) investigated on the effects of magnetic treatment of irriga-

tion water on snow pea and Kabuli chickpea seeds emergence, early growth and nutrient contents

under glasshouse conditions. Hozayn and Qados (2010) investigate the application of magnetic

water for wheat crop production. It materializes that the study on utilization of magnetic water can

led to improve quantity and quality of wheat. So, using magnetic water treatment could be a prom-

ising technique for agricultural improvements but extensive research is required on different crops.

External constant magnetic field may exert influence on speed and displacement direction

of polarized particles of the substances. Stimulation of plants with magnetic field, as a way to in-

crease the quantity and quality of yields, has caught the interest of many scientists in the entire

world (Chastokolenko, 1984). The purpose of this study is to synchronize emergence, which leads

to uniform stand and improved yield and also to shorten the time between planting and emergence

and to protect seeds during critical or induced phase of seedling establishment.


Germination tests were carried out at laboratory conditions with marigold (Calendula of-ficinalis L.) seeds in Arak University of Iran. Germination tests were performed according to the

guidelines issued by the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA, 2004). The petri dishes

were placed in incubator at 25oC with 60% relative humidity with 14/10 photoperiod. The data re-

garding germination, days to 50% germination (G50) and mean germination time (MGT) were

recorded up to 20th day of experiment. After 20 days of experiment, the data regarding shoot and

Fig. 1. (left) Magnet and (right) vessel containing distilled

water. Roll of filter paper with seeds and the hollow cylindrical

magnet. N, S: North and South poles of magnet (Fig. from

Sharafi et al., 2010).


root length, shoot and root fresh and dry weights were also recorded. The rate of germination was

assessed by determining the mean germinating time (MGT).

The procedure of study was conducted according to Florez et al., (2007). The magnetic

fields generated by ring magnets with magnetic induction values B1 =100 mT and B2 = 200 mT;

the geometric characteristics are 7.5 cm external diameter, 3 cm internal diameter, 1cm high for

B1 and 1.5 cm high for B2 (Fig. 1). The magnet was placed at the top of the vessel to generate

each magnetic dose, and each roll containing 20 seeds was placed into hole of the magnet. All the

vessels containing rolls with seeds were labeled with numbers and randomly located to carry out

the test. The results were subjected to an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to detect differences be-

tween mean parameters. Means were compared using with LSD test at 5% level of probability to

detect differences between parameters of treated plants and control (Steel and Torrie, 1984).

RESULTS AND DISSCUSION

The variable magnetic field is a very significant factor in influencing the germination

process of marigold grains. It must be remembered, however, that this influence is varied and de-

pends on the power of magnetic field. Both for a weak magnetic field (100 mT) and for a strong

one (200 mT) the effect was very short-lasting and appeared in the initial phase of germination.

The percentage of germinated seeds (Gmx), time required for germination (parameters MGT, T10-

T90) were determined for each treatment, expressed as the means of the 3 replicates and are provided

in Table 1. The germination time for each treatment were in general, higher than corresponding

control values, in the other word in treated seeds time required for mean seed germination time

increased nearly 1 (D2) and 12 (D4) hours in compared non treated control seeds. Thus the rate of

germination of treated seeds was lower than the untreated seeds (Table 1). Results showed that

time required for T10 for doses D1 and D2 for 100 mT, and D1 for 200 mT were 130, 140 and 120

hours respectively, the same or significantly higher than the control values for marigold (Table 1).

As T10 in closely related to the onset of germination, these results indicate no response (for

5 treatments) and the delay of germination (for 3 treatments) of marigold seeds to magnetic field.

Mean germination time (MGT) significantly increased when the time of seed exposed at magnetic

field treatments increased, about 1 and 12 hours respectively, for marigold.

Magnetic field treatments exerted a significant effect on seedling dry weight, weight of mo-

bilized seed reserve, seed reserve utilization rate and seed reserve depletion percentage. According

to experiment results, seedling dry weight (g), weight of mobilized seed reserve (mg seed-1), seed

reserve depletion percentage (%) and seed reserve utilization rate (g g-1) characteristics in marigold

exposure of seed at magnetic field with D3, D5 and D6 caused seed germination significantly re-

duced but germination at D2 and D4 significantly increased (Fig. 2).

B=100mT T10(h) T25(h) T50(h) T75(h) T90(h) MGT (h) Gmx (%)

C

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

B=200mT

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

140cd

130d

155c

150c

170c

230b

270a

T10(h)

120d

140d

142d

205c

355a

315b

170c

170c

195bc

180bc

200b

290a

310a

T25(h)

157c

180c

165c

255b

382a

-

240c

210d

243c

270c

250c

330b

360a

T50(h)

187c

201c

185c

295b

412a

-

270d

252d

305c

350b

310c

360b

400a

T75(h)

225d

285c

240d

325b

450a

-

330bc

330bc

362b

390a

340b

400a

-

T90(h)

300c

315bc

285c

352b

480a

-

230c

220c

250bc

270b

258bc

325a

270b

MGT (h)

190c

226c

204c

285b

417a

-

96.05a

96a

97.95a

90.5b

98a

96.2a

79.22c

Gmx (%)

96.5a

94a

96.5a

90b

89.2b

-

Table 1. Effect of magnetic field on germination of marigold seeds.

*Means sharing similar letters in a column are statistically non significant at p≤0.05.


The stimulatory effect of the application of different magnetic doses on the germination is

in agreement with that obtained by other researchers. Florez et al. (2007), observed an increase

for initial growth stages and an early sprouting of rice and maize seeds exposed to 125 and 250

mT stationary magnetic fields. Martinez et al. (2000; 2002), observed similar effects on wheat and

barley seeds magnetically treated. Alexander and Doijode (1995) reported that pre-germination

treatment improved the germination and seedling. Vigor of low viability rice and onion seeds. Kavi

(1977) found that seeds exposed to a magnetic field absorbed more moisture. Carbonell et al.(2000) found that magnetic treatment produced a bio-stimulation of the germination. Also, the re-

sults of three-year investigation into the influence of constant magnetic field on the dynamics of

growth, development and yield of spring wheat showed that in general it was not favorable to de-

velopment and yield of the plant (Zhu, 2001). But, the mechanisms at work when plant and other

living systems are exposed to a magnetic field are not well known yet, but several theories have

been proposed, including biochemical changes or altered enzyme activities by Phirke et al. (1996).

Seed germination rate is an important parameter to analyze the initial growth of seed under

laboratory condition and also useful to evaluate the effectiveness of any particular endeavor to en-

hance the crop yield. It was observed from the experiment that seed germination start one to three

days earlier with the application of magnetic field as compared to control (Fig. 3). Similar finding

Fig. 2. The effect of magnetic field on: (a) seedling dry weight, (b) Weight of mobilized seed reserve,

(c) seed reserve depletion percentage, and (d) seed reserve utilization rate of marigold.

Fig. 3. The effect of magnetic field on: (a) root length (mm) and (b) shoot length (mm) of marigold.


were found by other researcher as Florez et al. (2004) affirmed an increase for the initial growth

stages and an early sprouting of rice seeds exposed to 125 and 250 mT stationary magnetic field.

Furthermore Sharafi et al. (2010 a,b) and Martinez et al. (2000, 2002) observed similar effects on

wheat and barley seeds. Dry weight was decreased due to magnetic field (Fig. 1a). The increased

plant biomass might be due to synchronized germination and early stand establishment in treated

seeds (Penuelas et al., 2005). These findings are similar with earlier research on pepper (Zhang etal., 1994) and Canola (Zhu, 2001). An increase in root length was recorded in magnet treatment

which might be the result of higher embryo-cell wall extensibility (Fig. 3b).

CONCLUSION

Results of the present laboratory experiments revealed few beneficial effects of magnetic

field for marigold seed germination. The germination time for each treatment were in general,

higher than control values, in the other word in treated seeds time required for mean seed germi-

nation time increased nearly 4 hours in compared non treated control seeds. T10 for doses D3, D4

and D5 significantly higher than the control values. Mean germination time significantly increased

when the time of seed exposed at magnetic field treatments increased, about 3 and 2 hour respec-

tively. According to experiment results of seedling dry weight (SLDW), seed resource depletion

percentage (SRDP) and shoot length (STL) showed more decrease with increasing of the exposure

time in the magnetic field. As magnetic field treatment is environment friendly technique and easy

to handle but further studies are needed to understand the mysterious mechanism behind magnetic

treatment and in turning it into technique to technology for end user benefits.

Litrature Cited

Alexander, M. P. and Doijode, S. D. 1995. Electromagnetic field, a novel tool to increase germination

and seedling vigor of conserved onion (Allium cepa L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds

with low viability. Plan Genetic Resources Newsletter, 104: 1.

Carbonell, M. V., Martínez, E. and Amaya, J. M. 2000. Stimulation of germination in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by a static magnetic field. Electro and Magnetobiology, 19 (1): 121-128.

Chastokolenko, L.V. 1984. Effect of magnetic fields on somatic cell division in plants. Cytology

and Genetics, 5- 18.

De Souza, A., García, D., Sueiro, L., Licea, L. and Porras, E. 2005. Pre-sowing magnetic treatment

of tomato seeds: Effects on the growth and yield of plants cultivated late in the season.

Journal of Agricultural Research, (31), 113-122.

Flórez, M., Carbonell, M.V. and Martínez, E. 2004. Early sprouting and first stages of growth of

rice seeds exposed to a magnetic field. Electro and Magnetobiology, 19 (3): 271-277.

Flórez, M., Carbonell, M.V. and Martínez, E. 2007. Exposure of maize seeds to stationary magnetic

fields: Effects on germination and early growth. Environmental and Experimental Botany.

59: 68–75

Grewal, H.S. and Maheshwar, B.L. 2011. Magnetic treatment of irrigation water and snow pea and

chickpea seeds enhances early growth and nutrient contents of seedlings. Journal of

Bioelectromagnetics, 32: 58-65.

Hozayn, M. and Qados, A.M. 2010. Magnetic water application for improving wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop production. Agriculture and Biological Journal of North America, 1(4):

677-682.

ISTA, International rules for seed testing. 2004. International Seed Testing Assoc. Zurich, Switzerland.

Kavi, P.S. 1977. The effect of magnetic treatment of soybean seed on its moisture absorbing capacity.

Science and Culture, 43: 405-406.

Martinez, E., Carbonell, M. V. and Amaya, J.M. 2000. Stimulation on the initial stages on growth

of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) by 125 mT stationary magnetic field. Electro and Magnetobiology,


19 (3): 271-277.

Martínez, E., Carbonell, M. V. and Flórez, M. 2002. Magnetic bio-stimulation of initial growth

stages of wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.). Journal of Electromagnet Biology and Medicine,

21 (1): 43-53.

Phirke, P. S., Kubde, A. B. and Umbakar, S. P. 1996. The influence of magnetic field on plant growth.

Seed Science Technology. 24: 375-392.

Racuciu, M. and Creangia, D.E. 2005. Biological effects of low frequency electromagnetic field in

Curcubita pepo. Proceedings of the Third Moscow International Symposium on Magnetism,

278-282.

Sharafi, S., Gholami, A. and Abbasdokht, H. 2010a. Effect of magnetic field, priming and salinity

on seed germination and early growth of wheat. World Academy of Science, Engineering

and Technology, 68: 1073-1078.

Sharafi, S., Gholami, A. and Abbasdokht, H. 2010b. Effect of magnetic field on seed germination

of two wheat cultivars. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 68: 1079-1084.

Steel, R.G.D. and Torrie, J.H. 1984. Principles and procedures of statistics. 2nd Ed. McGraw Hill

Book. Co. Inc., Singapore.

Yinan, L., Yuan, L., Yongquing Y. and Chunyang, L. 2005. Effect of seed pre-treatment by magnetic

field on the sensitivity of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seedlings to ultraviolet-B radiation.

Environment and Experimental Botany, 54: 286-294.

Zhang, G., Wilen, R.W., Slinkard, A.E. and Gusta, L.V. 1994. Enhancement of canola seed germination

and seedling emergence at low temperature priming. Crop Science, 34: 1589–93.

Zhu, J.K. 2001. Overexpression of delta-pyrroline-5- caboxylate synthetase gene and analysis of

tolerance to water and salt stress in transgenic rice. Trends in Plant Science, 6: 66–72.


Study on Interaction Effects of Mechanical and GeraniumEssential Oil Treatments on Vase Life of Cut Chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflorum L.)

