Journal of Eurasian Studies Vol 1,2, Apr-jun 2009

7/28/2019 Journal of Eurasian Studies Vol 1,2, Apr-jun 2009

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JOURNALOFEURASIANSTUDIES

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JournaloftheGborBlintdeSzentkatolnaSociety

Founded:

2009.

Internet:www.federatio.org/joes.html

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VolumeI.,Issue2./AprilJune2009

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ISSN18774199


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AprilJune2009 JOURNALOFEURASIANSTUDIES VolumeI.,Issue2.

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CopyrightMikesInternational200120092

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FoundationStichtingMIKESINTERNATIONAL,establishedinTheHague,Holland.Account:Postbankrek.nr.7528240

Registered:Stichtingenregister:S41158447KamervanKoophandelenFabriekenDenHaag

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EDITORIALBOARD

EditorinChief

FARKAS,Flrin TheHague,Holland

DeputyEditorinChief

OBRUSNSZKY,Borbla Budapest,Hungary

Editors

ALIMBAY,Nursan Almaty,KazakhstanARADI,va Budapest,Hungary

BRCZI,Szaniszl Budapest,Hungary

BR,Andrs Budapest,Hungary

CSORNAI,Katalin Budapest,Hungary

ERDLYI,Istvn Gd,Hungary

HORVTH,Izabella Hangzhou,China

KARATAY,Osman zmir,Turkey

MARCZ,Lszl Amsterdam,Holland

MARCANTONIO,Angela Rome,Italy

SECHENBAATAR Hohhot,China

UCHIRALTU Hohhot,China

ZOMBORI,Andor Nagoya,Japan


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CONTENTS

DearReader,______________________________________________________________________ 6

OurAuthors ______________________________________________________________________ 7

CHRONICLE _________________________________________________ 10

BRCZI,SzaniszlDatahorizonfromEurasiainthe1stMillenniumB.C. _______________________________ 11

OBRUSNSZKY,BorblaStatuetoGborBlintdeSzentkatolna ___________________________________________ 21

HISTORY ____________________________________________________ 23

OBRUSNSZKY,BorblaLateHunsinCaucasus __________________________________________________________ 24

ZOMBORI,AndorHeavenlyWhiteCastleofJapan __________________________________________________ 37

LINGUISTICS ________________________________________________ 40

BRCZI,Szaniszl

GborCzak:InitiationintotheHungarianCastofMind ___________________________ 41FERENCZI,Enik

NewInterpretationoftheEthnicNameScythianandItsSignificancetotheEtymologyoftheBasque _______________________________________________ 43

MARCANTONIO,AngelaBelszsiai nyelveamagyar?__________________________________________________ 68ISHUNGARIANANINNERASIAN LANGUAGE? _______________________________________________ 95

ANCIENTWRITINGSYSTEMRESEARCH_______________________ 97MELLR,Mihly

LinearADeciphered ____________________________________________________________ 98

GEOSTRATEGY _____________________________________________ 120

DEMETERM.,AttilaTONK,MrtonTheSystemofNormsofMinorityProtectionintheEuropeanUnion ________________ 121


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DERRICK,MatthewTheImplicationsofClimateChangeforRussianGeopoliticsintheArctic ___________ 130

MAHAPATRA,DebidattaAurobinda

IndiasCentralAsianConnections_______________________________________________ 137LITERATURE _______________________________________________ 147

FARKAS,FlrinMirzaaPersianChronicleronthePolders _____________________________________ 148


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DEARREADER,

It is a great pleasure for the members of the editorialboard of ourjournal that so many readers

reacted enthusiastically to the launch of theJOURNAL OF

EURASIAN

STUDIES

. In the meantime somescholarsevensubmittedpapersthatyoucanreadinthisissue.Itisouraimtomakethisjournalavehicleforexchangingideas,information,andviewsaboutthetopicscoveredbyit.Thereforewewouldliketodrawtheattentionofourreaderstothefollowingpossibilities:

We welcome comments, reviews, and criticisms on papers published in thisjournal or inotherscholarlypublications,so longas theyareconstructiveandarenotmeant tohurtorinsult.

We would like to encourage everybody to submit to the Editorial Board([email protected]) papers in the fields coveredby theJournal. The papers willbeassessedsolelyontheiracademicmerits,andthesearethefewprerequisitestheauthorsand

theirpapersshouldadhereto: Canbewritteninanylanguage.However,ifwritteninalanguageotherthanEnglish,

pleaseprovideanEnglishsummaryofatleastA4length.

Abrief(max.10sentenceslong)professionalCVinEnglish.Beginning with the next issue we intend to launch a new column entitledNewsBrief. ThenewsbriefsectionfeaturesthelatestnewsfromthepastthreemonthspriortopublicationofeachJournalofEurasianStudiesissueintheareasofanthropology,archaeology,ethnology,folklore, genetics,and linguisticswithaspecial focus on Asiaand the interactionbetweenvarious European and Asian peoples. News pieces outside the threemonth period or our

scopeoffocusmayalsobeincludediftheyarefoundtobeofgreatvalueandrelevancebyoureditorialboard.Pleasesubmitashortsummaryofthosenewsbytes(max.100words)inEnglishtothefollowingemailaddress:[email protected],indicatingthesourceas well (also URL if applicable). The column willbe editedby one of our editors,AndorZombori. If the original news is only available in hardcopy, please send us a copy to thefollowing address: Journal of Eurasian Studies, P.O. Box 10249, 2501 HE, Den Haag,Holland. The names of the contributors willbe published in thejournal unless they askotherwise.

Ifyouwishtosubscribetotheelectronicmailing list,youcandoitbysendinganemailtothefollowingaddress:[email protected]

FlrinFarkas

EditorinChief

TheHague,June15,2009


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OURAUTHORS

BRCZI,Szaniszl

Physicistastronomer who made a new synthesis of evolution of matter according to thematerialhierarchyversusgreatstructurebuildingperiods.Thismodel isapartofhis LectureNoteSeriesBookontheEtvsUniversity.Healsoorganizedaresearchgrouponevolutionofmatter in the Geonomy Scientific Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Scince (with BlaLukcs).HewrotethefirstbookinHungaryaboutplanetaryscienceFromCrystalstoPlanetaryBodies (also he was the first candidate of earth sciences in topics planetology). Hebuilt withcolleagues on the Etvs university the Hungarian University Surveyor (Hunveyor)experimental space probe model for teachers training proposes and development of newconstructionsinmeasuringtechnologies.

DEMETERM.,Attila

Senior lecturer at the BabeBolyai University in Kolozsvr/Cluj/Clausenburg, focusing onpoliticalphilosophy.HecommencedhisacademicstudiesatthePolytechnicFaculty(Mechanics)in Kolozsvr/Cluj/Clausenburg, which was then followed with a BA then MA studies at theBabeBolyaiUniversity inPhilosophy (19921997).Mr.DemeterearnedhisPh.D.degree fromthesameuniversity inphilosophy in2001.He ischairmanof theProPhilosophiaFoundation,founderandmemberoftheeditorialboardofthephilosophyperiodicalKellk.Authorofseveral

booksandarticles.

DERRICK,Matthew

PhDcandidate inGeographyat theUniversityofOregon (USA).Healsoholds twomastersdegrees, thefirst inRussianAreaStudiesand thesecond inGeography,fromtheUniversityofOregon.FocusedmainlyontheRussianFederation,andespeciallyitsnonRussian regions, his scholarly interests include ethnoterritoriality, nationalism,regionalism,andgeopolitics.Healsonurturesaninterestincartographyandgeographicinformation systems (GIS). Most recently, his articles have appeared in theJournal ofCentralAsian and Caucasian Studies and the Central Eurasian Studies Review. With thesupportofaFulbrightHaysFellowship,heiscurrentlyconductingfieldworkinKazan,

Russia, where he is investigating the relationshipbetween Islam, nationalism, andterritoriality.

FARKAS,Flrin

Electricengineer;MBA.ITandmanagementconsultant.LivingintheNetherlandssince1992.


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FERENCZI,Enik

Born in1955, in Kolozsvr/Cluj/Clausenburg (Romania). In1979,sheobtainedherBachelorDegreeinphilosophyandhistory.Shewasateacheruntilsheleftherhomelandforideologicalreasons.From1989,sheislivinginSydney,Australia,wheresheobtainedherlibrariandiploma.Herfirstwritings,philosophicalessays,werepublishedinherstudentyears.Aftertwodecadesofotherpreoccupations,shehasresumedheroriginalprofessionbyparticipating inhistoricallectures, about Moldovian Hungarians and Scythians, in different cultural events of theHungarian community of Sydney. Her poems and essays were published mostly inTransylvanian periodicals. She wrote a novel,A kert (The Garden) about her immigrationalexperiences, and a memoir, Kincseim vrosa (The Town of My Treasures), with vast historical

background,aboutherchildhood in theethnicalminority cleansingcommunistera.CurrentlysheisworkingonherhistoricalnovelaboutScythians.

