Journal of Curriculum and Instruction

8/10/2019 Journal of Curriculum and Instruction

1/19

ISSN 0794-4543

JOURNAL OF CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTION

VOLUME 6, NUMBERS 1 & 2, 2002

Published by

Depar !e" #$ %urri ulu! S udies a"d Edu a i#"al 'e h"#l#(y,)a ul y #$ Edu a i#",

U"i*ersi y #$ ll#ri",P+M+B+ 1 1 ,ll#ri"+ Ni(eria+


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CONTENTS

'i le Pa(e++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-%#pyri(h Pa(e+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ N# es $#r %#" ribu #rs+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++ +++++++++,+ iiiEdi #rial B#ard++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-+++ Edi #rial++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++,+++++%#" e" s++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

%#"du i"( E.a!i"a i#"s i" Ni(eria" U"i*ersi ies/ Ma"a(er s

Perspe i*esN. Y. S. Ijaiya ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Ne Perspe i*es i" dul Edu a i#" i" Ni(eria i" he 21s %e" uryS. N. Osuji +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Ma he!a i s 'ea hers Per ep i#" #$ S ude" s Per$#r!a" e i"Ma he!a i al 4#rd Pr#ble!s i" 5 ara S a eM. F.Salman +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++7" e(ra i#" #$ 7"s ru i#"al Vide# i" # 'ea her Edu a i#"Pr#(ra!!e Ni(eriaI. O. Salawu & A. O. A !la"i +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- 81

7!pr#*i"( he 9uali y #$ 7"s ru i#" i" Ni(eria" Pri!ary a"dSe #"dary S h##ls hr#u(h he Br#ad as i"( MediaM. O. Yusu ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

*iii


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:e"der Di$$ere" e i" S h##l S ie" e/ 7!pli a i#" $#r S ie" e'ea her Edu a i#"#. $%ll! +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

7" e(ra ed U"i s/ Bluepri" # 7!pr#*e %ri i al 'hi";i"( i" Readi"(Less#" a he


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CON)*CTIN# E+AMINATIONS IN NI#E,IAN

*NI E,SITIES A MANA#E,/S E,S ECTI EN. Y. S. I(AIYA

A"s12a 1The primary assignment of any school is to ensure effective teaching and

learning of which examination, a form of evaluation plays a significant role. Inspite of its importance especially in decision making about school programmes,examination continues to receive less than its deserved attention especially inNigeria, even in universities that should lead by example. Hence, examination

malpractice is on the increase. Examination as part of teaching deserves to becarefully planned, organised, co ordinated and evaluated. !hen examinationmalpractice occurs, it implies that some of its managers have shirked their responsibilities. The study reported in this article using "# and ""$ lecturers and students respectively of the %aculty of Education, &niversity of llorin showed that seating arrangement in the examination hall and the typing and duplicating stages are the most possible stages of examination malpractice. Examinationshave been denied ade'uate and conducive accommodation, sufficient invigilators and ade'uate security. The findings confirm that the poor management of examinations can lead to examination malpractice. Therefore, it was recommended that examination management can be improved throughade'uate provision of essential facilities, more lecturers and demand for accountability.

In12! u 1i!nMa"a(i"( a"y i"s i u i#" #$ lear"i"( i"*#l*es pla""i"(, #r(a"isi"(, #@

#rdi"a i"(, !# i*a i"(, !#"i #ri"(, e*alua i"(, e + he ea hi"( a"d lear"i"(a i*i ies # e"sure he a ai"!e" #$ edu a i#"al (#als a"d #b e i*es = desi"a,1 0>+ 7" # her #rds, ea hi"( a"d lear"i"( are he e" ral $# i #$ s h##l!a"a(e!e" + 7 is h# e*er hr#u(h e.a!i"a i#" ha pupils lear"i"( isas er ai"ed+ 'his is hy ea hi"( is $u"da!e" ally #"sidered i" #!ple e i h#us#!e $#r! #$ e*alua i#"+ E.a!i"a i#"s are here$#re par a"d par el #$ s h##l!a"a(e!e" $u" i#"s+ %#"du i"( e.a!i"a i#"s is as #ld as he edu a i#"alsys e! i sel$ a"d #" i"ues # be p#pular i h#u a"y redible al er"a i*e ye i"spi e #$ i s sh#r #!i"(s a"d !is!a"a(e!e" = (he" a,

Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, Vol. 6 Nos. 1 & 2, 2002; N. Y. S Ijaiya, . 1 ! 16


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Conductin" #$aminations in Ni"%rian ni'%rsity