Shahla Dashtbany 1 and Davood Hashemabadi 2*

1 MS. Student of Department of Horticulture, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran2 Assistant Professor of Department of Horticulture, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran


Abstract

The aim of this study is investigation on effect of stem end splittingand Geranium essential oil on vase life on quality of cut chrysanthemum(Dendranthema grandiflorum L.). This experiment arranged as factorial basedon RCD with 2 factors of stem end splitting at 2 levels (with splitting andwithout splitting) and Geranium essential oil at 6 levels (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 10%), with 12 treatments, 3 replications, 36 plots and 144 cut flowers. In this ex-periment traits such as vase life, water absorption, fresh weight, dry matterpercent and °brix were measured. ANOVA showed that different amongtreatments was significant for vase life, °brix and fresh weight in 1% probabilityand for dry matter percent and water absorption in 5% probability. Resultsshowed that different treatments improved vase life compared to control andmaximum vase life was achieved in 5 cm splitting + 10% Geranium essentialoil with 18.41 days compared to control (7.05 days).

Keywords: Chrysanthemum, Geranium essential oil, Stem end splitting, Vase life.


INTRODUCTION

Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum L.) belongs to the Asteraceae family. This

is a native plant of China and cultivated for thousands of years. Todays, new varieties of this plant

were breeded for using as cut flowers, potted plants and garden plants and has a high economic

value in the global market (Kandil et al., 2011). Chrysanthemum is a non-climactric flower with

a long vase life and its long vase life is also due to non sensitivity to ethylene. However, the for-

mation of air embolism in the vascular of stem that prevents water transport in stem and leads to

close the vascular tubes which ultimately leads to increase hydraulic resistance in the stem and

water stress, and reduces the vase life of chrysanthemum (Halvey and Mayak, 1981; Van Leperen

et al., 2001).

Bactericidal compounds such as essential oils and plant extracts were used as environmen-

tally friendly compounds and as new factors that affect postharvest life of cut flowers (Solgi etal., 2009). The use of herbal essences in the preservative solution for cut flowers is relatively new

and the positive effect of these compounds have been reported (Solgi et al., 2009; Diy, 2008;

Mousavi Bazaz and Tehranifar, 2011).

Geranium is a flowering plant and is also valuable because of having ingredients or sec-

ondary metabolites. Parts of the plant used for preparing essence are the leaves and air parts. Aro-

matic geranium essence is similar to the rose flower and its main compound include geraniol,

citronellol, terpineol and alcohols (Mithila et al., 2011). Solgi et al. (2009) stated that the use of

essential oils of garden thyme and Shiraz thyme, and their active ingredients increased vase life of

cut flowers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of aromatic geranium extract and

5 cm split on postharvest life and durability of chrysanthemum cut flower and introduce the best

treatments.


In October 2014, chrysanthemum cut flowers harvested at commercial stage from a green-

house in Isfahan and immediately were transferred to post-harvest laboratory. This study was per-

formed in factorial experiment based on RCD with 2 factors, the split of 5 cm of stem end and

without split and the second factor of aromatic geranium extract in 6 levels (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 10%)

with 12 treatments, 3 replications, 36 plots and 4 flowers in each plot. Vase life room was with 12

h photoperiod, light intensity of 12 µmol s-1 m-2, relative humidity of 60 to 70% and the temperature

of 20 ± 2° C.

Vase life was defined as the time from the start of treatment until the senescence of flowers.

Regarding the final weight of flower in the last day, recut weight, weight of losses and weight of

the first day, the increase of fresh weight was calculated according to the following equation:

Fresh weight increasing = (weight of losses + weight of recut+ final weight at last day of

the control life) - initial weight

Considering initial volume of vase solution (500 mL) and rate of evaporation in room and

reduction of volume of vase solution, water absorption was calculated by using following equation:

Water absorption (ml g -1 FW) = 500 - (mean evaporation of room + remained solution at

the end of vase life) ÷ the average of fresh weight cut flowers

After ending the vase life of the control, fresh weight of each flower was measured and at

the end of the vase life, it was placed at 70 ° C for 24 hours. After ensuring complete drying of

flowers, they were weighted by a digital scale. Dry matter percent was calculated from the fol-

lowing equation:

Dry matter percent = (dry weight ÷ fresh weight of flowers at the last day of the control

vase life) × 100

°Brix was measured manually in 2 stages by a refrectometer, N-1α model, manufactured

by ATAGO Company, Japan and the increase of °Brix was calculated by the following formula:

The increase of °Brix = °Brix of the last day - °Brix of the first day


Data analysis was performed using SAS software and comparision was performed accord-

ing to LSD test.


Vase life

Analysis of variance showed that the effects of aromatic geranium extract, split and the in-

teraction of them are statistically significant at the 1% level (Table 1). The results of the comparison

showed that all treatments increased vase life compared with the control. So that the control with

8.06 days had the minimum vase life and the split along with 10% aromatic geranium extract with

18.41 days had the maximum vase life among treatments (Fig. 1).

The use of antimicrobial compounds along with stem end split caused a significant im-

provement in the life of chrysanthemum cut flowers compared with the control.

Since the vase life is directly related to water absorption, it can be said that germicidal com-

position with the split used in Alstroemeria cut flowers increases water absorption through exposing

wide surface of stem with vase life solution and reduces microbial loads of vase solution and thus

helps maintaining freshness and durability of this cut flower by the continuation of water absorption

(Mehri, 2014). Solgi et al. (2009) studied on cut gerbera flowers and reported that the use of herbal

essences as a disinfectant and environmentally-friendly compound significantly increases with the

postharvest life of this cut flowers. Mousavi Bazaz and Tehrainfar (2011) also found similar results

regarding the positive effect of essences of cumin, mint and thyme on durability of Alstroemeriacut flowers. The researchers stated that treatment with 50 mg l-1 of thyme essence improves the

vase life of Alstroemeria for 2 days compared with the control.

Source df Vase life Dry matter percent °Brix Fresh weight Water absorption

Oil (O)

Splitting

(S)

O*S

Error

cv (%)

5

1

5

24

-

15.043**

91.52**

14.62**

1.913

9.31

33.51*

38.19*

34.84*

6.33

8.57

4.88**

1.416**

0.795**

0.173

23.81

53.61**

156**

58.39**

6.95

20.73

1.328*

28.81**

2.492*

0.497

17.29

**: Probability 1% *: Probability 5%

Table 1. ANOVA of effects of mechanical and Geranium essential oil treatments on traits.

Fig. 1. Effects of mechanical and Geranium essential oil treatments

on vase life.

S0= Without splitting S1= With 5cmsplittimg

O0= No Geranium essential oil O20= Geranium essential oil 4%

O5= Geranium essential oil 1% O40= Geranium essential oil 8%



Water absorption

Analysis of variance of data showed that geranium extract and interaction of them are sta-

tistically significant at the 1% level but splitting was significant at 5% probability (Table 1). Mean

Comparison of these two factors showed that 5 cm splitting + 10% geranium extract with 5.743

ml g-1 FW and the control with 2.320 ml g-1 FW had the highest and the lowest water absorption,

respectively (Fig. 2).

Inability to water absorption is the main cause of aging of cut flowers and reducing

the longevity of them. This is often done by closing the vessels. The use of antimicrobial com-

pound in vase solution by preventing the growth and performance of microbes, protects xylem

from obstruction and thus water absorption occurs without interruption and consequently the

freshness of the flowers is maintained (Kim and Lee, 2002; Shanan, 2012; Anjum et al., 2001).

In this study, all of the antimicrobial treatments and 5 cm split increased water absorption

compared with the control. Anjum et al. (2001) reported that the addition of antimicrobial

compounds in vase solution life prevents microbe growth and increases water absorption by

the cut flower. El-Hanafi (2007) argued that the use of antimicrobial compounds such as herbal

essence in vase solution, by reducing the solution's pH, causes balancing and water absorption

by the stem of cut carnation. Shanan (2012) reported that herbal essences by preventing the

vascular occlusion improves the absorption of water in rose cut flowers that the results of this

study is in agreement with the current study. Nabigol et al. (2006) found that antibacterial,

anti-ethylene and antibiotics compounds significantly increase water absorption in chrysan-

themum cut flowers.

Fresh weight

Analysis of variance of data showed that geranium extract, splitting and interaction of them

are statistically significant at the 1% level (Table 1). Results showed that all treatments in this ex-

periment increased fresh weight compared to control and maximum increase is related to the split

treatment and geranium extract of 8% with 20.06 g and the minimum is related to the control treat-

ment with 5.60 g (Fig. 3).

Several studies have shown that the use of antimicrobial compounds in vase solution of

cut flowers by reducing the microbial load and preventing the obstruction of the vessels increases

water absorption and finally increases the fresh weight and freshness of cut flowers and thus in-

creases the durability and good marketing of flowers. In this study, the use of antimicrobial com-


on water absorption.






pounds by increasing water absorption caused increasing the fresh weight compared with the con-

trols. Jalili Marandi et al. (2011) reported that the Carum copticum essence at 500 mg l-1 increases

the fresh weight by 1.8 g compared with the control.

Increasing °Brix

Analysis of variance showed that effect of geranium extract, effect of splitting and interac-

tion of them are statistically significant at the 1% level (Table 1). Mean comparison showed that

the maximum increase in °Brix is associated with the split treatment and geranium extract of 10%

with 3.886% and the minimum one is related to the control treatment with 0.586% (Fig. 4).

The most important factor in delaying senescence of cut flowers is the increase in the

amount of carbohydrates in the flower. Sugar (TSS) is one of the most important factors of deter-

mining the life of cut flowers. Therefore, carbohydrate increases the vase life (Mutui et al., 2011).

Researchers believe that the recutting the cut flower stems under water and the efficacy of antimi-

crobial compounds on reducing the microbial load and enhancing the solution absorption causes

maintaining and increasing carbohydrates in the stem of cut flowers (Basiri et al., 2011; Bartoli etal., 1997). Elgimabi and Ahmad (2009) reported that the antimicrobial compounds increase the

amount of carbohydrates in the stem of rose cut flowers. Sugars had an important osmotic potential

that by entering into the vacuole of the petals cells reduce cell osmotic potential and delay aging

by increasing respiration (Edrisi, 2009).


on fresh weight.

S0= Without splitting S1= With 5cm splittimg





on °Brix.

S0= Without splitting S1= With 5cm splittimg





Dry matter percentage

Analysis of variance of data showed that effect of geranium extract, splitting and interaction

of them are statistically significant at the 5% level (Table 1). Mean comparison of interaction of

two factors showed that split treatment with 10% aromatic geranium extract with 32.41 percent,

had the highest dry matter compared with the control with 24.69 percent (Fig. 5).

Sucrose provides required energy for more survival of flowers and affects the structure of

the flower tissues cell wall and delays aging through this and causes increasing the dry weight and

the water retention (Sun and Gubler, 2004). Hashemabadi (2012) by an experiment on carnation

cut flowers, showed that the effect of compounds extending the vase life of cut flowers on the pre-

vention of dry weight loss by preventing the degradation of carbohydrates. Nabigol et al. (2006)

showed that the antimicrobial compounds increase the biomass of chrysanthemum by controlling

microorganisms and improving water uptake. In this study, split and geranium extract increase the

absorption of water and sucrose in vase solution and the percentage of dry matter.

CONCLUSION

The results showed that the split of 5 cm and geranium extract causes significantly an in-

crease in postharvest life of the chrysanthemum cut flowers. In current study, the split of 5 cm at

the end of stem with 10% geranium extract improved the vase life of chrysanthemum cut flowers

more than 10 days compared to control. Therefore, these treatments as an extended solution for the

vase life of chrysanthemum cut flowers are recommended to retailers and consumers of this flower.

Litrature Cited

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treatments on vase life of Chrysanthemum cut flowers. Advances in Horticulture and Foresty.

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ethylens in senescing petals of Chrysanthemum morifolium L. cv ‘Rom’. Plant Seience.

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Edrisi, B. 2009. Postharvest physiology of cut flowers. Payam-e-Digar Publication. 150 pages.

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flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). Journal Product Environmental. 12(1): 206-216.

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and unicanzole treatments on flower characters and photosynthetic pigments of Chrysanthemum indicum L. Plant. Journal of American Science. 7(3): 399-405.

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(Alstroemeria hybrida L.). Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirement in ornamental

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in vitro regeneration system. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture. 67: 1-9.

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life of gerbera flowers. Journal of Tropical Agricultural. 41: 56-58.

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quality of alstromeria (Alstroemeria aurantica L.) cut flowers. African Journal of Biotechnology

2: 82-88.