MAHAPATRA,DebidattaAurobindaReceived a Ph.D. degree from the School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru

University, New Delhi.He is currently part of research faculty at Centre for Central EurasianStudies, University of Mumbai, India. He is also associated with the Institute for ConflictResearch,Belfast,InternationalMediatingandNegotiatingOperationalAgency,Rome,HumanDignity and Humiliation Studies Network, andJournal of Alternative Perspectives in SocialSciences,Florida.Mr.MahapatrawasaresearchfellowatMoscowUniversityin20032004.Hehas written twobooks, coauthored two and coedited one. He has contributed over hundredpapers to various national and internationaljournals and magazines. His prominent worksinclude India Russia Partnership: Kashmir, Chechnya and Issues of Convergence (2006), Central

Eurasia:Geopolitics,CompulsionsandConnections(2008)andThePeaceProcessandProspectsforEconomic Reconstruction in Kashmir, Peace & Conflict Review (United Nations University ofPeace,Fall2008).Hisareasofexpertiseareconflictandpeacebuilding,Kashmir,terrorismandstrategicaspectsofCentralEurasia.

MARCANTONIO,Angela

Associated professor of historical linguistics and uralic studies at the University of RomeLa Sapienza. She is a founder of the socalled revolutionary school of FinnoUgric/Uralicstudies.Theresultsofherresearcharecontroversial,becauseshechallenges the foundationof

the field, that is, thevalidityof theconventionalFinnoUgric/Uralic theoryandrelated familytree.Sheistheauthorofseveralbooksandnumerousarticles(e.g.:TheUralicLanguageFamily:Facts,Myths and Statistics, 2002;A trtneti nyelvszet s a magyar nyelv eredete. (HistoricalLinguisticsandtheOriginofHungarian,2006).Nexttothis,she isworkingon theoriginandprehistoryofHungarianinclosecooperationwithcolleaguesfromtheUniversitiesofBudapestand Amsterdam, and she is also publishing in Hungarian periodicals in the Netherlands likeAmsterdamStudiesandMikesInternational.


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MELLR,Mihly

Mathematician,AcademiaofSciences,Belgrade.Since1980heislivinginAustralia,workingasAustralianAboriginalandPapuaNewGuineanartandcraftdealer,researchingorganicandendogencultures.

OBRUSNSZKY,Borbla

Historian,orientalist.ShecompletedherstudiesattheUniversityEtvsLorndinBudapestbetween 1992 and 1997 in history and Mongol civilization. This is followedby a postgradualstudy at the Mongol State University, where she is awarded a Ph.D. degree in 1999. Between2000and2002sheworkedasexternalconsultantoftheAsiaCenterattheUniversityofPcs,andorganized the Mongol programs of the Shambala Tibet Center. During this period sheparticipatedinseveralexpeditionsinMongoliaandChina.Ms.Obrusnszkyismemberand/orfounderofseveralHungarianscientificassociationsandshe isauthorofnumerousbooksandarticles,andregularlyprovidesanalysesonCentralAsiainthescientificpress.Nexttothatsheistheeditorinchiefofaneducationaljournal.

TONK,Mrton

AdjunctprofessoroftheSapientiaTransylvanianHungarianUniversity.Since2006heistheDeanoftheFacultyofNaturalSciencesandArtsinKolozsvr/Cluj/Clausenburg.NexttothatheistheDirectoroftheProPhilosophiaFoundation,alsoinKolozsvrandtheeditorofthejournalofphilosophyKellk.Hismainareasofresearchinclude:historyofphilosophyofmoderntimes,history of the Hungarian philosophy, political philosophy. Mr. Tonk earned his Ph.D. degreewith a thesis written on Sndor Tavaszy. He also published abook in this topic. Author ofnumerousarticles.

ZOMBORI,Andor

Born in Budapest. Living abroad since 1992 with periodical interruptions. First lived inPennsylvania then moved to California in 1996 where acquired a B.A. degree inJapaneselanguageandinternationalrelationsin2003attheCaliforniaStateUniversity,LongBeach.NexttothathestudiedJapaneselanguage,culture,andinternationalaffairsforoneyearattheOsakaGakuinUniversityinJapanandKoreanlanguageandcultureforanotheryearattheKyungbuk

National University in Korea. Mr. Zombori is living inJapan since 2004 and working at aJapaneseautomotiveindustryconsultingcompanyastheeditorinchiefofanEnglishlanguagepublication.HisprimaryareaofspecializationistheChineseautomotiveindustryandmarket.


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CHRONICLE


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BRCZI,Szaniszl

DatahorizonfromEurasiainthe1stMillenniumB.C.

ScythianArchaeologicalTreasuriesinBudapestattheHungarianNationalMuseum

TheaudienceofBudapestandHungaryisindulgedinthelasttwoyears,becausetheartisticheritageof the cavalry peoples of the Eurasian steppe was two times exhibited in the Hungarian NationalMuseum.TwoyearsagothefounderoftheMongolEmpire,GenghisKhan,wasthereasonofthegreatHuntradition preserving exhibition entitled GenghisKhan andhisHeirs and TheMongol Invasion ofHungary(springearlysummer2007).Recently,thegreatestancientEurasiansteppeheritageholders,theScythianswerevisitedbypeoplewhowereeagertowitnessthenewexcavationtreasuries.Thetitle

ofthisexhibitionwas:ScythianGoldTreasures(25March1June2009).

Itwasremarkable thatsucharichexhibitionshowedthemostsignificantarchaeological findsfromthesteppeequestrianpeople.As itwaspresented intheexhibitionguidebooklet,thissecondonewaspreparedfortenyears.Firstofallwewouldliketocongratulatetheorganizersfortheirhugework.TherecentScythianartandculturaltreasuryincludesmorethan1,300artworkscollectedfrommuseumsofRussia,Ukraine,RomaniaandGermany.ThehomelandcollectionoftheNationalMuseumfindsisalsorich,containingwellknownandlessknownelements,too.

Fig.1.Beautifulhorsemountwith6horseheads:PhalerafromBratoljubskiKurgan,Ukraine.


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ThecommoninthesetwoexhibitionsisthattheirmaterialformstwocomprehensivedatasetsoftheEurasian horizon. The younger horizon is that of Temjin who created the Mongol Empire and laterconquered Central Asia, Persia, parts of Eastern Europe, and Northern China. Later his descendantsextended the rule of the empire to Korea, SouthEast India, Indonesia, and whole China where they

became the founders of the Yuan Dynasty. However, they considered themselves descendants of theHuns.ThatiswhytheirexhibitioncontainedsomuchHun (Xiongnu)finds;manyofthemcamefromtheHoppFerencEasternAsianMuseum,Budapest.

Fig.2.Bronzecauldrons(top:Uljap,Russiaandbottom:Scortaru,Romania)andswordsfromtheCarpathianBasin(Aldoboly,DobolideJos,Transylvania,RomaniaandMaroscsap,Pauca,

Transylvania,Romania).


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ChineseyearbooksdescribethefightsoftheZhouDynasty(the longestdynasty inChinesehistory)against the northern nomadic people Rhong and Di. These fights happened mostly along the YellowRiver, from the end of the 2nd millennium B.C. and lasted almost for 2000 years. The period of the1st millennium B.C. is the time of the Scythians (Greek name of the steppe cavalry people) who were

knownfirstasRong,Di,Shanrong,etc.andlatergotthenamesHu,andHun(Xiongnu)ashorseridingpeopleintheChineseChronicles.

It is an important fact not mentioned in the exhibition guidebooklet that those people, whowere recognized as Scythiansby WesternEurasians (Europeans, mostlyby Greeks), are the sameculturalheritageholdersofthehorseridingcavalrypeopleoftheGreatEurasianSteppe,asthosewhowerenamedasHuns (Xiongnu,andall theirpreviousnames)by theEasternEurasians (theChinese).ThegreatwrittenrecordsbothGreekandChinesesummarizethecommoncharacteristicsofthesehighculturepeople,thoughtheymetthemfrequentlyinwarlikeconditions.Thatisthereasonthatthetwodatahorizonsshouldbecomparedbymuseumvisitorsincasetheywanttoarrangethetremendousdatashowninthetwoexhibitions.Ideallytheyshouldconstructtheirownmapsandfitdatawithother

sources,becauseboththeMongoliansandtheHungariansviewedandcalledthesecavalrypeoplestheirancestorsand their traditionsarealive inbothcountriesuntil today.Nowwe introducesomeof theirmostsignificantrelicsand,atthesametime,wehopeyouwillrecognizetheexcellentcraftsmanshipandoutstanding richness of the culture of the HunScythian ancient people of Eurasia, which canbediscoveredbehindtheobjects,nowvisibleinBudapest,intheHungarianNationalMuseum.

Fig.3.BronzebowlandthreehorsebitsfromtheUljap4.kurgan,Russia(54thcenturyB.C.)