1 >+ E*alua i#" is h# e*er a !ea"s # a" e"d "# a" e"d i" i sel$+ 7 ser*esse*eral purp#ses par i ularly i" de isi#" !a;i"( he her a he pri!ary,se #"dary #r er iary le*els+ he e"d #$ a #urse #$ s udy, a" e.a!i"a i#" has# be ad!i"is ered # de er!i"e he e. e" #$ s ude" s a hie*e!e" i h#uhi h he er! #r se!es er #r a sessi#" a""# l#se a"d he i"s i u i#" as ellas he s ude" s a""# pr#(ress Besides, e.a!i"a i#" ser*es !a"y # her purp#ses+ 7 pr#*ides da a ha are use$ul # he s h##l pr#prie #rs a"d lie" ele,ha is, he (#*er"!e" #r he pri*a e # "ers, he s ude" s, pare" s a"dea hers+ 7 is used $#r er i$i a i#" #$ s ude" s a"d pr#*ides $eedba ; # ea hers

a"d pare" s #" s ude" s a ade!i per$#r!a" e+ 7 als# lar(ely de er!i"es #bpla e!e" $#r s h##l pr#du s a"d !a"p# er de*el#p!e" =:r#"lu"d, 1@ >+E.a!i"a i#"s, li;e ea hi"(, here$#re deser*e e$$e i*e !a"a(e!e" + heu"i*ersi y le*el, bei"( a he #p #$ he edu a i#"al ladder, a ade!i e. elle" eis hi(hly s#u(h a"d s# e.a!i"a i#"s !us "# be #yed i h+ U"i*ersi ies aree.pe ed # !ee i" er"a i#"al s a"dard, he" e he "eed $#r reliable a"d rediblee.a!i"a i#" resul s+ 'his a" #"ly be (uara" eed hr#u(h ell@!a"a(ede.a!i"a i#"s+

?# e*er, ha is usually "# $ully appre ia ed by !a"y i"s i u i#"s,e.a!i"a i#" b#dies as ell as he publi is he $a ha #"du i"( e.a!i"a i#"sis lar(ely a !a"a(e!e" as;+ 7$ hi"(s (# ri(h #r r#"( duri"( hee.a!i"a i#"s, i is be ause h#se h# are i" har(e, re$erred # i" his paper as

e.a!i"a i#" !a"a(ers, ha*e ei her d#"e he ri(h hi"( #r ha*e le$ he ri(hhi"( u"d#"e+ E*e" he !#s $raudule" s ude" s ill "# ha*e his ay i$ alle.a!i"a i#" !a"a(ers per$#r!ed heir@du ies as e.pe ed, hereas su hs ude" s ill e.pl#i a"y l##ph#le+ 'hus, S h##l Pla" Pla""i"( a"d De*el#p!e"as ell as Pers#""el Ma"a(e!e" play i!p#r a" r#le i" #"du i"( hi h@$reee.a!s+

7" *ie #$ he si("i$i a" e #$ e.a!i"a i#"s # he pr#(ress #$ s ude" s,he i"s i u i#", he "a i#" a"d he #rld i" (e"eral, he "eed $#r heir e$$e i*e!a"a(e!e" a""# be #*er@e!phasised+ 'he $a ha e.a!i"a i#" !alpra i ehas "# be #!e a per!a"e" $ea ure #$ #ur edu a i#"al sys e! = de;ale, 1 COlashei"de, 1 C a"d 7 aiya, 1 > alls $#r he "eeds # e!phasise he r#le #$ !a"a(e!e" i" #"du i"( hi h@$ree a"d $raud@$ree e.a!i"a i#"s+ ls#, hele*i y i h hi h s#!e ea hers a"d le urers ha"dle e.a!i"a i#"s us i$ies su ha re@e!phasis+ S#!e #$ he! #uld ea h a i*ely $#r se*eral !#" hs bu he" i#!es # e.a!i"a i#"s, hey a;e he ba ;sea , (i*i"( heir Fues i#"s # ypis #r


6/19

2Conductin" #$aminations in Ni"%rian ni'%rsity

a !esse"(er # pr#du e se*eral #pies i h#u adeFua e se uri y+ S#!e ill "#e*e" sh# up $#r i"*i(ila i#" hile # hers, e*e" pri" ipals, ha*e bee" au(haidi"( a"d abe i"( e.a!i"a i#" !alpra i e+ ?# !a"y pri" ipals ha*e b# hered# prepare ri e" rules a"d re(ula i#"s $#r e.a!i"a i#"s i" heir s h##lsG 4heresu h d# u!e" s are a*ailable, as i" he u"i*ersi y, h# !a"y le urers aresupplied i h #pies #r h# !a"y #$ he! ha*e b# hered # read he!G M#spe#ple assu!e ha a"y ea her sh#uld ;"# + ?# e*er, "# all h#se h# ea hare rai"ed ea hers !#s espe ially i" he u"i*ersi ies+ Besides, hile s#!ee.a!i"a i#" rules are #!!#" a"d #b*i#us, s#!e are pe uliar # spe i$i

i"s i u i#"s =$#r i"s a" e, pr# edure $#r rep#r i"( a"d deali"( i h e.a!i"a i#"!alpra i e>+ "# her i"di a i#" ha e.a!i"a i#"s are "# re ei*i"( due a e" i#" i"