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cold storage on vase life of cut chrysanthemum. Persian Article Bank. Number of Peper, 511.

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‘Grand’) cut flowers. Journal of Horticultural Science and Ornamental Plants. 4(1): 66-74.

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www.jornamental.com


Effect of Different Preservatives on Vase Life of Tuberose

Afroz Naznin 1*, M. Mofazzal Hossain 2, Kabita Anju-Man Ara 1, Md. Mazadul Islam3 and Nadira Mokarroma 4

1 Horticulture Research Center, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh2 Department of Horticulture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur

1706, Bangladesh3 Farm Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh 4 Plant physiology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh


Abstract

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of differentpreservative solutions to improve the keeping quality of tuberose (Polianthestuberosa cv. Single). These preservative solutions (treatments) were: T1= 2%sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3, T2= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 25 mg/lcitric acid, T3= 2% sucrose + 300 mg/l HQS, T4 = 2% sucrose + 300 mg/lHQS+ 25 mg/l citric acid, T5= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/lHQS, T6= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS+ 25 mg/l citricacid, T7= 0.01 % sodium hypochloride, T8= 0.05 % sodium hypochloride, T9=0.10 % sodium hypochloride and T10= tap water (control). The results showedthat all treatments had improved the keeping quality and vase life of the cutflowers comparing to control ones. Among all these treatments, 2% sucrose +200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS+ 25 mg/l citric acid showed best wateruptake, water loss uptake ratio, percentage of maximum increase in freshweight of the cut flower stem and vase life which was extended up to 10 days.According to the results of this research it is concluded that, 2% sucrose + 200mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS+ 25 mg/l citric acid are suitable for prolongationof tuberose vase life.

Keywords: Citric acid, Keeping quality, Polianthes tuberosa, Preservative solution, Sodium

hypochloride, Sucrose.


INTRODUCTION

Tuberose (Polianthes tuberose L.), a member of Amaryllidaceae family was originated in

Mexico and grown on large scale in Asia. It is an important cut flower crop from aesthetic as well

as commercial point of view. In Bangladesh, its commercial cultivation was introduced during

1980 by some pioneer and innovative farmers at Panishara union of Jhikorgachathana under Jessore

district near the Benapol border (Hoque et al., 1992). Tuberose occupies a very selective and special

position to flower loving people. It has agreat economic potential for cut flower trade and essential

oil industry. Apart from ornamental value, tuberose is extensively utilized in medicines for

headache, diarrhea, rheumatism and allied pains. In Bangladesh, for the last few years,tuberose

has become a popular cut flower for its attractive fragrance and beautiful displayin the vase. Now

it has high demand in the market and its production is highly profitable (Ara et al., 2009).

Improvement of keeping quality and extend of vase life of cut flowers are important areas

in floricultural research. Senescence of cut flowers is induced by several factors e. g. water stress,

carbohydrate depletion, microorganism (Gowda, 1990: Van Doorn and Witte, 1991) etc. Accom-

plishment of the extension of vase life depends on proper harvesting, postharvest handling and a

preservative solution for ensuring an ample supply of water, metabolites and regulatory substances

to petals and leaves.Water balance is determined by transpiration and water uptake and is the main

factor affecting longevity and quality characteristics of cut flowers (Da Silva, 2003). Occlusion at

the end of the basal stem is the primary cause of low water uptake by cut flowers (He et al., 2006).

Investigations pertaining to extend the vase life of cut flowers by several preservative/

chemicals i.e. silver nitrate, sucrose, HQS, HQC, aluminium sulphate, cobalt sulphate, kinetin,

boric acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid after harvest in different formulations and combinations to en-

hance the vase life of cut flowers have been made with varying success (Van et al., 1991; Reddy

et al., 1997; Anjum et al., 2001; Saini et al., 1994 and Pruthi et al., 2002) in many countries of

the world. But in Bangladesh, a little work has been done in respect of using floral preservative to

enhance the vase life of cut flowers. Considering the facts, such research is very important for the

greater interest of the scientist as well as the growers and flower shop- keeper of our country. The

present study was therefore undertaken to investigate different preservative solutions and deter-

mining the best ones which extend vase life and improve the keeping quality of tuberose cut flower.


This experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Landscape, Ornamental and Floricul-

ture Division of Horticulture Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur

during the period from April 2013 to May 2013.

Experimental materials

Spikes of tuberose were selected as experimental material. Fresh tuberose spikes of about 55

cm was harvested from the field of Landscape, Ornamental and Floriculture Division of Horticulture

Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur in the morning to avoid ex-

cessive heat and immediately the spikes were placed in plastic buckets containing cold water in order

to rehydrate the flowers. The spikes were brought to the laboratory within ½ hour after harvest. Spikes

were sorted into different groups (based on the size and number of florets per spike) in order to main-

tain uniformity in thematerial used for experiment. The spikes were again cut to uniform length of

50 centimeter and all the leaves were removed to avoid contact with the solution.

Treatments

The study consisted of ten treatments-

T1= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3

T2= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 25 mg/l citric acid

T3= 2% sucrose + 300 mg/l HQS


T4 = 2% sucrose + 300 mg/l HQS + 25 mg/l citric acid

T5= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS

T6= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS + 25 mg/l citric acid

T7= 0.01 % sodium hypochloride

T8= 0.05 % sodium hypochloride

T9= 0.10 % sodium hypochloride and

T10= Control (Tap water)

Experimental design

The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications.

Methods

Single spike was used for each bottle. A total number of 30 flowers were used to hold the

floral preservatives which were prepared freshly and dispensed into the bottles. Bottles were kept

at room temperature (25-35 °C) and relative humidity (RH) of 65-80% with adequate aeration.

Preparation of vase solutions

The required concentrations of sugar solution (2%), AgNO3 solution (200 mg/l), HQS so-

lution (300 mg/l), sodium hypochloride solution (0.01-0.05-0.10%) and citric acid (25 mg/l) were

prepared by dissolving calculated amount of these chemicals in water. Tap water was used as con-

trol solution.

Collection of data

Data were recorded for floret opening (%), floret deterioration (%), total quantity of water

uptake, total quantity of water loss, loss uptake ratio, fragrance of the flowers (on 6th day), fresh

weight of spike, vase life, incidence of stem rotting etc. Floret opening, recorded from the day

when the first floret opened till the spike was discarded and expressed in percentage. Floret dete-

rioration, recorded from the day when the first basal floret became dry and closed and expressed

in percentage. The water uptake by the cut spikes was estimated by subtracting the amount of

water at the end of experiment from the initial volume and expressed in grams. Water loss is the

difference between the initial and final weights of bottle with solution and spike represents the

loss of water and expressed in grams.

Statistical analysis

The data recorded on different parameters were statistically analyzed with the help of

‘MSTAT’-C software. The difference between treatment means were compared by Duncan’s Mul-

tiple Range Test (DMRT) according to Steel and Torrie (1960).

Placement of tuberose flower stick in glass bottle.



Floret opening (%)

Floret opening for a period of 10 days by the spikes differed in case of different vase

solution (Fig. 1). Spikes held in T6 (97.76%) recorded the maximum % of floret opening

which was statistically similar to T5 (95.24%) while, the minimum floret openingwas found

in control (65.78%). Similar results have been recorded in gladiolus and carnation (Halevy,

1987 and Mayak et al., 1973). When sucrose was present in the holding solution, the activities

of sucrose synthetase, sucrose -P- synthase and sucrose -6P- isomerase in the flowers re-

mained high for bud opening. In absence of sucrose, enzyme activity decreased as the flower

aged. The decrease in activity appeared to be related to very low protein synthesis (Bose etal., 1999).

Water uptake (g/spike)

Total water uptake for a period of 10 days by the spike differed significantly in case of dif-

ferent vase solutions (Table 1). The spikes held in T6 (62.0 g) had the highest water absorption

compared with the control and other treatments. These may be due to a synergistic effect, which

improved water balance by maintaining turgidity. The high absorption of water uptake by T6, as

observed in the present investigation, similar with previous results obtained in tuberose (Anjum etal., 2001).When flowers are detached from the plant, water loss from these continues through tran-

spiration. The ideal flower preservative is that which allows water absorption in flower tissues

(Salunkhe et al., 1990). Water absorption from the preservative solution maintains a better water

balance and flower freshness (Reddy and Singh, 1996) and saves from early wilting resulting in-

enhanced vase-life.

Water loss (g/spike)

Water loss from the tissue during the experimental period was significantly affected by dif-

ferent vase solutions (Table 1). The spikes held in T10 (control) with lower water uptake, recorded

the lowest water loss (36.0 g); those held in T6 (2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS

Fig. 1. Effect of preservatives on % floret opening of tuberose.

T1= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3, T2= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l

AgNO3 + 25 mg/l citric acid, T3= 2% sucrose + 300 mg/l HQS, T4 = 2%

sucrose + 300 mg/l HQS+ 25 mg/l citric acid, T5= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l

AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS, T6= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l

HQS+ 25 mg/l citric acid, T7= 0.01 % sodium hypochloride, T8= 0.05 %

sodium hypochloride,T9= 0.10 % sodium hypochloride and T10= Control

(tap water)


+ 25 mg/l citric acid) with maximum water uptake, recorded the maximum water loss (57.5 g).

These results supported by Reddy et al. (1997) in tuberose that an adequate moisture level can be

maintained in cut vases given sufficient water uptake or sufficient water retention.

Water loss uptake ratio

This ratio was not significantly affected by different vase solutions (Table 1). However, the

minimum water loss and uptake ratio of was recorded in T6 (0.8) and the ratio was highest for the

spikes held in control solution (1.3). According to Kabir et al. (2011), the minimum water loss-

uptake ratio indicated better relation with flower quality.

Fragrance of flower

The results presented in Table 1. demnostrated that the flowers in T6 and T5 were more fra-

grant other treatments. No fragrance was found in the solution which contains NaOCl (T7, T8 T9)

indicating adverse effects of this chemical on fragrance of the flowers. Fragrance is an important

quality parameter when flowers are kept for interior decoration, it makes the environment pleasant.

Fragrance might be lost due to the fungal attack at stem cut ends; hence if a suitable preservative

is added in the vase solution, this may helps in maintain the fragrance of flowers for a longer

period. Almost similar result has also been reported by Anjum et al. (2001) in tuberose.

Treatments Water uptake

(g/spike )

Water loss

(g/spike)

Water loss

uptake ratio

Fragrance

of flower

Incidence of

stem rotting

2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3

2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 25 mg/l citric acid

2% sucrose + 300 mg/l HQS

2% sucrose + 300 mg/l HQS+ 25 mg/l citric acid

2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS

2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS+ 25

mg/l citric acid

0.01 % sodium hypochloride



Control (tap water)

CV%

43.9 cd

50.0 bc

47.9 bc

44.9 c

51.1 b

62.0 a

35.6 e

39.0 d

32.7 ef

30.0 f

10.0

44.0 c

49.9 ab

48.0 b

45.0 bc

51.3 ab

52.5 a

38.0 de

41.1 d

37.0 de

36.5 e

9.7

1.0 ab

1.0 ab

1.0 ab

1.0 ab

1.0 ab

0.8 b

1.1 ab

1.1 ab

1.1 ab

1.3 a

4.5

+

+

+

+

++

++

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

+

+

-

-

+

+

+

+

-

Table 1. Effect of different preservatives on postharvest physiology of tuberose.

Fig. 2. Stem rotting in different preservative solutions of tuberose.

T1= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3, T2= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 +

25 mg/l citric acid, T3= 2% sucrose + 300 mg/l HQS, T4 = 2% sucrose +

300 mg/l HQS+ 25 mg/l citric acid, T5= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 +

300 mg/l HQS, T6= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS+ 25

mg/l citric acid, T7= 0.01 % sodium hypochloride, T8= 0.05 % sodium

hypochloride,T9= 0.10 % sodium hypochloride and T10= Control (tap water)


Incidence of stem rotting

At first rotting of stick was started in control solution (6th day), then rotting was observed

on sticks which held in T7 (7th day) and T9 (7th day) (Fig. 2). No stem rotting incidence was found

in case of T1, T2, T5 and T6. This might be due to the fact that the sucrose, AgNO3, HQS and citric

acid prevents in the holding solution acted as a biocide inhibiting microbial population that might

have resulted in blockage of the vascular tissues.

It was in conformity with the findings of Nagaraja et al. (1999) who opined that sucrose,

AgNO3, HQS and citric acid prevents microbial occlusion of xylem vessels in tuberose thereby

enhancing water uptake and increasing longevity of flowers. The findings of the experiment are

further supported by those of Khondakar and Majumdar (1985) in tuberose and Acock and Nichols

(1979) in cut carnations.