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The first article on display was both on the Genghis Khan exhibition and the Scythian GoldexhibitionaSiberianstonestele.Eventodaysmythictraditionspreservedtheimportanceofthedeer,themagicanimal,carvedingreatnumbersontheSiberianstonesteles,oncliffsandstonewallsshowninrichcollectionbythebookofOkladnyikovandMartinov(1983).Ondisplaywecanwatchthesteleof

ZuborskijhutorfromRussia(78thcenturyB.C.).BoththeGenghisKhanexhibitionandtheScythianGoldexhibitionshowedgreatnumberofbronze

vessels in which the steppe peopleboiled the funeral soup. It is wellknown that the ScythianHunsboiled meats with vegetables and this cuisine still survives in the specialties of the Hungarian andEurasiansoups (Gulyssoup, fishsoup,halszl). Mikls rdycollected all the cauldrons throughoutEurasia(rdy,2001).Othertypesofvessels,alsofromtheGreekculturalconnectionscanbeseenontheBudapestexhibition.EventheimageoftheexhibitionontheposterwasabeautifulrhytonfromUljap,4.kurgan,Russia.

Fig.4.Doublefriezes:fromHoseutovo(topleft),Tenginszkaja1.kurgan,Kazakhstan,(leftedge),

Ordos,Shaanxi,China(centreandcentrebottom),andbronzemirrorwithdeerandhorseornamentation(KulOba,Ukraine).

BoththeGenghisKhanexhibitionandtheScythianGoldexhibitionshowedbeautifulhorsemounts.GyulaLszl(1942and1943)publishedinhisfamousbooksacomprehensivestudyonthehorsemountofthesteppepeople.TheScythianHunhorsemountsdecoratedwithanimalstyleartcanbefoundalloverEurasiaintheMuseumsofSt.Petersburg,Beijing,Tokyo,(eveninIzumo,Japan).Theanimalstyle


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decorated horse mounts are the following: phalera, saddle mounts,bits,buckles. The author madedrawings about these finds decorated with horse and deer, ibex, camel,bird of prey, fish,beasts aspanther,wolf,andmythicalbeastsallinmotion,indynamismandgrace,characteristictotheScythianpreciousmetal craftsmen. Also the weapons andjewels of the warriors are common in HunScythian

tomb finds. However, the local fauna was different and that makes distinctionbetween the two largegroups.Butthesourcesarecommonandsometimesmixed,likeinthecaseofthefamousbeltbuckleoftheHermitage,namedScythian,butcharacteristicOrdostypepairwiththeRestingsceneoftheSaintLadislaus legend. These characteristic finds from ancient ScythianHun tombs are mostly made of

bronze.Thesefindsexhibitrichgeometricalvariationintheirornamentationwhichisalsocharacteristicto the steppe arts and ornamental mathematics from the 1st millennium B.C. until the end of the1stmillenniumA.D.(Brczi,2000,2004).

In my view the visitors were mostly impressedby the rich find assembly from the Scythian royalgravemoundofArzhan2,ahugekurganfromTuva.TheplaceisworldfamoussincethediscoveryoftheRussianGermanexpedition,whichexcavatedtheearthentumulusof80mindiameterintheValley

ofKings.ThiscanbefoundattheSouthWesternregionsoftheSayanMountainsinnorthTuva,nearthetownTuran.Arzhan2istherichestScythiangravefoundtilltodayinSiberia.AlthoughthevisitorscanwatchallArzhan2eventsinamovie,theycanimaginetherichnessofthetomb,beneaththestonecirclesurrounding thekurgan,while they follow theadvanceof theexcavation.The9,300piecesof findsofwhich5,600wasmadeofgold, inaugurates thisarchaeological findas theTutankhamenofEurasia.

Just after this excavation Western Eurasian archaeologist were astonishedby the real time scale andstratificationofEurasianculture.WhoborrowedfromwhominScythianart?

Fig.5.Thefirstpintadera,asealingclayformfoundintheCarpathianBasin,atBtaszk,Klvriahillin2007.


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BeyondArzhan,severalothernewnamesare tobe learned in theScythianGoldExhibition,wherenewfindswereexcavated;theseare:TagiszkenandUjgarak(Kazakhstan),AulUljap,KrasnodarDistrict(Russia),BarsuciiLogandSalbik,Hakastan,KrasznojarskDistrict(Russia),Hoseutovo(Russia),CsasztijeKurgan,KozelKurgan,(Russia),Scortaru(Romania),andfinally,Btaszk(Hungary).

Commonobjects of theScythianHunartare thebronzemirrors, twoof themweredecoratedwithhorseanddeer(alternatingonthehandleofthemirror)seenondisplay.Thefamousprincepsjewelsofgold deer were exhibited from Zldhalompuszta and Tpiszentmrton from Hungary. Theircounterparts canbe found in Southern Russian and Ukrainian Scythian kurgan excavations. VisitorscouldseethefabulousswordfromAldoboly,withahandlecharacteristictotheakinakesstyledswordsoccurringalloverEurasiainthe1stmillenniumB.C.(Bakay,1997).

Finally, thejewelry and clothing objects canbe mentioned, also displayed in great richness in theexhibition. These are exquisite artifacts unearthed in Scythian burial mounds because they werepreservedby thestructureof thearrangementofgoldornaments.Decorativebeautifulbonnetsof the

ScythianprincessesmayfindparallelsonlyintheTorockfolkart.For the Hungarian visitors the most exciting it is what canbe seen as Scythian heritage in the

Carpathian Basin. Beyond the two gold deers we mentioned earlier there arebeautiful objects, like:bronze mirror from Pkfalva, Transylvania (Romania), iron dagger from Maroscsap, Transylvania(Romania), irod sword in akinakes style, Aldoboly, Transylvania (Romania), belt mount fromMtraszele, weapons from HatvanBoldog, Szirmabesny, and the most interesting: a baked clayprintingplatewithagriffinanditschild.Itwasfoundin2007atBtaszk,attheKlvriahill.TherearesimilarScythianobjectsnamedpintadera,however,thisisthefirstfromtheCarpathianBasin.

Therichexhibitionwasworthtorangeover.Thankstotheorganizers,goodmapsexhibitedthevastEurasian grassland space, which the horseriding people organized and enriched with their cultural

gifts. They could live on the site,because they had the knowledge to live there, with couch, withhorsemountingandriding,bronzeindustryandallotherculturalheritageoftheancientlanguageandmusic, dances and arts known until today. This entire heritage was distributed among the people ofEurasia and they can discover their common rootsby this and otherbeautiful collections as that ondisplayinBudapestintheHungarianNationalMuseum.Thanksfortheorganizers,andthanksfortheforeignmuseumsloaningtheirtreasurestoBudapest:fromSaintPetersburg(Hermitage),fromMoscow(State History Museum and State Museum of the History of Eastern People), from Kiev (UkrainianAcademy of Science and National History Museum of Ukraine) from Berlin (Museum fr Vor undFrhgeschichte und Deutsches Archologisches Institut), from Bucharest (Romanian National HistoryMuseum).

TheformerdirectoroftheHungarianNationalMuseumraisedthequestioninhisarticleintheguidebooklet totheexhibition: AretheScythiansourrelatives?,andheansweredthatwithskepticism.Tothis attitude we can only make a proposition: study the rich Eurasian heritage and datasets andcomplementthemwithotherexistingsources.Basedonthiswemaysay,Watchthedata:fromeasttowest(GreekandChinese)andyouwillgettheanswer,whichis:yes.Thatiswhywecanbegratefultotheorganizers: theyhelpedus inreconstructingthetrue image.MaywehopeforanextexhibitiononHunScythian(Xiongnu)artcomingfromChina?


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Fig.6.Fishesandanimalfights(fromtoptobottom):Majkop,Russia,TatjaniaMogila,Ukraine,Stancesti,Romania,Wettersfelde,Poland(5thcenturyB.C.).