Changes in fresh weight of spikes

Fig. 3. represent the changes of fresh weight of spikes held in different vase solution

up to 10th day at one day interval. It was observed from the graphical presentation that in all

treatments including control, a gentle increase in weight of spike was noted up to the 3rd day.

There after depletion in weight of spike was observed, those held in tap water and solution

containing NaOCl. Increasing trend continued up to 6 days in the spikes held in solution con-

taining sucrose, AgNO3, HQS and their combinations with citric acid. However, the maxi-

mum fresh weight of spike was observed in T6 (65 g). Spikes held in solutions with different

concentration of sucrose, AgNO3, HQS and citric acid maintained their weight above the ini-

tial one even up to 7th day of vase life, while those held in tap water and solutions free from

sucrose, AgNO3, HQS and citric acid gained their weight below their initial weight after 4th

day. These results indicated that sucrose, AgNO3, HQS and citric acid help the spike to main-

tain their weight.

Floret deterioration (%)

Floret deterioration percentage was maximum in T10 and minimum in T6 (Fig. 4). Combi-

nation of 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS + 25 mg/l citric acid inhibited climacteric

ethylene synthesis, increased invertase activity in developing buds and significantly reduced floret

deterioration.

Fig. 3. Changes in fresh weight of tuberose spike held in different

preservatives.








Vase life (days)

From this study it is observed that vase life differed in case of different vase solutions (Fig.

5). Maximum vase life was recorded in T6 (10 days) followed by T5 (9 days). The minimum vase-

life was noted in control (6 days). Water absorption was greatly influenced by a mixture of sucrose,

AgNO3, HQS and citric acid. Tuberose spikes held in T6 (2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300

mg/l HQS + 25 mg/l citric acid) had a highest absorption index than other treatments. Sucrose in-

creases the vase life of lisianthus flower compared to control plants (Kiamohammadi and Hashe-

maabadi, 2011). Sucrose in preservative solution can replaces with the losses carbohydrates and

preventsall activity related to senescence (Goszczynska and Rudnicki, 1988). Also, Van doorn

(2001) reported that flowers in present of sugar, are resistant to ethylene.

Microorganisms, which grow in vase water, include bacteria, yeasts and molds are harmful

to cut flowers through their development in, and their consequent blockage of xylem at cut ends,

preventing the water absorption. They also produce ethylene and toxins, which accelerate flower

Fig. 4. Effect of preservatives on % floret deterioration in tuberose.







Fig. 5. Effect of preservatives on vase life of tuberose.

T1= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3, T2= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3

+25 mg/l citric acid, T3= 2% sucrose + 300 mg/l HQS, T4 = 2% sucrose +


300 mg/l HQS, T6= 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3+ 300 mg/l HQS+ 25




senescence and reduce vase life. Adding a suitable germicide in vase water can check the growth

of microbes. Silver salts, mainly AgNO3 is an effective bactericide, which is often added in vase

water at a concentration of 10-200 mg/l for the extension of vase-life (Singh et al., 2003). Sulphate

of hydroxyl quinolene also influenced the vase-life of flowers. Their mode of action is associated

with control of microbial activity or control of metabolism in flowers (Singh et al., 1994). This

might be due to the inhibition of vascular blockage by sucrose + AgNO3 + HQS+ citric acid, as

suggested by Pathak (1981) in tuberoses, as well as retardation of microbial growth, as suggested

by Reid (2002) in cut flowers. Cut flower longevity has been shown to be associated with main-

tenance of fresh weight (Gowda and Gowda, 1990). Spike held in 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3

+ 300 mg/l HQS + 25 mg/l citric acid solution maintained their fresh weights above initial weight

even up to 7 days of vase life, while those held in tap water and other treatments gained their

weight below their initial weight after 4th day.

These results indicated that AgNO3, sucrose, HQS and citric acid helped the spike to main-

tain their weight. These results are in agreement with previous workers who have reported in-

creased vase-life of tuberose cut flowers when placed in solutions of AgNO3 (Anjum et al., 2001)

or HQS (Singh et al., 1994). Soaking of tuberose flower stems in 200 mg/l AgNO3 also improved

flower longevity by over 50% (Singh et al., 2000).

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of this study, it could be concluded that all chemicals used in this study

have improved the vase life of the cut tuberose flower over control. The present study indicates

that 2% sucrose + 200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS + 25 mg/l citric acid treatment has improved

tuberose cut flower quality by increasing vase life as measured by number of days, water uptake,

maximum increase in fresh weight and inhibiting stem rot incedence. Therefore, 2% sucrose +

200 mg/l AgNO3 + 300 mg/l HQS + 25 mg/l citric acid solution has potentiality to be used as a

commercial cut flower preservative solution for prolonging vase life and postharvest quality of

tuberose cut flowers.

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35-62.

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Gowda, J.V.N. and Gowda, V.N. 1990. Effect of calcium, aluminum andsucrose on vase life of

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Halevy, A.H. 1987. Recent advances in post-harvest physiology of carnation. Acta Horticulturae,

216: 243-254.

He, S., Joyce, D.C., Irving, D.E. and Faragher, J.D. 2006. Stem end blockage in cut grevillea


‘Crimson-Yul-Lo’ inflorescence. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 41:78-84.

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of size and number of bulbs per hill on the yield of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.).

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and quality of tuberose cut flowers as influenced by different preservative solutions. International

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vase life of lisianthus cut flowers. Journal of Ornamental and Horticultural Plants, 1(2):

115-122.

Mayak, S., Bravdo,B.,Guijji,A. and Helevy, A. H. 1973. Improvement of opening of cut gladiolus

flowers by pretreatment with high sugar concentrations. Scientia Horticulturae, 1: 357-365.

Nagaraja, G.S., Gowda, J.V.N. and Farooqi, A. 1999. Influence of chemicals and packing on the

shelf life of tuberose flowers. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 12: 132-136.

Pathak, S. 1981. Influence of different preservative solution on the opening and vase life of tuberose

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Pruthi, V., Godara, R.K. and Bhatia, S.K. 2002. Effect of chemicals on vase life of Gladiolus cv.

‘Happy End’. Haryana Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 30 (1-2): 52-53.

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flower as influenced by chemicals. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 10: 1049-1054.

Reid, J. 2002. Effects of sucrose and biocide on the vase life of cut flowers. Postharvest Biology

and Technology, 15 (1): 33-40.

Saini, R.S., Yamdaqni, R. and Sharma, S.K. 1994. Effect of chemicals on shelf life and quality of

tuberose. South Indian Horticulture, 42:376-378.

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www.jornamental.com


Enhancement of Growth Performances of Ophiopogonjaponicas Ornamental Foliage Plant

S.M.K.H. Wijayabandara 1*, J.W. Damunupola 2, S.A. Krishnarajah 3, W.A.M. Daundasekera 2 and D.S.A.

Wijesundara 3

1 Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka2 Department of Botany, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka3 Royal Botanic Gardens, Department of National Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka


Abstract

Ophiopogon japonicus is a perennial, ornamental foliage plant, whichbelongs to the family Liliaceae. It has a high demand in the local andinternational export market due to the presence of glossy white-green strippedlanceolate leaves. Improved leaves and plants of O. japonicus will be morepopular in the floriculture industry. Hence, objective was to investigate thegrowth responses of O. japonicus for best potting media and fertilizertreatments. Shoots of O. japonicus trimmed up to 4 cm from the root-shootjunction were potted in two potting media as soil type 1, coir dust, compostand sand as 1:1:1 and soil type 2, sand, coir dust 1:1 by volume. High nitrogenfertilizer, balanced fertilizer and high phosphorous fertilizer were applied asfoliar sprays in three concentrations (×1/2, ×1 and ×2 times of the RBG rec-ommended dosages) and distilled water was used as the control. There was asignificant (p<0.05) effect of growing media on the O. japonicus leaf length,plant fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, number of leaves andnumber of shoots. However, there was no significant difference between thecontrol and fertilizer treatments on leaf length, shoot dry weight, number ofleaves and number of shoots while there was a significant difference amongfertilizer treatments on plant fresh weight and root dry weight. Most effectivepotting media and fertilizer treatment for O. japonicus were sand:coir dustmedia (1:1) and Royal Botanic Gardens, Sri Lanka-recommended dosage(RBG) of fertilizer treatments (high nitrogen (2.5 g/L), balanced (1.25 g/L)and high phosphorous fertilizer (2.5 g/L), respectively.

Keywords: Fertilizer, Floriculture industry, Potting media.


INTRODUCTION

Ophiopogon japonicus is a perennial, ornamental foliage plant, belonging to the family Lil-

iaceae (USDA, 2013). It is an easy crop to grow and leaves can be harvested 5-8 months after

planting hence earnings from the crop is quick compared to other crops. It is a very valuable and

widely utilized plant species in indigenous Chinese medicine as well (Ye et al., 2005). O. japonicushas a high demand in the international foliage export industry due to the presence of attractive

white-green stripped lanceolate leaves. However, one of the selection criteria for this foliage species

is the demand for long leaves (50-60 cm), which is a limiting factor at the moment. Improved

leaves and plants of O. japonicus will be more popular in the floriculture industry. The long, bright

coloured, shiny, straight, healthy leaves with increased postharvest longevity will increase the pre-

vailing demand.

In ornamental plant production, selecting the most appropriate media is essential (Fitzpatric,

1981). There are different types of potting medium components such as peat, pine bark, animal

manure, calcinied clay (Dewayne et al., 1993) coir dust: sand: compost (Herath et al., 2013).

Compost is produced by recycling organic disposal materials with the aid of micro flora

under specific temperature and aeration conditions (Badar and Qureshi, 2014). Due to the increment

of organic matter content the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil can be enhanced

with compost (Liu et al., 2013). Kiran et al. (2007) recommended leaf mold or house waste compost

as the best potting media for development of bulbs of Dahila sp. Furthermore, Castro et al. (2008)

reported urban waste compost as the most suitable media for Chrysanthemum production.

Coir dust is a dominant by-product in coconut fiber production. It can be used to improve

depleted soil by maintaining its organic matter content (Vidhana Arachchi and Somasiri, 1997).

According to Rubasinghe et al. (2009), Chiritamoonii, which is an endemic wild flowering plant,

produced less vigorous roots with less number of adventitious roots in sand media compared to

sand: coir dust medium. Moreover, the highest fresh weight of root, highest root length and highest

shoot length was observed in sand: coir dust medium.

Fertilizers are supplied as nutrient improvers for soil and enhance the productivity of crops

(Ingles, 2004). However, optimum nutrient range varies with the plant species. A complete fertilizer

should consist of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K), which are essential for plant

growth. Nitrogen increases leaf length (Rademacher and Nelson, 2001) while P enhances the rapid

growth of plants. Potassiumin volves in many functions in plants such as enzyme activity, protein

synthesis, photosynthesis, osmoregulation, stomatal movement, energy transfer, phloem translo-

cation, ionic balance and stress resistance (Wang et al., 2013). El-Naggar and El-Nashorty (2009)

stated that the number of leaves per plant of Hippeastrum vittatum had increased significantly by

using complete fertilizer of N:P:K (19:19:19) at 5 g/plant. Kapugama and Peiris (2010) showed

that the balance complete fertilizer with 20:20:20 ratio performed well on Anthurium sp. cv“Trop-

ical Red”. Chemical fertilizers such as anhydrous ammonia, ammonium nitrate, urea, super phos-

phate, ammoniated phosphates, potassium nitrate and potassium chloride are the most commonly

used fertilizers (Ingles, 2004). Hence, in this study the objective was to investigate the growth re-

sponses of O. japonicus for different potting media and fertilizer treatments.


Study site

The experiments were conducted in the semi glass house of the Department of Botany, Fac-

ulty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka during the period of January to June 2013

(mean average temperature 27 ± 2 oC, mean average humidity 78 ± 2%).

Plant material

Healthy plants of O. japonicus were obtained from the Royal Botanic Gardens (RBG), Per-

adeniya (7° 15' 47" N, 80° 36' 10"E) and Kandyan home gardens (7° 17' 47" N, 80° 38' 6" E).


Establishment of plant material in different potting media

Plastic pots of 14 cm in diameter and 13 cm in depth were used for the trial, filled with two

types of media. Soil type 1 contained a mixture of coirdust, compost and sand 1:1:1 by volume.

Soil type 2 contains a mixture of sand and coir dust 1:1 by volume. Shoots of O. japonicus trimmed

up to 4 cm from the shoot- root junction were potted.

Fertilizer application

Three different fertilizer treatments; high nitrogen fertilizer (30:10:10), balanced fertilizer

(20:20:20) and high phosphorous fertilizer (10:52:10) were applied in three concentrations (×1/2,

×1 and ×2 times of the RBG recommended dosages; i.e. recommendations made by the Royal

Botanic Gardens, Sri Lanka) as foliar sprays. Distilled water was used as the control. Fertilizer

treatments were given four weeks after plant establishments. High nitrogen fertilizer and balanced

fertilizer were spayed at ten days intervals, for a period of two and half months. Consequently,

high phosphorus and balanced fertilizer treatments were carried out same as above for the same

duration. Two types of potting media and four fertilizer treatments as a factorial design were es-

tablished. Each treatment consisted of 15 replicates. Pots were arranged randomly in a completely

randomized design. Three trials were carried out separately.

Growth parameters measured

Six months after the plant establishment, length of leaves, number of new shoots and num-

ber of new leaves were measured. Roots and shoots were oven dried separately at 70ºC for 48

hours and dry weight of shoots and dry weight of roots were taken (Hettiarachchi et al., 2010).

Data were analyzed using the two-way ANOVA procedure in the SAS statistical software

(version 9.13). Duncan mean separation test was used to identify the significant differences among

the treatments.

RESULTS

Most suitable potting media and fertilizer application

Leaf length

Results showed that different potting media had a significant effect (p<0.05) on O. japon-icus leaf length while there was no significant difference between the control and fertilizer treat-

ments on leaf length. The highest leaf length (12.4 cm) was recorded in S2F1 (coir: sand media

with RBG recommended dosage of fertilizer) treated plants while lowest leaf length (3.5 cm) was

recorded in S1F2 (compost: coir: sand media with twice of RBG recommended dosage of fertilizer)

treated plants. When comparing highest leaf lengths of plants grown in both soil types, leaf length

of plants grown in S2 media showed a 3.5 fold increment than plants grown in S1 media. Further-

more, according to the results, in both potting media, the lowest leaf length was reordered in F2

(twice of RBG recommended dosage of fertilizer) treated plants. This may be due to over dose of

fertilizer treatments causing retardation of the increment of leaf length (Table 1).

Number of new shoots

There was a significant difference (p<0.05) on the number of shoots of O. japonicus when

grown on sand:coir dust mixed potting media than compost:sand:coir dust media. Number of shoots

were higher in plants grown in S2 comparerd to S1. The highest number of new shoots (1.47) was

observed in S2F1 treated plantscomparerd to other treatments.The lowest number of new shoots

(0.47) was recordered in S1F1/2treated plants. However, there was no significant difference between

fertilizer treatments on number of shoots (Table 1).

Number of new leaves

There was no significant difference in the number of new leaves with different concentra-


tions of fertilizer treatments. The highest number of new leaves were obtained in S2F1 (8.93) treated

plants whereas lowest number of leaves were recorded in S1F2 (2.67) treated plants. Number of

new leaves were higher in plants grown in S2 comparerd to S1 (Table 1).

Fresh weight of plants

There was a significant difference (p<0.05) between potting media as well as fertilizer

treatments on the fresh weight of plants of O. japonicus. Highest fresh weight of plants was

recordered in S2F1 (7.27 g) treated plants while the lowest fresh weight of plants was recorded in

S1F2 (1.13 g) treated plants. Thus, fresh weight of plants was higher in plants grown on S2 com-

parerd to S1 (Table 1).

Dry weight of shoots

Regarding the dry weight of shoots, different potting media showed a significant difference

(p<0.05) while similar trend was observed in different fertilizer treatments. The highest dry weight

of shoots (0.31 g) was observed in S2F1 treatment while lowest (0.04 g) obtained with S1F2 treated

plants (Table 1).

Dry weight of roots

Results in table 1, indicates the significant difference (p<0.05) of root dry weight due to

diferent potting media as well as fertilizer tretments. Highest average root dry weight (0.42 g)

was recorded in S2F1 treatments while lowest (0.05 g) obtained S1F2 treated plants (Table 1).

DISCUSSION

Two types of potting media coir: compost: sand (S1) and coir: sand (S2) and three different

fertilizer treatments (×1/2, ×1 and×2 times of the RBG recommended dosages) of high N, P and

balanced fertilizer were used in this study. Growth of O. japonicus was investigated under 6 pa-

rameters; length of leaves, number of new shoots, number of new leaves, fresh weight of the plants,

dry weight of shoots and dry weight of roots. Results of the present study showed that S2 media

promoted O. japonicus plant growth than S1 media.

Coir dust can retain high amount of water due to its high water holding capacity. Roots

tend to absorb water and thus leaf length can be increased. Furthermore, particle density of coir is

low and it indicates the presence of high specific surface. These characters of coir are the evidence

of high absorption capability of water and ions (Rubasinghe et al., 2009). In general, pore size

contributes to the distribution of water and air in the soil and affects growth of a plant (Vidhana

Arachchi and Somasiri, 1997). Coir is used as a substitute to peat and is commercially popular

Medium Treatment Leaf length

(cm)

Plant fresh

weight (g)

Number of

new leaves

Number of

new shoots

Shoot dry

weight (g)

Root dry

weight (g)

S1

S1

S1

S1

S2

S2

S2

S2

LSD(n=15)

F0

F1/2

F1

F2

F0

F1/2

F1

F2

6.7a

4.0a

5.8a

3.5a

10.9b

9.4b

12.4b

7.9b

3.37

2.031a

1.945a

2.550b

1.128a

3.688c

3.564c

7.267d

2.958c

1.84

4.27a

3.27a

4.47a

2.67a

6.33b

7.07b

8.93b

5.47b

NS

0.60a

0.47a

0.73a

0.53a

1.13b

1.07b

1.47b

0.8b

NS

0.137a

0.098a

0.101a

0.039a

0.191b

0.195b

0.313b

0.175b

0.10

0.106ab

0.074b

0.091a

0.053b

0.235cd

0.201d

0.418c

0.16d

0.09

Control (F0), ½ (RBG recommendered fertilizer) (F1/2), RBG recomendered fertilizer (F1), 2 (RBG recomendered fertilizer)

(F2) in soil type 1 sand: coir: compost (S1) and soil type 2 sand: coir ( S2). Means that do not share a letter are significantly

different for a particular medium and or fertilizer treatments.

Table 1. Average leaf length, fresh weight of plant, number of new leaves, number of new shoots, dry

weight of shoots and roots of O. japonicus with respect to different potting media and fertilizer treatments.


worldwide as a potting media for ornamental plants. Further, it is environmentally friendly and

low cost (Ahmad et al., 2012).

Plants grown in S1, which contained compost, showed a reduction of leaf length compared

to the plants grown in S2 potting media. This can be due to many reasons such as, release of nutri-

ents in compost at a very slow rate that are not in readily available form to plants. Thus, plants

may be unable to absorb essential amount of nutrients (Seran et al., 2010). Further, compost

medium can vary in content and may consist of heavy metals and pathogens as well. However,

some compost media contain inherent deficiencies such as high salinity, leading to stunted growth

and chlorosis of plants (Bugbee, 2002), inappropriate pH value and high heavy metal concentration

(Wilson et al., 2001). Burger et al. (1997) suggested that, composted green waste have to be

blended with other growing material such as perlite and peat moss in order to minimize above

mentioned deficiencies. In contrast to Burger et al. (1997), Wilson et al. (2001) recorded that a

perennial ornamental plant, Orthosiphon stamineus reduced its growth in peat or coir dust amended

with compost media, which is also in accordance with our results.

Fain and Paridon (2004) reported that calcinied clay produced higher quality O. japonicusplants than standard nursery media. According to their view it reduces labor cost, which is required

to harvest bare root production. Herath et al. (2013) reported that leaf mould: soil: sand in 1:1:1

was the best soil medium for the growth of O. japonicus. High levels of N, P, K can be toxic to

plants and retard its growth (De Lucia et al., 2013). According to results obtained, there was no sig-

nificant effect of different concentrations of fertilizer treatments on leaf length, number of leaves,

and number of shoots and dry weight of shoots. Further, findings of Broschat et al. (2008) concluded

that the visual quality of Stenotaphrum secundatum ‘Floratam’, Pentas lanceolata, Nandina do-mestica, and Allamanda cathartica ‘Hendersoni’ were similar for all fertilizer types tested. Three

different fertilizer concentrations (×1/2, ×1 and ×2 times of the RBG recommended dosages) of

high N, P and balanced fertilizer were used in this study. Half a dosage of fertilizer was used to

compare the yield with the RBG recommended dosage in order to reduce the cost on fertilizer.

Meanwhile, twice the RBG dosage was used to check whether it gives a higher yield than RBG

recommended dosage. However, there was a significant difference among fertilizer levels on root

dry weight and plant fresh weight. Fresh weight and dry weight are factors, which are used to assess

plant growth (Taiz and Zeiger, 1991). Maximum growth and best quality yield can be harvested

with the accurate combination of nutrients with a suitable potting media (Ahmad et al., 2012).

According to the results, we recommend coir: sand media and RBG recommended dosages

of fertilizer for speedy increment of leaf length in O. japonicus, which will enhance the mar-

ketability this ornamental foliage plant.

.

CONCLUSION

Most effective potting media and fertilizer treatment for O. japonicus were sand: coir media

with Royal Botanic Gardens, Sri Lanka recommended dosage of fertilizer treatment i.e.,high ni-

trogen (2.5 g/L), balanced (1.25 g/L) and high phosphorous fertilizers (2.5 g/L), respectively.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Financial assistance by the National Science Foundation, Sri Lanka (NSF Grant No.

RG/2012/AG/03) is acknowledged.

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www.jornamental.com


The Impact of Drought Stress of the Cultivation Medium

on the Growth and Postharvest Life of Lilium and Chlorophyll

in Different Potassium Concentrations of Nutrient Solution

A. Mohammadi Torkashvand* and T. Toofighi Alikhani

Department of Horticulture, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran

*Corresponding author,s email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract

To study the effect of different concentrations of potassium in thenutrient solution and water stress on the quality and quantity yield of LiliumLA cv.Termoli, a pot experiment was conducted based on completely randomizeddesign in sand and perlite medium (50:50) in three levels of potassium (K-free, 6 mM K and and 12 mM K in Hoagland solution) with three replications.In the present study, the growth indices, post-harvest life of flower andpotassium and chlorophyll contents were measured in shoots. The resultsshowed that the plant dry/fresh weight and vegetative height was highest in 6mM potassium treatments. Lily postharvest life at 6 mM K was increased 5.7days relative to k-free conditions. The chlorophyll a, b and total content innutrient solution without K were lower than in nutrient solution with 6 and 12mM potassium.

Keywords: Chlorophyll, Growth medium, Perlite, Postharvest life.


INTRODUCTION

Among the various kinds of bulbous plants, Lilium is uniquely beautiful flowers that its

colorful plants favor high price and is grown as cut flowers or pot (Sajid et al., 2009). This plant

is ranked fourth followed by rose, carnation and chrysanthemums. Every year, this plant in Nether-

land flower auction market is sale about 150 million cut (Burchi et al., 2010). One of the most im-

portant factors affecting the quality of the flowers is appropriate nutrition. Nutrients supply affects

on plant growth and metabolism. Nutritional studies on bulbous flowers are difficult, because the

nutrients are in storage form in the bulb. So to overcome nutritional problems mentioned above,

cultivation experiments on mediums without nutrients along with nutrient solution are recom-

mended (Naseri and Ibrahimi, 2002). Potassium has considerable importance in Lilium nutrient.

This element lead to optimal improves in plant growth and increases flowers post harvesting life

because of the role in the protein synthesis process, neutralizing anions and adjusting osmotic po-

tential (Pardo et al., 2006). This element play a role in protein synthesis, photosynthesis and trans-

port materials from its. In the case of potassium deficiency, the activity of some enzymes, uptake

and transport of some nutrients will reduce (Kanai et al., 2007). Morgan (1992) and Ma et al.(2004) reported that lines of rapeseed and mustard that showed high osmotic adjustment had high

concentration of potassium in their tissues.

Potassium ions catalyze the transfer of materials from photosynthesis. This is probably re-

lated to photophosphorylation processes. Increasing photophosphorylation and photosynthetic

electron transport in plants having sufficient good potassium ions is observed. Photosynthetic elec-

tron transport system is the major source of reactive oxygen production in plant tissues (Asada,

1994) that have the potential to produce single oxygen and superoxide. The present study was de-

signed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of potassium in nutrient solution under

conditions of drought stress on yield of lily.