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FitzGerald,P.(1989):AzsiKna.Helikon,Budapest;

Fodor I., Kulcsr V. (2009): Szkta aranykincsek. (Scythian Gold Treasures.) Exhibition Guide for the

HungarianNationalMuseum,Budapest;GamberO.von(1978):WaffeundRstunkEurasiens.KlinkhardtundBiermann,Braunschweig;

GtzL.(1995):KeletenklaNap.Pski,Budapest;

GrootJ.J. M. de (1921): Die Hunnen der vorchristlichen Zeit. Chinesische Urkunden zur GeschichteAsiens.Berlin,Leipzig(Hungarianedition:Bakay,Csornai(2007):LszlGyulaTrtnelmiEgyeslet,Budapest);

HajdP.,DomokosP.(1978):Urlinyelvrokonaink.Tanknyvkiad,Budapest;

HajdP.(szerk.)(1975):Urlinpek.Corvina,Budapest;

HalszZ.(1966):Romvrosokasivatagban.SteinAurlbelszsiaiutazsai.MraFerencK.,Budapest;HopplM.(2005,):SmnokEurzsiban.AkadmiaiKiad,Budapest;

JettmarK.von(1964):DieFrhenSteppenvlker.BadenBaden;

LaoCe:TaoTeKing(AztsErnyKnyve,ford.WeresS.,TkeiF.)Helikon,Budapest;

LszlGy.(1974):AnpvndorlskormvszeteMagyarorszgon.Corvina,Budapest;

Lszl Gy. (1943):A koronci lelet s ahonfoglalmagyaroknyerge. Der Grabfund von Koroncund deraltungarischeSattel.Budapest;

LszlGy.(1942):KolozsvriMrtonsGyrgySzentGyrgyszobrnaklszerszmja.Kolozsvr;

LczyL.(1890):GrfSzchenyiBlakeletzsiaitjnaktudomnyoseredmnye.Budapest;

Miniaev, S. (1995): The excavation of Xiongnu Sites in the Buryatia Republic.Orientations, 26, No. 10,Hongkong;

Miniaev, S. (1995): New finds of Xiongnudecorativebronzesand a problemof originof geometricalstyleinXiongnuart.ArchaeologicalNews,4.SanktPetersburg;

Miniaev,S. (1996):Xiongnuarchaeology inRussia new findsandsomeproblems.ArtsAsiatiques,51,Paris;

Miniaev,S.(1981):AboutdefinitionofXiongnusitesofSiberia.ProceedingsoftheMethodicalaspectsof

archaeologicalresearchesinWesternSiberiaconference.Tomsk;Obrusnszky B. (2006): A magyar trsadalomszerkezet keleti gykerei. (The Eastern Roots of the

StructureoftheHungarianSociety).Turn,IX.vf.3.sz.738.;

ObrusnszkyB.(2008):Hunok a Selyemton. Masszi Kiad, Budapest;

OkladnyikovA.P.,MartinovA.I.(1983):Szibriaisziklarajzok.Gondolat,Budapest;

RolleR.(1980):DieWeltderSkythen.Bucher,LuzernundFrankfurt;


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HISTORY


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OBRUSNSZKY,Borbla

LateHunsinCaucasus

NewResultsinHunnishResearch

DuringthepastdecadeithadbeenacceptedbythemosthistoriansandprofessionalorientaliststhatthefirststateinthestepperegionwastheHunnishEmpire.1Moreover,theyrecognizedthestatementoftheShiJichroniclethattheHunshadaunitedstatearound3rdcenturyB.C.2Therearesomedisputesamongscholarsfromallovertheworldonsomeissues,namelywhenandunderwhichnameHunshadappeared in the Chinese chronicles, and when their first state was established.3 Hereby I only showsomecraggyopinions.AccordingtoDeguignes,theHunshadappearedintheChinesesourcesaround

1200B.C.,andtheylivedinNorthernandCentralChina.GumilyovmaintainsthattheancestorsofHunsappearedonly in the7thcenturyB.C.Mansagstates that theHunsocietyand thestate itselfhadbeencreatedduringalongperiod,between5000400B.C.4Byvirtueofearlysources,Chinesehistoriansstate5that their first dynasty,Xia,wasestablishedbyHuns; theyrecorded themaspreorearlyHuns.6Theresearchers mostly agree with the date of the disruption of the Great Hunnish empire, during the1stcenturyA.D.IfwetakealookathowlongsmallHunnishstatessurvivedinInnerandCentralAsia,fromNorthernChinatoCaucasusoraroundtheCrimeanpeninsula,viaIndia,wecanseethatuntilthe7th century A.D., some Hun kingdoms remained in operating throughout the vast steppe region. ThehistoryofLateHunsintheCarpathianBasinisalsoanimportantandnotfullysolvedquestion.SoisthehistoryoftheHunsontheterritoryofpresentdayMongolia.BatsaikhanhasprovedthatHunshavenot

disappeared at the end of 1st century A.D. there, as previously historians thought,but they had anindependent state until the Ruanruan invasion, which took place in 410.7 The new Mongolianarchaeological results contradict the old theory that Xianbei tribes would have ruled over Mongolia.ArchaeologistshavenotfoundXianbeigravesorsettlementsatallinMongolia,buttheChinesefoundhugeamountofXianbeirelicsinInnerMongolia.Itisverylikely,thattheXianbeiruledthatregion.ThenewestresultsofChinesescholarsproved,thattheSouthernHuns,whojoinedtheHandynasty,have

1Obrusnszky,2008.2ShiJi.110,Barfieldstheory.In:Barfield,1981.3LotsoftheoriesexistedabouttheoriginoftheHuns.ChinesescholarsthinkthattheXiadynasty,asmostChinesedynasties,

belongedtoHuns.Onthesetheories:Obrusnszky,2006.b.4Mansag,2005.55.5FromShiJi110:Xiongnu(Huns).TheirancestorwasdescendantofXiadynasty,namelyChunwei.DeGroot,2006.23.InSuoyincommentarywecanread:TheEmperoroftheXiadynasty,Jiehadnotao,thatswhyTangexiledHimtoMingtiao.InthenextthreeyearsHedied.Hisson,Xunyunmarriedwivesandescapednorthwardandsettledthere,wherewanderedwithherds.DeGroot,2006.24.ByJinshu(5thcenturyAD)HunHelianBobowasdescendantofXiadynasty.Jinshu.130.In:Wen.2004.296.6Wu,2005.9.7TheMongolarchaeologistprovedhistheorybyusingarchaeologicalsourcesandhistoricalsources.Batsaihan,2006.


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notdisappearedsuddenly;moreovertheylivedintribealliancesystemuntilthe8thcenturyaroundthebigbendoftheYellowRiver.Chinesesourcesofthattime8proved,thattheSouthernHuns,undertheleadershipofHelianBobo,thegreatHunnishEmperoroftheDaXiakingdom,flourishedintheOrdosregion,atthesametime,whenAttilaspreadhisauthoritytoEasternandWesternEurope.9Inthepast

mosthistoriansandprofessionalorientalistsdidnotconsidertherelicsofCentralAsiaandIndia,despitethefactthatwiththehelpofthelocalhistoricalsources,andnumismaticfindsthehistoryofHunscanbetraced and dated very precisely. Therefore, it is clear that the Huns had states around the Lake Aral,Khorasan and Kashmir until the 7th century.10 This means, that the Huns interconnected the vastEurasiansteppefromtheOrdostotheCarpathianBasinfromancienttimestothemedievalperiod,andsome states survived even the Turkic invasion, which took place in the middle of the 6th century.ConcerningtheHuns,IaminterestedinhowlongtheyhadsurvivedintheforefrontofCaucasusafterAttilas death. In order to investigate the question, I investigate contemporary historical sources mostlyArmenianandByzantineones.

HunsinCaucasus

Sometimeswelearnfromtheliterature,thatafterAttilasdeath,theHunshadbeendefeatedbytheGothsandtheirallies,andtheformerHunterritorytheCarpathianBasinbecameGothandGepidland, and the Huns suddenly disappeared from there. According to the ancient Hungarian tradition,Attilas sons were defeatedby enemies and that is the reason why his two sons returned to theirancestorsland:Dengizik,settleddowninLittleScythia,orpresentdayDobruja,hisyoungerbrother,orAttilas third son, Hernac (Irnek, or Hungarian Chaba) settled down in another Little Scythia, whichmeanspresentdayDagestan.11

ItisknownfromhistoricalsourcesthatHuninhabitantsremainedintheCarpathianBasin,andsome

of them lived under the authority of other peoples.12 Recently, Russian and Romanian archaeologistsanalyzedthetracesoftheHunsintheeasternpartoftheformerHungarianKingdom.TheRomaniansaccepttheancientHungarianSzkelyhistoricaltradition,i.e.theSzkelysarethedirectdescendantsofthe Huns, who remained in the eastern part of the Carpathian Mountains.13 Not only archaeologistsfound data supporting the HunHungarian relationship,but historians, too. Authorized MerovingsourcesrecordedthatHungarians(Hungari)livedinPannoniaintheyearof561/562,whichprovedtwo

8DataofJinshu,Beishu,Weishu,etc.9TodayXian.HelianBobosentHissontoChangantobecomegovernor,hestayedinTongwancheng.10 Nezak Hun Kingdom existed until 680.11 Strabon recorded that there were two types of Scythians: their original land can be located in present-day Dagestan, but when they movedto the lower-Danube region, they called that place as Little-Scythia, too. Thus, the Scythians brought geographic names to foreign places.Strabon VII. III. 5.

Attilas third son has various names in historical sources. In Priscos fragment we find Hernac, but the Hungarian chronicles know him asChaba, which refers to his title choban. Hernac must be his historical name.12 Christian, 1998. 232. According to the author, as well as to other scholars, Attilas sons returned to the Ponti-steppe, Dengizik settled downin Little-Scythia or Dobruja and most of the Hun tribes lived in the region surrounding the Black Sea.13SergeiBotalov,aRussianarchaeologistbegantoresearchHunrelics intheCarpathianBasin.RomanianscholarspresentedpapersattheInternationalHunconference,whichwasheldinSpeyer.


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things:firstofall,Hunslivedintheirformercenter,secondly,Hungarians,whoarethedescendantsofHuns,livedthere300yearsearlier,thanHungarianhistorianshadthought.14

Wehaveothersubstantialdatatothehistoryofthatregion.WolframhaswrittenamonographonthehistoryoftheGoths, inwhichherecordedthattheGothsbecameScythians,or learnedtheScythianwayoflifeandcustoms,duringtheirstayontheEasternEuropeansteppes,andwhentheysettleddownin the Carpathian Basin or even more westward, they followed the Hun fashion, even after Attilasdeath.TheAustrianscholarpaidattentiontothefactthattheGepidsdidnotrulethewholeCarpathianBasin from the second half of the 5th century, and in the 6th century they controlled only presentdayVoyvodina.15 The Huns left traces on their former center the Carpathian Basin for at least onecentury; their material culture clearly canbe shown in some findings, which are regarded as Gepidtreasures.16 It is likely that independent Hun tribes and tribal alliances remained in the CarpathianBasin,asEasternandWesternsourcesmentionthem.17Other important theme toberesearched is theland,whereHernakortheHungarianChabareturnedto.ThatisthenorthernpartoftheCaucasusMountain.Forsomehistoriansthegreatmigrationin463whichbroughtentirelynewinhabitantsto

thatregionisahingewhendealingwiththeHunslatehistory.Theycountthatdateasthemomentintime when Huns disappeared from the historical sources and they link to this the appearance on thesceneoftheTurkicspeakingtribes,theOgurs.Letusinvestigate,whethernewtribesorpeoplesindeedhadarrivedtherefromCentralAsia.

HunsandOgurs

Inthe literaturedissimilaropinionscanbereadconcerningthe latehistoryof theHunsandOgurs.MostscholarsagreethattheHunsplayedasignificantroleuntilthe7thcenturyintheCaucasusregion,rightthere,fromwheretheHungarianchroniclesoriginatedtheHunsandHungarians.Fortunately,we

have many written sources from that period and places, which make easier our research. If HunKingdomscontrolledthevastterritoriesofCentralAsiaandsomepartsofEasternEurope,howwasitpossible for new tribes namely Ogurs to arrive into that region? If they did venture into abigmigrationandwonavictoryovertheHuns,especiallythestrongHephtaliteKingdom,whythewrittensourcesofthattimehadnotrecordedthat?Evenmore,whoweretheOgursandwheredidtheycomefrom?

If we want to answer these questions very shortly, we have to look only at the Byzantine sourcesaboutOgurs.TheysaythattheOgursbelongedtotheHuns,butthePersianslateridentifiedthemwiththeTurks,asHunnishpeople.18Mostprobably,thePersiansourcesandPriscossfragmentdisordered

14Kirly,2006.146.15In568BayanAvariankhaganbattledatSirmiumwithGepidpowers,whichmeansthattheGepidswerenotabletostoptheAvarsinTransylvaniaorLowDanube.Wolfram,1980.25.16 The Gepids had lived only on a part of the Carpathian Basin; they were concentrated in a region, which is present-day Voyvodina,Tiszntl (Beyond Tisa River) and Mezsg; Gepidian graves can be found there. They had no independent Gepidian culture, but the Hunarts and fashion survived among them. But it is sure that they had left no artistic or linguistic traces behind in the Carpathian Basin.17 Sources recorded that the Sarmatians had a kingdom on Alfld (Hungarian Great Plain), and they also mention Hunchieftains,whoalliedwithEasternGothsagainsttheGepids.Wolfram,1980.322.18ExamplesinShahname(Firdausi)Aradi,2005.45.


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thescholarsthefollowingway.Priscosdescribedthataround463newpeoplesSaragurs,Ogurs,andOnogurs appeared in Byzantine and stated that they migrated from their homeland,because they

battledwiththeSabirs,whowerechasedbyAvars.19Historiansthoughtthatthiswasanelementofanewbig migration, and related those events to the appearance of the Turkic speaking Ogurs in the

NorthernCaucasus.Scholarsfromthe19thcenturycreatedanEasternconnectionfortheOgurtribesand identified themwith theTiele tribes,which lived inpresentdayMongoliaandaround theLakeBaikalinearlyMiddleAges.Accordingtotheexplanation,OgurslivedontheKazakhsteppein350andfromtheredepartedwestwardafter460.20

Firstofall,wemust investigate,whether theOgursequal to theTielepeople.In the literature it istakenforgrantedthatthesetwopeoplesarethesame,despitehistoriansourcesofthattimecontradictthistheory.LetusinvestigatetheoriginoftheTurks.AccordingtotheChinesesources,theancestorsofthe Turks were the Dingling, who lived around the Lake Baikal and theybelonged to the Donghualliance. It is likely that they were a tribe of the later Xianbei people.21 The above mentioned Tielealliance system appeared in written sources only in the 5th century, when they lived around the Lake

Baikal.Onesignificantgroupmovedsouthward,andtheygotanewnameasGaoche,orpeopleofhighcouch.Presumably,thereweretightconnectionsbetweentheDinglingandtheTiele,becausetheylivedinoneplace,butwedonotknow,whethertheybelongedtothesameethnicgroup.Now,letustakealookat theTielequestion,and investigatesome sourcesabout them.TheWeishurecorded that theywereHunsonhismotherside.TheyspoketheHunlanguage,buttheyhadasmallaccent.22TangshuwrotethattheTieleconsistedof15tribealliance,andcontainedtheancestorsofTurksandUyghurs.23Itissure,thattheTieleandtheGaochepeopleliveduntilthe5thcenturyA.D.inEasternInnerAsia,theydidnotequaltotheOgursintheCaucasusregion.TheChinesesourceswroteaboutthehistoryoftheTurksverythoroughly.TheylivedinpresentdayGansuprovinceandtheirroyalhouse,AshinawasofHunorigin,whichbelonged to theNorthernLiangdynasty,whichcontrolledonesignificantsectorof

theSilkRoad.24

ThatdynastyitselfwasofHunorigin,buttheywerenotmemberoftheroyalclansoftheHuns,sotheirkingsworeonlythetitlewang25insteadofdanhuorshanyu.SuishuwrotethattheancestorsoftheTurksweremixedHuns,andtheAshinaclanwasaHunnishtribe.26

Regarding the Gaoche, Weishu writes that their ancestor was Hong (Red) Di and Dingling; theirlanguages was very similar to the Huns,but there are some differences,because they were thegrandchildren of Huns on the daughter lineage.27 The NorthernLiang dynasty hadbeenbeatenbyRuanruan and escaped to the Altai Mountain and after one century, or around 550 they attacked the

19 Gyrffy, 1986. 53.20Czegldy,1969.21

Erdemt,2007.125.22Erdemt,2007.470.AuthorreferstoShiratori.23Erdemt,2007.127.24HexicorridororCanyonofYellowRiverinpresentdayGansuprovince.25 The title wang (king) originally was a Hunnic one; it is an unknown title in ancient Chinese history. It has relation withPersianbanorHungarianbn.Obrusnszky,2007.130131.26Suishu,84.In:Erdemt,2007.467.27Erdemt,2007.470.


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Ruanruansandgottheauthorityoverthesteppes.Aswesee,theTurksjustmovedfromtheAltaitotheMongoliansteppeinthemiddleofthe6thcentury,theydidnotappearneartheCaucasus.RegardingthesocalledOgurmigration,besidesPriscos,otherrelevantsourceshadnotwrittenofnewpeople,evenwecan not find new archaeological culture around Pontus, which contradicts the migration theory. The

fragments of Priscos text is not an original record, it remained in copy from the Sudalexicon of the10thcentury,underthenameAbaris.28Thecopymakersinsertedtheretheolddate,butwedonotknow,whethertheyalteredit,becausetheAvarsappearedonlyaround558inNorthernCaucasus,notin463.Somehistorianspaidattention to thismistake,but they tried toexplain itbysaying thatPriscosdatereferredtotheeventof350.29Thistheoryisalsofalse,becauseduringthatperiodtheHunsoccupiedthevast territoriesofCentralAsia from the2ndcenturyA.D.30under thenameKidaritaorHionita.Hindiand Persian sources recorded that around 350 the Huns spread their control over Bactria andTokharistan.31 If new people did not arrive, then only one solution remained the Ogurs, Saragurs,Ugors,etchadlivedtherebefore.ThistheoryissupportedbyJafarovandHaussig.32Ifwedonotknowof new people in Northern Caucasus after 453, Ogurs could onlybe peoplebelonging to the Hun

alliance,whoafterAttilasdeathin453,althoughappearedunderindependenttribenamesasOgurs,orSaragurs,Sabirs,etc,usedtheunitednameofHun,too.33Assomescholarsthoughtbefore,thesteppesocietytribesusedatleasttwonamesforthemselves.Firstofalltheyhadanowntribename,asOgur,and if theybelongedtoabigalliance,theyused that,too.Someauthorsrealized that inthehistoryofScythians. As Gbor Blint said, Mendanders Ugur and Priscos Urog (Urug) were equal to theHunuguripeople.34ItisclearthattheOgurswerenotEmpirecreators,namesrefertheirfunction:theywere tribes or clans, as Gyrffy previously pointed out.35 Dobrev also stated that Ogurs were notindependenttribealliance,ashistoriansthought,thatiswhyhedoesnotacceptthesolutionforOnogurastenogurs36HethinksthatHungar,whichmeantonlyHungarians,hadtherootofHung.37ThrystatedthatOgurmeantHunsandunugroi,onoguroi,etc.namesmeantbelongtoHuns.38HunshadHungorHonkforminthehistoriansourcesofthattime.WecanreadintheDasxurancischronicle,thattheancestoroftheOnogurswasHonagurs,whobelongedtotheHuns,whichshowsthatthetribenamepreviously could havebeen a personal name. We find other examples of that custom, for example inHerodotus work. The Greek historian recorded that Scythians got their name after their first king,Skolotos.39 As did Byzantine sources, when described, that Avar were Ugni or Huns,but after their