Premature bulbs of lilium LA hybrid cv.‘Termoli’ were prepared and were transferred to

the Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Guilan, Iran. A completely randomized

design with three treatments in three replicates in a medium sand and perlite (50:50) was designed.

The medium moisture and water-holding capacity condition was always faced dry between two

irrigations. Treatments were consisted of three levels of zero (nutrient solution without potassium),

6 mM potassium and 12 mM potassium in Hoagland solution.

Perlite with a diameter of 1 to 2 mm (fine) was used and several times washed with double

distilled water for reduce fluoride. River sand was washed several times to be free of any mud and

then packed in cellophane bags and were disinfected using an autoclave (120°C for 15 min). Lily

bulbs incubated with 10g Benomyl fungicide solution in ten liters of water for 15 minutes before

planting. And then, were placed on paper without rinsing and were completely dried by air flow.

Pots made with a height of 15 cm and two liters volume were disinfected with sodium hypochlorite

1%. Bulbs was planted after disinfect inside the pot with a depth of 10 cm and then were placed

in a greenhouse spacing 20×20 cm and irrigated with 300 mL of deionized water immediately for

each pot. Average, minimum and maximum temperatures during the growing period were measured

by the thermometer that was 18-22 and 17-16°C at day and night, respectively.

Hoagland solution was used in the experiment (Hoagland, 1950). Salts present in the

Hoagland formula are including potassium phosphate, potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate and mag-

nesium sulfate which containing six elements of phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, calcium, sulfur

and magnesium. Then, a molar solution of each of them was prepared as a mother or stock solu-

tions. Applying a certain amount of each salt stock solution, sufficient amount of needed nutrients

is provided. However, to control or change one or more nutrient concentrations, concentrations of

other elements in the formula will change. Due to changes in potassium concentration in the nu-

trient solution (in standard mode, 6 mmol), potassium nitrate in K-free condition is not intake.


Decrease in the amount of nitrogen in the nutrient solution due to decreased intake of calcium ni-

trate compensated from ammonium nitrate salt. The main reason for the use of ammonium nitrate

is to supply nitrogen both in nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4

+). Increase in potassium concen-

tration in the nutrient solution at a concentration of 12 mM is supplied through potassium sulfate.

Potassium salts used in any concentration can be seen in Table 1.

The nutrient solution system was an open system and nutrient solution with irrigation water

(300 mL) was used once every three days. The status to maintain moisture in sand and perlite

medium was in such a way that medium was encountered with drought and the plant faced with

drought stress during both irrigations. To measure the flowering time, the number of days from

bulbs planted in pots to the first appearance of bud was counted. Lilies stem end height, stem di-

ameter, reproductive height (distance between the lowest pedicel to tip of the longest bud), and

shoot dry weight were measured. To measure the durability of the cut flowers, cut flowers are

placed in water and the number of days from harvesting cut flowers until when 50% of petals

falling from each sample, were counted.

To measure potassium, 0.3 g dried sample in oven with 2.3 mL mixture of sulfuric and sal-

icylic acids were soaked for 24 hours. Then, the samples were heated to 180 °C and the solution

was colorless adding intermittent and low hydrogen peroxide. Then the solution is brought to the

related volume with distilled water and filtered (Emami, 1996).

Chlorophyll content was determined using Arnon (1949) method. To measure chlorophyll

content, 0.5 g of green leaves in liquid nitrogen in a porcelain mortar in ice container without light

with 0.5 g magnesium carbonate was ground and gradually adds about 10 ml of acetone 80%. One

ml of the prepared extract after centrifugation was placed in a spectrophotometer cell and the

amount of light absorbed by chlorophylls a and b was read at 645 and 663 nm wavelengths, re-

spectively. The amount of chlorophyll a, b and total were determined by the following formula:

V/W×Cchl.a: (0.0127) (oD 663) – (0.000259) (oD 645)

V/W×Cchl.b: (0.0229) (oD 645) – (0.000469) (oD 663)

CchlT: (0.0202) (oD 645)-(0.0080) (oD 663) × V/W

Where, C is chlorophyll a, b and total concentration in mg/g leaf fresh weight and oD is

the light absorption rate at corresponding wavelengths and V is the acetone 80% volume and W is

leaf fresh weight.


Table 2 shows the results of data analysis of variance related to the effect of potassium con-

centration in nutrient solution on plant growth indices. Effect of treatments on shoot dry weight,

postharvest life, shoots potassium concentrations and the number of secondary buds was significant

at 1% and shoot fresh weight, bud coloring time, vegetative and reproductive height, initial number

of buds, stem diameter and flower diameter was significant at 5%.

Tables 3-5 show the effect of treatment on the growth indices of lilium. The highest shoot

fresh/dry weight is related to 6 mmol of potassium with 16.6 g and 14.1g, respectively. Shoot fresh

Macronutrients

Micronutrients12 mM K 6 mM K Without potassium

KH2PO4

KNO3

Ca(NO3)2,4H2O

MgSO4,7H2O

K2SO4

KH2PO4

KNO3

Ca(NO3)2,4H2O

MgSO4,7H2O

H3PO4

Ca(NO3)2,4H2O

MgSO4,7H2O

NH4NO3

H3BO3

MnCl2.4H2O

ZnSO4.7H2O

CuSO4.5H2O

H2MoO4.H2O

Fe2(C4H4O6)3

Table 1. The salts applied in preparation of nutrient solution in three concentrations of potassium.

Control: 2 peat +1 perlite in volume rate; PSC: peanut shells compost


weight in 12 mM potassium showed significant reduction compared with the control, and the 6

mM potassium. It seems that in 6 mM potassium, potassium had been adequately and plants with

potassium stock lost less water. As a result, water conservation increased shoot fresh weight. Sulter

(1957), Tisdale et al. (1985) and Huber (1985) also stated that, due to its role in the growth and

development of plant cells and making cell turgor and opening and closing of stomata, potassium

maintain water in plant and this has greatly increased plant fresh weight.

It seems that shoot fresh weight reduction in treatment 12 mM potassium than 6 mmol is

due to an antagonistic effect of these element and other nutrients. Bould (1964) stated that increase

potassium levels in the nutrient solution due to antagonist's effect of potassium with magnesium

and calcium reduced their uptake by the plant. These findings are corresponded to Barra-aguilar

et al. (2012) in lily and Wang (2007) in the orchid flowers.

There is no significant difference between the time of bud coloring in K-free and 6 mM

potassium medium (Table 3). Double increasing the potassium reduce bud coloring time. The re-

sults are corresponded to Wang (2007) on the orchid flowers. Stem diameter in 12 mM potassium

treatments was significantly decreased compared to K-free treatment (Table 4). According to the

results of Table 5, the reduction in diameter of open flowers was found in 12 mM potassium con-

Variation

Resources

Freedom

Degree

Mean Squared

Fresh

weight of

shoot

Dry weight of

shoot

Time to

appearance

flower bud

Buds

coloring time

Postharvest

life

Potassium Con-

centration in

shoot

K concentration

Error

K concentration

Error

K concentration

Error

2

16

2

16

2

16

6745.1*

1750.5

Vegetative

height

741.7*

185.2

stem

diameter

5.42*

1.37

32.0**

0.37

reproductive

height

142.2*

36.2

Opened flower

diameter

4521.6*

987.2

45.4ns

62.2

Primary flower

bud number

4.8*

1.3

Leaf

number

100.0ns

97.4

532.0*

135.0

secondary flower

bud number

18.4**

1.57

Fresh weight of

underground organ

20.8ns

287.2

546.0**

34.4

Flower bud

aborted number

0.9ns

2.2

Fresh weight

of rooted stem

24.9ns

23.5

18.7**

0.48

First flower

bud length

978.2ns

874.8

Dry weight of

rooted stem

1.4ns

1.80

Table 2. Variance analysis of data related to the effect of potassium concentration in nutrient solution on plant growth.

K concentration in

nutrient solution

Fresh weight

of shoot (g)

Dry weight

of shoot (g)

Vegetative

height (cm)

Reproductive

height (cm)

Time to appearance

flower bud (day)

Buds coloring

time (day)

Without K

6 mM

12 mM

121.3 c

158.3 a

133.0 b

9.9 c

15.4 a

13.0 b

86.9 b

98.5 a

94.0 a

9.2 b

9.5 b

11.0 a

28.2

26.7

28.2

42.8 a

43.0 a

30.2 b

Table 3. The effect of treatment on Fresh and dry weight of shoot, vegetative and reproductive height,

time to appearance flower bud and buds coloring time.

K concentration in

nutrient solution

First flower bud

length (mm)

Leaf

number

Primary flower

bud number

Secondary flower

bud number

Flower bud

aborted number

Stem diam-

eter (mm)

Without K

6 mM

12 mM

59.8

64.6

50.4

92.9

90.8

86.5

5.4 a

6.0 a

4.2 b

1.6 a

2.0 a

0.5 b

0.88

0.62

0.67

14.6 a

15.2 a

13.8 b

Table 4. The effect of treatment on first flower bud length, leaf number, bud number and stem diameter.

K concentration in

nutrient solution

Opened flower

diameter (mm)

Fresh weight of

underground organ (g)

Fresh weight of

rooted stem (g)

Dry weight of rooted

stem (g)

Without K

6 mM

12 mM

146.6 a

134.2 a

102.8 b

48.4

46.5

48.6

8.0

7.8

5.6

1.8

1.4

1.2

Table 5. The effect of treatment on flower diameter, fresh weight of underground organ and fresh and dry

weight of rooted stem.


centration compared to without K. It seems in the plant fed with nutrient solution 12 mM potas-

sium, potassium content of the nutrient solution was sufficiently high (luxury consumption).

The plants first grew normally, but gradually during plant reproductive development, high con-

centrations of potassium left its negative effects through agonistic effect on the uptake of other

nutrients; especially calcium which is contributes in the increase of cell wall and increase the

flower diameter. And thus the diameter of the opened flower in the treatment was decreased.

Barrera-Aguilar et al. (2012) in study on Lilium in Mexico examined the effect of 4 potassium

levels (0, 5, 10, 20 mM) in Hoagland solution on Lilium growth and photosynthesis grown in

acidic peat. The results showed that at concentrations 5 to 10 mM, flower diameter, plant height

and plant dry weight was increased; however, higher concentrations of potassium had adverse

effect on the listed traits. Wang (2007) examined the impact of different levels of potassium (50,

100, 200, 300, 400, 500 ppm) on the Phalaenopsis orchid. The results showed that the largest

and tallest inflorescence regardless of the medium was obtained at level of 300 ml/l. The higher

amount had an inverse effect on all traits.

Lily postharvest life at a concentration of 6 mM potassium was increased 5.7 days than in

the potassium-free conditions (Fig. 1); however there is not found significant difference between

postharvest in 12 mM potassium in nutrient solution and potassium-free conditions.

Increase potassium in the nutrient solutions based on the antagonistic action between potas-

sium, magnesium and calcium may decrease the uptake of magnesium and calcium (Bould, 1964).

Fig. 1. The effect of K concentration in nutrient solution

on postharvest life.

Fig. 2. The effect of K concentration in nutrient solution

on K concentration of shoot.


Another reason for reducing flowers postharvest life in 12 mM potassium than 6 mmol of potas-

sium can be high concentration of potassium in the root environment which prevents the uptake

of calcium and magnesium in the plant. It is worth noting that among other elements, calcium and

magnesium play the most important role in increasing the postharvest life of cut flowers. The effect

of calcium on the lily postharvest longevity (Seyedi et al., 2011), Robichuax (2008) in poinsettia

and Sosanan (2007) in sunflower has been reported. Probably the reason for no significant differ-

ence in the lily postharvest in 12 mM potassium with potassium-free is that lilies are bulbous plants

and nutrients stored in its bulb (Naseri and Ebrahim, 2002). According to the results in Fig. 2, the

increase of nutrient solution potassium increased in potassium concentrations in shoots. This in-

crease was more than twice the concentration of potassium in potassium-free nutrient solution.

This is due to the greater supply of potassium by nutrient solution and more potassium uptake by

the plant. Increasing potassium uptake can be a reason in the increase of vase life.

The results in Table 6 show that chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content in nutrient

solution without K was lower than in nutrient solutions 6 and 12 mM potassium. It seems that, as

a non-organic osmolit in osmotic adjustment, potassium has been effective to reduce the negative

effects of drought stress (Ma et al., 2004 and 2006) and consequently to improve metabolic

processes including forming chlorophyll. Potassium is involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll

pigment precursor (Kumar and Kumar, 2008). This element play a role in protein synthesis, pho-

tosynthesis and transport materials from its. In the case of potassium deficiency, the activity of

some enzymes, uptake and transport of some nutrients will reduce (Kanai et al., 2007).

CONCLUSION

Results showed that the plant fresh and dry weight and plant vegetative height in the treat-

ments 6 mM potassium was highest. Lily postharvest at a concentration of 6 mM potassium was

increased 5.7 days relative to k-free condition. The amount of chlorophyll a, b and total in the nu-

trient solution k-free was lower than in the nutrient solution with 6 and 12 mM potassium.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This work was supported by a grant from the Islamic Azad University, Rasht, fund based on

a Research Design. The author would like to thank the university and particularly Dr Amirrteimoori,

Dr Fallah, Dr Kefayati and Dr Pourahmad for their aid and use of equipment and facilities.

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برای بررسی غلظت های مختلف پتاسیم در محلول غذایی و تنش آب بر کیفیت و

کمیت عملکرد سوسن رقم ’ترمولی‘، یک آزمایش گلدانی بر پایه یک طرح کامالً تصادفی

در بسرت ۵۰:۵۰ درصد حجمی شن و پرلیت در سه غلظت بدون پتاسیم، ۶ میلی مول و

۱۲ میلی مول پتاسیم با سه تکرار انجام شد. در مطالعه حارض، شاخص های رشد، عمر پس

از برداشت و مقدار پتاسیم و کلروفیل برگ اندازه گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که بیشرتین

رشد رویشی و وزن تر و خشک گیاه در تیامر ۶ میلی مول پتاسیم به دست آمد. عمر پس

از برداشت سوسن در تیامر ۶ میلی مول پتاسیم، ۵/۷ روز نسبت به رشایط بدون پتاسیم

افزایش یافت. مقدار کلروفیل های a، b و کل در غلظت های ۶ و ۱۲ میلی مول بیشرت از

محول غذایی بدون پتاسیم بود.

دهــیـکـ چ

اثر تنش خشـکى حاصل از بسـتر کشـت بر رشـد، عمر پس از برداشت و مقدار کلروفیل سوسـن در غلظت هاى مختلف پتاسـیم در محلول غذایى

على محمدى ترکاشوند* و تى. توفیقى علیخانىگروه باغبانى، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمى، واحد رشت، رشت، ایران

تاریخ تایید: 22 اردیبهشت 1394 تاریخ دریافت: 26 اسفند 1393 [email protected]; [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *

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مجله گیاهان زینتى، سال پنجم، شماره 2، (1394)8

مجله گیاهان زینتىwww.jornamental.com قابل دسترس در سایتشماره استاندارد بین المللى چاپ: 6433-2251 شماره استاندارد بین المللى آنالین: 2251-6441

Ophiopogon japonicus افزایش عملکرد گیاه زینتىاس.ام.ك.اچ. ویجایاباندارا1*، جى. دبلیو.دامونوپوال 2، اس.آ. کریشناراجا 3، دبلیو.آ.ام دانداسکرا 2 و دى.اس.آ ویجسوندارا 3

1 فارغ التحصیل موسسه علوم، دانشگاه پرادنیا، سرى النکا2 گروه گیاهشناسى، دانشگاه پرادنیا، سرى النکا

3 باغ سلطنتى گیاهشناسى، گروه باغ هاى گیاهشناسى ملى، پرادنیا، سرى النکا

تاریخ تایید: 3 تیر 1394 تاریخ دریافت: 6 اردیبهشت 1394 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *

کلیــد واژگــان: کود.، صنعت گل کارى، بستر گلدانى.

7 مجله گیاهان زینتى، سال پنجم، شماره 2، (1394)

دهــیـکــــت. چ ـــواده Liliaceae اس ـــه خان ـــق ب ـــی متعل ـــاه زینت ـــک گی Ophiopogon japonicas ی

ـــر ـــه خاط ـــی ب ـــی خوب ـــادرات بین امللل ـــن ص ـــی و همچنی ـــازار محل ـــاه دارای ب ـــن گی ای

برگ هـــای نیـــزه ای شـــکل ســـاده بـــراق بـــا رنـــگ ســـفید مایـــل بـــه ســـبز می باشـــد.

در صنعـــت گل، بهبـــود برگ هـــا و رشـــد ایـــن گیـــاه از اهمیـــت ویـــژه ای برخـــوردار اســـت. هـــدف از ایـــن مطالعـــه، بررســـی بهرتیـــن پاســـخ O. japonicus بـــه بســـرت

ـــل ـــاالی مح ـــانتی مرتی ب ـــاه از ۴ س ـــی گی ـــش هوای ـــت. بخ ـــودی اس ـــامر ک ـــت و تی کشـــاک ـــوع خ ـــاوی دو ن ـــی ح ـــرتهای گلدان ـــه بس ـــد و ب ـــده ش ـــه بری ـــاقه و ریش ـــال س اتصـــه نســـبت ـــل، کمپوســـت و شـــن ب ـــاف نارگی منتقـــل شـــد: ۱- بســـرت حـــاوی خاکســـرت الی۱:۱:۱ و ۲- شـــن و خاکســـرت الیـــاف نارگیـــل بـــه نســـبت ۱:۱ بـــه صـــورت حجمـــی. ســـه تیـــامر کـــودی شـــامل کـــود دارای نیـــرتوژن زیـــاد، کـــود متعـــادل و کـــود دارای

فســـفر زیـــاد بـــه صـــورت محلول پاشـــی در ســـه غلظـــت ۰/۵، ۱ و ۲ برابـــر غلظـــت

ـــر ـــت. آب مقط ـــه کار رف ـــکا (RGB) ب ـــی رسی الن ـــلطنتی گیاه شناس ـــاغ س ـــنهادی ب پیشـــاه، ـــر گی ـــرگ، وزن ت ـــر طـــول ب ـــامر شـــاهد اســـتفاده شـــد. بســـرت رشـــد ب ـــوان تی ـــه عن بـــر ـــرگ و ســـاقه در ســـطح ۵ درصـــد اث ـــی و ریشـــه و تعـــداد ب ـــدام هوای وزن خشـــک ان

ـــر طـــول ـــامر شـــاهد و تیامرهـــای کـــودی ب ـــن تی ـــی داری بی ـــر معن ـــی دار داشـــت. اث معنبـــرگ، وزن خشـــک انـــدام هوایـــی و تعـــداد بـــرگ و ســـاقه دیـــده نشـــد، در حالـــی کـــه

ـــاه و وزن خشـــک ـــر گی ـــر وزن ت ـــر ب ـــی داری در اث ـــاوت معن ـــودی تف ـــن تیامرهـــای ک بیـــرت ـــبت ۱:۱ خاکس ـــاوی نس ـــرت ح ـــت، بس ـــرت کش ـــن بس ـــد. مؤثرتری ـــاهده ش ـــه مش ریشـــرم در ـــاد (۲/۵ گ ـــرتوژن زی ـــودی نی ـــا تیامرهـــای ک ـــب ب ـــه ترتی ـــل و شـــن ب ـــاف نارگی الی

ـــود. ـــرت) ب ـــرم در لی ـــاد (۱/۲۵ گ ـــفر زی ـــادل و فس ـــرت)، متع لی

اثر چند محلول نگهدارنده در حفظ کیفیت گل مریم این مطالعه برای بررسی

(Polianthes tuberosa cv. ‘Single‘) انجام شد. تیامرها (محلول های نگهدارنده) عبارت

T۲ ،AgNO: ۲ درصد ساکارز + ۳بودند از: T۱: ۲ درصد ساکارز + ۲۰۰ میلی گرم در لیرت

AgNO + ۲۵ میلی گرم بر لیرت اسید سیرتیک، T۳: ۲ درصد ساکارز ۳۲۰۰ میلی گرم در لیرت

۲۵ + HQS ۲ درصد ساکارز + ۳۰۰ میلی گرم در لیرت :HQS، T۴ ۳۰۰ میلی گرم در لیرت +

+ AgNO۳میلی گرم بر لیرت اسید سیرتیک، T۵: ۲ درصد ساکارز + ۲۰۰ میلی گرم در لیرت

۳۰۰ + AgNO۳۳۰۰ میلی گرم در لیرت HQS، T۶: ۲ درصد ساکارز + ۲۰۰ میلی گرم در لیرت

میلی گرم در لیرت HQS + ۲۵ میلی گرم بر لیرت اسید سیرتیک، T۷: ۰/۰۱ درصد هیپوکلراید

سدیم، T۸: ۰/۰۵ درصد هیپوکلراید سدیم، T۹: ۰/۱۰ درصد هیپوکلراید سدیم و T۱۰: آب

شهری (شاهد). نتایج نشان داد که همه تیامرها کیفیت نگهداری و عمر گلدانی گل های

شاخه بریده را نسبت به شاهد بهبود دادند. در بین تیامرها، بیشرتین جذب آب، نسبت

جذب به هدر روی آب، افزایش وزن تر ساقه در تیامر ۲ درصد ساکارز + ۲۰۰ میلی گرم

AgNO + ۳۰۰ میلی گرم در لیرت HQS + ۲۵ میلی گرم بر لیرت اسید سیرتیک دیده ۳در لیرت

شد که عمر گلدانی گل به ۱۰ روز افزایش یافت. طبق نتایج تحقیق حارض، تیامر مذکور

بهرتین تیامر در طوالنی کردن عمر گلدانی گل مریم محسوب می شود.

دهــیـکـ چ

اثر محلول هاى نگهدارنده مختلف بر عمر گلدانى گل مریم

افروز نازنین 1*، ام. مفضل حسین 2، کابیتا آنجو مان آرا 1، ام دى. مازادل اسالم 3 و نادیرا مکروما 4مرکز تحقیقات باغبانى، موسسه تحقیقات کشاورزى بنگالدش، گازیپور، بنگالدش

تاریخ تایید: 1 تیر 1394 تاریخ دریافت: 13 فروردین 1394 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *

کلیــد واژگــان: اسید سیتریک، کیفیت نگهدارى، گل مریم، محلول نگدارنده، هیپوکلراید سدیم ساکارز.




بــه منظــور بررســی اثــر شــکاف ٥ ســانتیمرتی و عصــاره شــمعدانی عطــری بــر (Dendranthema grandiflirum L.) عمــر گلجایــی و خصوصیــات گل بریــده داودیــور، شــکاف ــا دو فاکت ــی ب ــه طــرح کامــال تصادف ــر پای ــی ب ــل ٢ عامل ــش فاکتوری آزمایانتهــای ســاقه در ٢ ســطح (شــکاف و بــدون شــکاف) و عصــاره شــمعدانی عطــری در ٦ ســطح (٠، ١، ٢، ٤، ٨ و ١٠ درصــد) بــا ١٢ تیــامر، ٣ تکــرار، ٣٦ پــالت و ١٤٤ شــاخه گل انجــام شــد. در ایــن مطالعــه صفاتــی از قبیــل عمــر گلجایــی، جــذب آب، افزایــش وزن تــر، مــاده خشــک و افزایــش درجــه بریکــس مــورد ارزیابــی قــرار گرفــت. نتایــج نشــان داد کــه عمــر گلجایــی، افزایــش درجــه بریکــس و افزایــش وزن تــر در ســطح ١ درصــد

آمــاری معنــی دار شــده اســت و صفــات مــاده خشــک و جــذب آب در ســطح ٥ درصــد

آمــاری معنــی دار شــده اســت. همــه تیامرهــا نســبت بــه شــاهد موجــب بهبــود عمــر

گلجایــی شــدند ولــی بیشــرتین عمــر گلجایــی مربــوط بــه تیــامر شــکاف ٥ ســانتی مرتی همــراه بــا ١٠ درصــد عصــاره شــمعدانی بــا ١٨/٤١ روز نســبت بــه شــاهد (٨/٠٦ روز)

مانــدگاری ایــن گل بریــده را افزایــش داد.

دهــیـکـ چ

بررســى اثــرات تیمارهــاى مکانیکــى و عصــاره شــمعدانى عطــرى بــر عمــر (Dendranthema grandiflorum L.) گلجایى گل شــاخه بریــده داودى

شهال دشتبانى 1 و داوود هاشم آبادى 2*1 دانشجوى کارشناسى ارشد، گروه باغبانى، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمى، واحد رشت، رشت، ایران

2 استادیار گروه باغبانى، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمى، واحد رشت، رشت، ایران

تاریخ تایید: 20 اردیبهشت 1394 تاریخ دریافت: 23 اسفند 1393 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *

کلیــد واژگــان: گل داودى، شکاف انتهاى ساقه، عصاره شمعدانى عطرى، عمر گلجایى.