28 Gyrffy, 1986. 53.29Czegldi,1969.30Tolstov,1947.217.31Tolstov,1947.217.32Jafarov,1985.33Dzsafarov,1985.HereferedtoHaussig.Christian,1998.277.alsostatesthatOgursarrivedwithHunstoCaucasus.34Blint,1901.62.35Gyrffy,1986.7.36Dobrev,2005.219.37Dobrev,2005.204.38Thry,1896.39Hrodotosz,IV.71.


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leadertheywerecalledAvar.40ThesamesituationhadhappenedtoKhazars,whoseleadersnamewasKhazarig. Finally we must clarify one more question, the name and meaning of socalled Ugors. Thiskind of name did not exist in historical sources; it originated only in the 19th century, when linguistscreatedthisscientificexpression41inordertocreateafictiveUralicphylum,andonebranchbecamethe

Ugors,orHantiMansiandHungariansubdivisions.Asamatteroffact,theUgorsortheoriginalformOguronlymeantHungariansinEasternsources.42WecannotsayUgrictribesatall,becausethepeopleslivinginthewoodsofSiberiawerenotabletoestablishpoliticalorganizations,theyremainedinsystemsofclansorfamilies,becausetheirwayoflifeprohibitedthedevelopmentofhigherpoliticalandsocialorganizations.43

Historicalprocesses

Byvirtueoftheabovementioneddatesandsourceswecanseethatcontemporaryhistoriansourcesdidnotmentionanynewmigration from theEast in themiddleof the5thcentury.Now letushavea

lookatthehistoricalprocessesoftheEurasianregion.ThereweresomeeventsinthesteppeofCentralAsia in the end of Antiquity. We know that the people of Yuechi (Scythians) pressedby the HunsmovedtoCentralAsiainthe2ndcenturyB.C.,wheretheycreatedapowerfulstate.Afterthatevent,inthe 3rd century A.D. some significant political realignment had happened; firstly, the Parthian EmpirecollapsedandtheSassanidtookcommandovertheMiddleEastandCentralAsia.Atthesametime,theKushan Empire also declined, which affected vast territories around Northern India and Gandhara.44The nextbig changes had happened in the middle of the 4th century, when the Huns occupied vastterritoriesofCentralAsia,andsettleddownaroundtheLakeAral.TheywerecalledasHionorKidarita,wherethe lastonewouldrefer to theroyalclan.Butwehaveno informationaboutmigrationaround450. Only the White Huns, under the leadership of Heftal invaded the Indus Valley and created an

Empire,usingtheoldKushantradition.Regardingthehistoricaldates,itisimpossiblethatnewpeopleappeared in the northern part of the Caucasus,but as Haussig andJafarov referred to that, only oneexplanationremained, tribesunderownclanor tribenamesbecame independent from theHuns,andtheyusedthoseones indiplomaticmatters.Bytheway, in thehistoryoftheCaucasustwosignificanteventswererecorded.One istherevoltoftheAlbanianpeople in463,whennewaHunnishtribe, theSabirs emerged.45 The second is the migration of the Huns to the Crimean peninsula, where theScythians and related people46 had lived. Some Russian and Ukrainian historians showed that cave

40IsiodorusHispalensis,Etymologiaesiveorigenes,IX.2.66.

41OftheObiugorsitisimportanttonotethattheexpressionUgorcommanlydenominatingthethreelangugesnamelytheHungarian, Vogul and Ostyak does not relate to the external denomination of Hungarians either; it is a fictive, scientificartificialterm,thatdenotesonebranchoftheUraliclanguagetree.In:http://fu.nytud.hu/kn/nepek/nephan.htm#nev42Kirly,2006.158.43 Vlagyimircov, 1934. 11.44Tolstov,1948.164.45Jafarov,1985.46.46SarmatiansandAlans.Gothsalsolivedthere,wholearnedandappliedtheScythiancustomsandwayoflife.


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dwellingssurroundedBakhchisaraycameintoexistencebecauseoftheHunattacks.47Theirpopulationsremainedthereforcenturies.SomepeoplesurviveduntiltheMongolianinvasioninthe13thcentury.

Inthecourseofthe5thcenturynotonlythegreatHunEmpirebrakeup,soonafterAttilasdeath,orin476, the Western Roman Empire officially collapsed, and on its territories small Gothic, Alan, etc.Kingdoms were established. The Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantine Empire existed,but it wasweakened.Wecansaythatthatcenturywastheendofthegreatunitedpowers.Onlyinthecourseofthe 6th century some powers wanted to unite the former Roman Empire again, under the leadershipI.Justinian(527565)ByzantineEmperorandTheodoric,theEasternGothicKinginItaly.TheprecedingwassuccessfulandrecoveredcontroltheformerRomanterritories,evenspreadauthorityoversomeofthesteppebeltWesternCaucasusandCrimea.JustinianusedalliedHunsagainstthePersians.

DespitetheEuropeantransformations,intheCentralAsianregionsbigEmpiresPersianandWhiteHuns survived, and fought with each other for the control over the commercial routes. When theTurks appeared in the middle of the 6th century, they replaced the Huns, but there was a big

metamorphosis because of the same origin of civilization (bow bended people). MetamorphosishappenedalsoaftertheArabinvasion,whennewculturalandreligioustraditionappearedinthesteppe,andtheinvadersdidnotbelongtothebowbendedpeople,sotheycountedasforeignelementsamongthelateHunsandTurks.

HunsandHungarians

ItisknownfromvariouskindsofsourcesthattheHunsappearedinEasternEuropeinthe2ndcenturyA.D.48Firstly,theysettleddownattheCaspianSea,thengraduallymovedwestward,andreachedthemountainsoftheCaucasus.TheirroyalcenterwaslocatedattheMeotisswamps,whichwasthecourtoftheRoyalScythiansandScythicedGothsbefore.TheHunsfirstoccupiedtheroyalcenter,butwhentheyoccupied WesternEuropean lands, they had to choose another royal center in order to organize thewholebig empire from Eastern Europe to the River Rhone. The new center was established in theCarpathianBasin.WhenAttiladied in453,hisyoungestsonreturnedtothatold land,as Imentionedearlier.IrnekorChaba,istheancestorofHungarians.Theirtribeskeptthisplaceinmemory.

Accordingtosomeoldtheories,HungarianshadconnectiontoOnogurs,buttheydidnotbelongtothe Huns.49 If we investigate the old sources, as I showed above, we could see that the Hun and theOnogurs(orHunuguri)joinedforces.Bolgars,whoalsooriginatedfromtheHuns,acceptedthattheygotHunnishheritage.50

Besides the ancient Hungarian tradition, the tight connectionbetween Huns and Hungarians were

provedby Byzantine sources, too. Theophanes recorded that in the city of Kerch there was a HunKingdom, where twobrothers lived. Ogurda was the king and hisbrother name was Muageris.51

47TheGothsforinstanceliveduntilthe15thcenturyintheMangupkaleCastle.48Anke,2008.1213.Obrusnszky,2008.29.49 Gyrffy, 1993.50Dobrev,2005.56.51InTheophanesandMalalaschronicles.In:Moravcsik,1927.


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ScholarsshowedthatthatwasthefirstrecordofthepresentdaynameofMagyars(Hungarians).SodidDerbentname a Persian source, too, who recorded that on the territory of presentday Dagestan,thereweretwobigMagyarcities(UluMajarandKichiMajar).52AByzantinesourcealsorecordedthatHungarianshadanothernameinthepast;theywerecalledasSavartoiAsphalu,whichmeantSabir.As

we know Sabirsbelonged to Huns and ruledbig territories above the city of Derbent, present dayDagestan.Thrystatedintheendofthe19thcenturythatHungariansappeared inthe localsourcesasUngur,Kudamagar.53Hence,theabovementionedsourceshaddrawntheoldterritoryofHungarians,frompresentdayDagestantotheMeotisswamp.

Hungarian historians, Turkologists debated that Hungarians had an independent statebefore the9thcentury,and thatwasapowerfulstatearound theCaucasus.Thesourcesof that timecontradictedthat,becauseofearlyappearanceofthenameHungariansasMajaroranyvariantsfromthe6thcentury.Thenamerefers to thatbeinga leading tribeamong them,whowere directdescendantsofAttila.Asregardthesteppetradition,theyhadtheprivilegetoelecttheking.54Duetolackofsourceswecannotknowforsure,whentheMagyartribesestablishedforthefirsttimeanindependentstateundernameof

Majar.AsConstantineVIIstated,Hungariansweredividedamongvoivodas,andthefirstvoivodawasLevedi.55 As the Emperor said, that ruling system existedbefore the invasion of Bechenegs. As weknow,afterthefirstsocalledPechenegattack,SavartoiAsphaluseparatedfromotherHungarians,andsettled down in the territory of Persia, in presentday Azerbaijan. The author also said, after thePechenegattack,Khazars occupied the land of Hungarians.56Probably, the locationof thiseventwasDagestan,whichwasthecenteroftheSabirs,HunsandotherHunnishpeople.57RegardingtheKhazars,weknow thattheir firstcapitalwasSamandar, inpresentdayDagestan,rightthere,whereSabirsandHungarianspreviouslylived.IftheKhazarsoccupiedthatlandfromHungarians,wheretheypreviouslylived,astheDerbentnameandabovementionedsourcesproved.ThesocalledPechenegattackoccurrednotinthe9thcenturybutinthe67thcenturies,whenArabtroopsstronglyattackedthatregion.58They

tried to invade Eastern Europe through the Caucasus, the first war happened around 650, when theyruinedtheSassanidEmpireandtheMiddleEasternterritory,thesecondonehappenedafter711,whentheyoccupiedvastlandsofCentralAsia.OnlytheKhazarsstoppedtheminbloodybattles.AsBotalovpointedout,intheEasternEuropeanareabigchangehappenedinthe8thcentury.59So,probably,mostHungarians departed from presentday Dagestan and Meotisswamp, or legendary Levedia, andgraduallyreachedtheCarpathianBasin,theformerHunnishcenter.AsWesternsourcesproved,before

52HelilovNyitray,2008.53 Kmosk, 2004. 99.

54 Chinese sources and steppe tradition preserved well the coronation system of the Huns and their descendants. The tribesmustelecttheirfirstmanfromtheRoyalclan.55DAI.38.In:PaulerSzilgyi,1900.56DAI.38.57Moravcsik,1942.58HelilovNyitrai,2008.197.59SergeiBotalovspresentation.18August2008.HungariansandtheEastII.Conference(MagyarsgsKeletII.Konferencia),Budapest.


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theAvarsettlements,sparsedHungariansalsolivedunderthenameUngarus,Ungari,60andtheysettledthere withHuns.Previously,GzaNagy and Istvn Zichy thought thatHungarianswere there at thetime of the Avars. The socalled double homeland conquest or relative connectionsbetween theHungariansandtheAvarswerepublishedbyGyulaLszl.

Summary

InmybriefarticleIjustreferredtosuchkindsofquestions,whichcanbeofimportancewhendealingwith the history of Late Huns in Eastern Europe. According to the huge sources (archaeological,historical, historical ethnography, etc.) we must reexamine and revalidate the history of Late Huns inEuropeandtheCaucasusregion.WemustinvestigatethehistoryofOgursagain,becausetheyhadnot

beenTurkicpeoplebuttheybelongedtotheHuns.Further,linguisticsmustthinkovertheories,andduetothehistoricalfacts,wemustspeakofaLateHunlanguageinsteadofBulgarianTurkicone.Moreover,we must acknowledge that the Late Hunnish states determined the history of Eastern Europe in the

EarlyMiddleAgesandinfluencedthewayofliveofthosewholivedaroundtheseterritories.

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ZOMBORI,Andor

HeavenlyWhiteCastleofJapan

In thiswriting Iwould like togiveabriefoverviewonplacenameshaving themeaningofwhitecastle inJapan. This subject has aroused my attention after hearing about Borbla Obrusnszkysresearch inrelation toTongwancheng, theHunnishWhiteCastleand Iwascuriouswhether thereareanylocalitiesinJapannamedwhitecastle.

Inrecentyears,severalbooksandarticleshavebeenpublishedinHungaryabouttheinterpretationofthewhitecastleplacenamesintheCarpathianBasinandotherplacesinEurasia.Whiletherearesomewhotracethemeaningoftheseplacenamesmerelytothewhitecolorofthecastlewalls,thereareothers

whoemphasizethesacredsignificanceofthewhitecolorinthesenames.

TheCastleGuideofJapansCouncilofNationalCastleSuperintendents informs in its introductorythat generally speaking approximately 25,000 castles havebeenbuilt inJapan since the countrysexistence.Thisincludesallstructuresstartingfromdefensefortificationsandmoatsbuiltinancienttimesthroughnoblecastles,fortresses,andtempletownssurroundedbymoatsinthemiddleagestocitadelsbuiltuntiltheendofthe19thcentury.However,strictlyspeaking,thewordcastlereferstothosecastleswhichwerebuiltmostlyattheendofthe16thcenturyandthebeginningofthe17thcenturyandservedthe countrys military unification and consolidation. These castles are numbered around 3,000.TraditionallyJapanesecastlesarebuiltfromstoneandwood.Basically,thewoodenstructureisbuiltonamassivestonemound,andthewallsarecoveredwithplastertoimprovetheirfireproofproperty.TheplastergivesthecharacteristicwhitecolorofJapanesecastles1.

I would like to say a few words about the significance of the white color inJapans two mainreligions,BuddhismwhichreachedJapanfromChinathroughKorea,andShinto,Japansnativereligion.Mostofthepopulationfollows thetraditionsofbothreligions. InJapaneseBuddhism, thewhitecolorsymbolizesthepureheartwhichcleansesfromevildeedsandfromthepainofdesiresandpassions.InShinto, the white color symbolizes cleansing and is used for the marking of consecrated objects andplaces. For instance, the (haraigushi)or purificationwand, isa woodenstick withwhitepapersteamersandhempstrandsattached tooneofitsends.Withthiswand,theShintopriestsymbolicallypurifiesshrinegoersandobjects.Anothertoolis(shimenawa)orbordermarkerrope,whichisastrawropedecoratedwithwhitezigzaggedsheetsofpaper.Theshimenawaisusedtomarkholyplaces,structuresoreven treesandstones2.White isalsooneof thecolorsof the (goshikibata)orfivecolorflagsorfivecoloredflagwhichoriginallywasusedtobeofferedasagifttothegodsinShintoreligion.Thegoshikibatamaybeagroupofflagseachofwhichisadifferentcolororasinglefivecoloredflagwhosecolorsareblue,red,yellow,white,andpurple.TheirorigincanbetracedbacktoChinatothe

1 (Shironoshiori)CastleGuide,ZenkokuJkakuKanrishaKygikai,Kyto,1999.2Dr.OnoSokyo:ShintoTheKamiWay,TuttlePublishing,BostonRutland,VermontTokyo,2003.


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philosophy of the (wuxing) or Five Elements in which the metal element represents the colorwhite and the direction west. Apart from thegoshikibata, white is also one of the colors of the(shijinki) or flags of the four gods which symbolize the four sacredbeasts personifying the fourdirections. Here the color white represents (Byakko) or the White Tiger who is the ruler of the

westernheavens.Similarlytothegoshikibata,thetraditionoftheshijinkicamefromChinatoJapan3.Now letus takea lookat theoccurrenceoftheorwhitecastleterm inJapan.Thischaracter

pairismadeupofthewhiteandcastlecharacterseachofwhichhasvariousreadingsdependingonthecontext. InoriginalJapanese (yamatokotoba), it is tobereadasshirokior shiraki, inwhichshiro (shira isavariantof shiroandhas thesamemeaning)meanswhiteandkistand forcastle. Itdoes not appear in this form in anyJapanese place name, according to the National Place NamesReadingDictionary,which includesallcurrentplacenamesofJapan4.However, it isusedasa familyname.AccordingtotheNationalFamilyNameswebsite5,theShiroki/Shirakifamilynameisthe26,201stoutofnearly105,000Japanesefamilynamesandisusedby36households.TheShiroki/Shirakinamedoesnotnecessarilystemfromanownonexistentplacenamebecauseuntilthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury

commonpeoplehadonlyonenameanditwasonlyduringthecountrysreformperiodwhenthestatemandated everyone to adopt a family name. While some named themselves after famous families ortheir place of residence, others simply made up their own family name. This is whyJapan with apopulationof127millionhassomanyfamilynameswhilethetwoKoreaswith79millionpeopleandalongtraditionoffamilynameusehaveonlyabout250.

Besidesfamilynames,therearetwoShintoshrineswhicharecalled(shirakijinja)orWhiteCastleShrine.OneisinFukuiPrefecturesTsurugaCity,butthisshrinesnamewasoriginallywritten

by another character pair () pronounced in the same way. Therefore, although the shrines namesounds shiraki, it originally had a different meaning. The other shrine is in Kurashiki City, OkayamaPrefecture.Apartfromthefactthatitisasmallconcretestructurenothingelseisknownaboutit.