به منظــور بررســی اثــر میــدان مغناطیســی روی خصوصیــات جوانه زنــی و پیش رســی

همیشــه بهــار یــک آزمایــش در رشایــط آزمایشــگاهی در دانشــگاه اراک انجــام شــد. بذرهــا

D۲ ،(شــاهد) D۱ در معــرض ۱۰۰ یــا ۲۰۰ میلی تســال در دوره هــای زمانــی مختلــف

ــرار ــد) ق ــاعت) و D۶ (ممت ــاعت)، D۵ (۲۴ س ــاعت)، D۴ (۱۲ س ــاعت)، D۳ (۶ س (۱ س

گرفتنــد. میانگیــن مــدت زمــان جوانه زنــی (MGT) و مــدت زمــان الزم بــرای جوانه زنــی

۱۰، ۲۵، ۵۰، ۷۵ و ۹۰ درصــد بذرهــا محاســبه شــد. از نظــر جوانه زنــی متــام تیامرهــا

بهــرت از شــاهد بودنــد. به عبــارت دیگــر در بذرهــای تیــامر شــده مــدت زمــان الزم بــرای

ــرد. ــدا ک ــش پی ــا شــاهد ۴ ســاعت افزای ــا در مقایســه ب ــی تقریب ــان جوانه زن ــن زم میانگی

ــن ــود. میانگی ــی داری بیشــرت از شــاهد ب ــرای دورهــای D۴ ،D۳ و D۵ بطــور معن T۱۰ ب

زمــان جوانه زنــی بطــور معنــی داری بــا افزایــش زمــان میــدان مغناطیســی، افزایــش یافــت

ــک ــده از وزن خش ــت آم ــج بدس ــق نتای ــود. مطاب ــاعت ب ــدود ۲ و ۳ س ــدد ح ــن ع و ای

(STL) ــاره ــول شاخس ــذر (SRDP) و ط ــر ب ــش ذخای ــد کاه ــا (SLDW)، درص دانهال ه

مشــخص شــد کــه بــا افزایــش زمــان میــدان مغناطیســی، ایــن خصوصیــات کاهــش یافتنــد.

دهــیـکـ چ

اثر میدان مغناطیسى روى جوانه زنى بذر و پیش رس کردن همیشه بهارحسین صالحى ارجمند و سعید شرفى*

دانشگاه اراك، دانشکده کشاورزى، اراك، ایران

تاریخ تایید: 31 فروردین 1394 تاریخ دریافت: 11 اسفند 1393 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *

کلیــد واژگــان: مغناطیس، شدت میدان، کاهش ذخایر بذر.




قـدرت جوانه زنـی ارکیدهـا (از خانـواده ارکیداسـه) بنظر می رسـد بسـیار ضعیف باشـد

که ناشـی از فقدان آلبومن اسـت. این مطالعه با تیامرهای مختلف شـامل زمان گرده افشـانی

و GA۳ بـرای شکسـنت خـواب و افزایـش جوانه زنـی ارکیدهـا انجام شـد. اثر زمان گرده افشـانی

(۸ دوره از ژانویه تا آگوسـت) و اسـید جیربلیک (۰، ۵۰۰، ۱۰۰۰ و ۱۵۰۰ میلی گرم در لیرت) روی

جوانه زنـی ارکیـده فاالنوپسـیس بررسـی شـد. بـرای رشـد دانهال ها از محیط کشـت کوکوپیت

و زغال به نسـبت ۱ به ۵ و کوکوپیت، زغال، پوسـته درختان و پلی اسـتیرن به نسـبت ۱:۱:۲:۴

اسـتفاده شـد. نتایج نشـان داد که بهرتین غلظت هیپوکلریت سدیم برای ضدعفونی کپسول ها

۲ درصـد بـود. بهرتیـن مـاه بـرای گرده افشـانی گل هـا ژانویه بود. بیشـرتین عملکـرد از یک

کپسـول بـه تعـداد ۱۵/۳ دانهـال در بسـرت MS ۱/۲ حـاوی ۱۰۰۰ میلی گـرم در لیرت اسـید

جیربلیـک بدسـت آمـد. دانهال هـای تولیـدی بـرای مقاوم سـازی بـه گلخانـه منتقـل شـدند.

بیشـرتین میزان قدرت رشـد در بسـرت کوکوپیت، زغال، پوسـته درختان و پلی اسـتیرن حاصل

. شد

دهــیـکـ چ

اثـر زمـان گرده افشـانى و اسـید جیبرلیـک (GA3) روى تولیـد و جوانه زنـى بـذر فاالنوپسـیس ارکیده

حسن کیا حیرتى 1*، رسول انسى نژاد 2 و فتانه یارى 31 دانشجوى کارشناسى ارشد، گروه علوم باغبانى، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمى، واحد رشت، رشت، ایران

2 استادیار گروه علوم باغبانى، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمى، واحد رشت، رشت، ایران

3 گروه علوم باغبانى، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزى و منابع طبیعى، سازمان پژوهش علمى و صنعتى، ایران

تاریخ تایید: 15 اردیبهشت 1394 تاریخ دریافت: 29 بهمن 1393 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *

کلیــد واژگــان: محیط کشت، گونه هاى ارکیداسه، تیمار بذر، قوه نامیه.



ریــز ازدیــادی نقــش بســیار مهمــی در تکثیــر ارقــام بــا صفــات مطلــوب و تولیــد

گیاهــان عــاری از بیــامری دارد. ایــن پژوهــش به منظــور بهینه ســازی رشایــط تکثیــر رز

هیربیــد رقــم ’بلــک بــاکارا‘ انجــام شــد. بــرای این منظــور در مرحلــه پــرآوری، قطعــات

میانگــره (۱/۵ ســانتی مرتی) در محیــط کشــت هایMS, VS و WPM بــه فــرم جامــد

VS و مایــع کشــت شــدند. نتایــج نشــان داد کــه باالتریــن پــرآوری در محیــط کشــت

بــود و باالتریــن رضیــب تکثیــر و رسعــت رشــد در محیــط کشــت مایــع بدســت آمــد.

VS، ــت های ــط کش ــا محی ــی ب ــا، آزمایش ــه زایی گیاهچه ه ــازی ریش ــور بهینه س به منظ

NAA ۱/۴ در حالــت مایــع و نیمــه جامــد حــاوی ۰/۵ میکرومــوالر VS ۱/۲و VS

انجــام شــد. نتایــج نشــان داد کــه آغــازش ریشــه تحــت تاثیــر غلظت هــای مــواد معدنــی

محیــط کشــت اســت و پــرآوری و رسعــت رشــد بــاالی ریزمنونه هــا می توانــد به علــت

پتانســیل آبــی و در دســرتس بــودن مــواد معدنــی در محیــط کشــت مایــع باشــد.

دهــیـکـ چ

اثر آگار و محیط کشت هاى مختلف در ریزازدیادى رز رقم ’بلک باکارا‘(‘Rosa hybrida cv. ‘Black Baccara)

مینا بیاناتى1*، داریوش داوودى 2 و مریم جعفرخانى کرمانى 31 گروه علوم باغبانى، دانشگاه فردوسى مشهد، مشهد، ایران

2 گروه نانوتکنولوژى، موسسه تحقیقات بیوتکنولوژى کشاورزى، کرج، ایران

3 گروه کشت بافت و انتقال ژن، موسسه تحقیقات بیوتکنولوژى کشاورزى، کرج، ایران

تاریخ تایید: 7 تیر 1394 تاریخ دریافت: 14 فروردین 1394 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *

کلیــد واژگــان: آگار، رشد، محیط کشت، ریزازدیادي، رز هیبرید، کشت بافت.






گرفته نظر در گیاهی سیگنال مولکول یک عنوان به (SA) سالیسیلیک اسید

می شود که نقش کلیدی در رشد گیاه، توسعه و واکنش های دفاعی بازی می کند. مکانیسم

فیزیولوژیکی که کاربرد اسید سالیسیلیک پیری گل شاخه بریده لیزیانتوس را در طول

عمر گلجایی تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. گل های شاخه بریده

لیزیانتوس با آب مقطر (شاهد)، ۰/۵، ۱ و ۲ میلی موالر اسید سالیسیلیک تیامر شدند و در

دمای ۲۵ درجه سانتی گراد تا ۱۲ روز نگهداری شدند. کاربرد اسید سالیسیلیک با غلظت

۱ میلی موالر عمر گلجایی را افزایش داد که با کاهش نشت یونی و محتوای مالون دی

(LOX)مرتبط بود. تیامر اسید سالیسیلیک فعالیت آنزیم لیپوکسی ژناز (MDA) آلدئید

را که مسئول پراکسیداسیون چربی های غشاء است را کاهش داد. تیامر اسید سالیسیلیک

همچنین فعالیت آنزیم های کاتاالز (CAT) و آسکوربات پراکسیداز (APX) را افزایش

بنابراین داد. کاهش گلجایی عمر طول در را (H۲O

۲) هیدروژن پراکسید تجمع و

کاربرد اسید سالیسیلیک می تواند نفوذپذیری غشاء را به وسیله افزایش فعالیت سیستم

آنتی اکسیدانی حفظ کند و در نتیجه پیری گل شاخه بریده لیزیانتوس را در طول عمر

گلجایی به تاخیر بیندازد.

دهــیـکـ چ

بـه تاخیـر انداختـن پیرى پـس از برداشـت گل بریده لیزیانتوس توسـط اسید سالیسـیلیک تیمار

داوود عطایى*، روح انگیز نادرى و عزیزاهللا خاندان میرکوهىگروه علوم باغبانى، دانشکده کشاورزى و منابع طبیعى، دانشگاه تهران، کرج ، ایران

تاریخ تایید: 15 خرداد 1394 تاریخ دریافت: 25 اردیبهشت 1394 [email protected] :ایمیل نویسنده مسئول *

کلیــد واژگــان: آنزیم هاى آنتى اکسیدان، لیپوکسى ژناز، لیزیانتوس، اسید سالیسیلیک، عمر گلجایى.

www.jornamental.comThe Journal of Ornamental Plants, is an open access journal that provides rapid publication of manuscripts

on Ornamental plants, Floriculture and Landscape. Journal of Ornamental Plants is published in English,

as a printed journal and in electronic form.

All articles published in Journal of Ornamental Plants are peer-reviewed. All manuscripts should convey im-

portant results that have not been published, nor under consideration anywhere else. Journal of Orna-

mental Plants will be available online around the world free of charge at http://www.jornamental.com.

In addition, no page charge are required from the author(s). The Journal of Ornamental Plants is pub-

lished quarterly by Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Rasht, Iran.

Manuscript Submission

Please read the “Instructions to Authors” before submitting your manuscript. Submit manuscripts as e-

mail attachment to Dr. Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand, Executive Director of Journal of Ornamental Plants,

at [email protected]. Electronic submission of manuscripts is strongly encouraged, provided that

the text, tables, and figures are included in a single Microsoft Word 2003 file. A manuscript acknowledg-

ment including manuscript number will be emailed to the corresponding author within 72 hours.

Please do not hesitate to contact meif you have any questions about the journal. We look forward to

your participation in the Journal of Ornamental Plants.

Address: Islamic azad University, Rasht Branch

Horticultural Department,

Agriculture Faculty,

Rasht,

Iran.

P.O.Box 41335-3516

Email: [email protected]

URL: http:// www.jornamental.com

Topics and Types of PaperJournal of Ornamental Plants is an international journal to the publication of original papers and reviews

in the Ornamental plants, Floriculture and Landscape fields. Articles in the journal deal with Ornamental

plants, Floriculture and Landscape. The scope of JOP includes all Ornamental plants, Floriculture and

Landscape. The journal is concerned with Ornamental plants, Floriculture and Landscape and covers

all aspects of physiology, molecular biology, biotechnology, protected cultivation, and environmental areas

of plants. The journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of signif-

icance and scientific excellence, and will publish:

● Research articles

● Short Communications

● Review

Papers are welcome reporting studies in all aspects of Ornamental plants, Floriculture and Landscape

including:

Any Novel Approaches in Plant Science

Biotechnology

Environmental Stress Physiology

Genetices and Breeding

Photosynthesis, Sources-Sink Physiology

Postharvest Biology

Seed Physiology

Soil-Plant-Water Relationships

Modelling

Published by:Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran


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