The reason I previously emphasized theJapanese origin of the words isbecause 60 percent of theJapanesevocabularyisborrowedfromChineseandmostJapanesecharactershaveoriginalJapaneseandSinoJapanese(kango)readingsaswell.InSinoJapanesereading,soundshakuj,inwhichhakumeanswhiteandj stands forcastle. Iwillreturn to this topic later.Just tocomplicatematters, italsohasamixedreading,shiraj,wherethefirstcharacterisreadinoriginalJapaneseandthesecondinSinoJapanese.Shiraj, tobe exact, Azashiraj (), is an administrative unit in Akita PrefecturesOgaCityandthe(aza)prefixindicatesvillagesection.

WiththehelpoftheJapaneseCastleswebsite,Ihaveexamined3,000castlenamesandfoundonlytwowhose names included the or white castle character pair6. These are the following:

(Fujishiroj) and (Tenpakuj). In the second castle name, is in the SinoJapanese form ofhakuj,moreexactlypakujbecausefollowingthe(ten)prefixsnendingsoundthevoicelesshsoundonthebeginningof(haku)changestothehalfvoicedpsound.Atfirstglance,bothcastlenamesseem

3(Shintoiroha)ShintoABC,http://nishinojinja.or.jp/faq/079.html4(Zenkokuchimeiyomiganajiten)NationalPlaceNamesReadingDictionary,Seiksha, saka,1993.5 (Zenkokunomyji)NationalFamilyNames,http://www2s.biglobe.ne.jp/~suzakihp/index40.html6 (Nihonnooshiro)JapaneseCastles,http://www.geocities.jp/dgdff233/


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tobe similar to the Eurasian white castle place names. However, Fujishiroj, located in WakayamaPrefecturesNanhaiCity,wasnamedafterPrinceFujishirowhoused to live in thisarea,therefore thecastlesnameinEnglishisnotFujiWhiteCastlebutFujishiroCastle.

Thus, Tenpakuj or Heavenly White Castle is the only castle whose name parallels with theEurasian white castle place names. The castle is located on top of a 150meterhigh mountain inNaganoPrefecturesUedaCity.Thestructureisinacompletelyruinedandneglectedconditionandonlypiles of stones indicate that once there was a castle. The history andbuilding date of the castle areunknown,althoughsomebelievethatitwaserectedbytheSanadaclan()inthe16thcenturyalongwiththenearbySanadaj ()7.

Inconclusion,Iwouldliketodrawtheattentiontothetendencythat,althoughtherearesomewhotracebacktheoriginoftheEurasianwhitecastleplacenamestothecolorofthecastlewalls,whichiscertainlypossible,butitisworthyofnotethatoutof3,000Japanesecastlenames,thereisonlyone,theabovementioned(Tenpakuj),whichiscalledwhitecastledespitethefactthatthemajorityof

Japanesecastlesarewhiteincolor.Outofthe48JapanesecastlesunderthemanagementoftheCouncilof National Castle Superintendents, 31 are white, 15 are partially white and partiallyblack or darkbrown,oneisred,andoneisacastleruinwithundefineablecolor.Thequestionimmediatelycomestomind: Ifcastlescalledwhitecastlearesolelynamedafter theircolor in theEurasiancontinent, thenwhy are not more white castlenamed castles in Japan despite the fact that relying on theabovementionedsurveymorethan60percentofJapanesecastlesarecompletelywhite.

FurtherReading

BorblaObrusnszky:Tongwancheng,theCityoftheSouthernHuns,JournalofEurasianStudies,2009,JanuaryMarch,pp.7083.

http://www.federatio.org/joes/EurasianStudies_0109.pdf

or

http://epa.oszk.hu/01500/01521/00001/pdf/00001.pdf

7(Naganonooshiro)CastlesofNagano,http://utsu02.fc2web.com/shiro529.html


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BRCZI,Szaniszl

GborCzak:InitiationintotheHungarianCastofMind

Title:InitiationintotheHungarianCastofMind

Author:GborCzak

Language:Hungarian

Publisher:CzSimonBooks,Budapest.

Yearofpublishing:2008Numberofpages:224

Email:[email protected]

Web:www.czakogabor.hu

Theauthorofwritingsofseveralgenre,almost50booksanddramasGborCzaksnewInitiationbook member of a longer series is the first Hungarian languagearchaeological book. Thearchaeologist excavates (unearths) the objects or their fragments, but the finds of the

linguisticarchaeology are commonly used in the spoken everday language and the abundance of thewords or expressions, and their relations to each other might havebeen escaped observations. In theliving language the existence of understandings, meanings, religious reminiscences, customs, casts ofmind,worldviews,allpreservedinwords,grammaticalstructuresandinotherlinguisticelementshavenotbeenrecognizedtilltoday.Thelinguistarchaeologistcleansupthewordsandidioms(phrases)fromthedustofhabitualuse.

One of the finds of thebook is the presence of the mathematics named about Pythagoras(6thcenturyB.C.),andexistinggenerally inAncientEurope, ithasbeenalsopresent in theoldandrecently used Hungarian language. The members of the school of Pythagoras considered that thenumberistheancientimageofeveryobjects,andthenumbersarequantitylikequalities,andtoall

numbers some standard is connected. In the Hungarian language the world number (szm) hasontologicalmeaning, inaccordwith thePythagoreanconception: thingswithpositivecardinalitiesareexisting,thingswithnegativecardinalitiesdonotexist.

One is the number of God: this number unifies,joins, levels and equalizes everything: in theHungarianlanguagethisrichnessiswitnessedbyatleast600wordsandexpressions.


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TheTwoisnottwoOne,butitisthebreach(disunion)oftheOne,thatiswhyitisbad(wrong),seeforexample:doubt(ktely), insincerity(ktsznsg),secondary(msodlagos),wacky(flnts).This isknownforalmost200ofourwords.

TheThreeistheunitywhichhadbeenfoundagain,itisthenumberoftheperfection,thatiswhyitissaid that the two halves unite in wedding (half =fl in Hungarian). Csngs, who speak the oldHungarian language,callthemanwiththesamewordasthewife:felesg,orhalf.Inourfolktalestheyearconsistsofthreedays,thereare3tests(probation),intheHungariancoatofarmsthedoublecrossstandsonthetriplehill.

TheFouristhenumberofthecompleteness(fullness):thisisthenumberoftheancientelements,ofthe quarters ofa day, and of the seasons. The Pythagoreans considered that all the other numbers comingafterfourarethecombinationsofthefirstfournumbers.Theyrefusedthezero,refusedtheinfinity, the irrational numbers and instead theybelieved in nature, in the eternal revolution of theExistence. In theHungariannames the thingsare in thesamewaynumbered: fromone toone (egytl

egyig).Thecircle(kr)andthecross(kereszt)aretheimagesofthesameworldviewtheyoriginfromthe

samewordroot,notonlyintheIndoEuropeanlanguagesbutintheHungarian,too.

As a summary: the existence and working of this ancient number concept in the Hungarian iswitnessedbyabout2000words tilltoday.Thenewwordsarecomposedby this logic,too.Theauthordigests the finds together with many other relations and shows them for us,but he leaves theevaluationtotheexperts.

Over the essays on linguisticarchaeology, the newbook of Gbor Czak deeply analyzes the rootsystem (worked outby Gergely Czuczor, member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, in the 19thcentury), which constitutes the essence and approach of the Hungarian language. This root systemcontinuously novelizes the language,but preserves its stability and forms solidbasis to the peculiarHungariancastofmind,whichisabletomakegreatdiscoveries.ItisanendowmentoftheHungarianLanguage that We see the same as all the others,but we observe some other things, too. (AlbertSzentGyrgyi).

Czak deduces that the Hungarian language and thinking is conceptual, and analogoussimultaneously,itseestheoppositionsinsynthesis,itstartsfromtheessential,itisholistic,andeventheilliterate Hungarians are able to understand many hundred thousands of vocabulary. The HungarianlanguageisinunitywiththeHungarianfolkmusic,tradition,folktaleworldetc.FromtheAppendixwelearnthattheHungarianknowsmorethan1150ownwordsaboutthelocomotion,morethan450own

wordsaboutthespeaking,andthelongestpalindromtilltodayconsistsof185wordsand916letters.Thebookisclosedbythescreenplayofafunnylinguisticplay.


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FERENCZI,Enik

NewInterpretationoftheEthnicNameScythianand

ItsSignificancetotheEtymologyoftheBasque

TothememoryofmyfatherwhoopenedupScythiantombsinCsombord,Transylvania

Inthisstudy,anattemptismadetoprovethattheHungarianlanguagemaypartiallybethemodern

equivalentoftheancientScythian.Accordingtothemediaevalchronicles1oftheHungarianpeople(t

Journal of Eurasian Studies Vol 1,2, Apr-jun 2009

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