!#s i"s i u i#"s i" Ni(eria is ha he sa!e $a ili ies ha ha*e bee" #*er@s re hed a"d rep#r ed as i"adeFua e a"d "# #"du i*e $#r ea hi"( a"de.a!i"a i#"s are le$ u"i!pr#*ed by !#s s h##l !a"a(ers a"d !ade # beused $#r de ades e*e" as s ude" s e"r#l!e" #" i"ues # i" rease+ 'hei!p#r a" e #$ s h##l pla" # e$$e i*e ea hi"( a"d lear"i"( has bee" ells ressed i" he li era ure =Olu #la, 1 deb#ye e, 1 8 O(u"sa" u, 1 0 a"dDur#sar#, 1 >+ 7 is h# e*er eFually i!p#r a" $#r e$$e i*e #"du #$ e.a!i"a i#"s+ M#s s h##l buildi"(s are h# e*er i" a s a e #$ disrepair apar$r#! heir i"adeFua e "u!ber a"d siHe a"d heir p##r !ai" e"a" e = deb#ye e,

1 0>+ 7 is his ;i"d #$ l##ph#les ha $raudule" s ude" s e.pl#i # hea i"e.a!i"a i#"s+ S#!e i!es, e.a!i"a i#"s are s# rushed e*e" i h i"adeFua e$a ili ies, ha hey l#se heir !ea"i"(+ ?appily he U"i*ersi y O$ La(#s re e" lybr#;e he u(ly y le by blaHi"( he rail he" i #pe"ed $#r use a !ul i@purp#sehall i h a apa i y $#r 000 sea s ha #uld ser*e as le ure hea re a"d e.a!hall apar $r#! # her uses+ #rdi"( O!# #la =2000> I he pr# e represe" s heU"i*ersi y ad!i"is ra i#" s resp#"se # he i" reasi"( pr#ble! #$ e.a!i"a i#"!alpra i e a"d u" #"du i*e a !#sphere $#r ri i"(, e.a!i"a i#"sI =p+ 26>+ 7"#" ras is he si ua i#" a he Bayer# U"i*ersi y, 5a"# here s ude" s re e" lyissued a I hree day ul i!a u!I # he U"i*ersi y s au h#ri y I # pr#*ide adeFua e$ur"i ure i" le ure r##!s #r $a e a b#y # #$ he $irs se!es er e.a!i"a i#"s+I= he ?erald, 2000, p+ 66>+ Despi e he i!p#r a" e #$ e.a!i"a i#"s a"d da"(er p#sed by e.a!i"a i#" !alpra i e, i appears ri ers a"d resear hers ha*e (i*e"li le #r "# a e" i#" # he issue #$ !a"a(i"( e.a!i"a i#"s pre$erri"( # bla!e


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CConductin" #$aminations in Ni"%rian ni'%rsity

s ude" s $#r e*ery hi"( ha (#es r#"(+ 'he purp#se #$ his ar i le here$#re is#/1+ E.plai" e.a!i"a i#" as a !a"a(e!e" $u" i#"2+ 7de" i$y a"d dis uss he r#le #$ e.a!i"a i#" !a"a(ersC+ Prese" he resul #$ a re e" sur*ey #" !a"a(e!e" di!e"si#" #$

e.a!i"a i#" !alpra i e a"d8+ Ma;e su((es i#"s $#r e$$e i*e !a"a(e!e" #$ e.a!i"a i#"s+

7 is h#ped ha his paper ill se"si ise s h##l !a"a(ers a"d he ea hers

= he e.a!i"a i#" !a"a(ers> i" # (i*i"( e.a!i"a i#"s all he are a"dseri#us"ess hey deser*e bu are s# !u h la ;i"( i" !a"y i"s i u i#"s+

E amina1i!n as a Mana %m%n1 Fun 1i!n s !e" i#"ed earlier, e.a!i"a i#"s li;e ea hi"(, deser*e are$ul

ha"dli"( by h#se i" har(e+ Li;e ea hi"( als#, i is Fui e a!e"able # !#sele!e" s #$ !a"a(e!e" "a!ely/ pla""i"(, #r(a"isi"(, super*isi"(, e*alua i"(,e +6 lannin - E.a!i"a i#"s, li;e ea hi"( "eed # be pla""ed+ Pla""i"(e.a!i"a i#"s sh#uld be par #$ he #*erall sh#r a"d l#"( ra"(e pla" #$ s h##lsa all le*els+ Su h pla"s i"*#l*e a $#re as #$ s h##l a i*i ies $#r a er! #r ase!es er a"d a sessi#"+ Pla""i"( "#r!ally i"*#l*es se i"( (#als a"d #b e i*es,

as ell as ide" i$yi"( "eeds $#r e$$e i*e ea hi"( a"d lear"i"( $#r he pr# e edperi#d by a;i"( a l##; a he pas a"d $#re as i"( he $u ure+ 7 ill spe i$i allyi" lude s ipula i"( he "u!ber #$ ee;s $#r ea hi"( a"d e.a!i"a i#", he da ehe la er #uld be(i" a"d e"d, he sub e s #r #urses # be au(h , h# ea hesha , a"d he ype a"d da es $#r #@ urri ular a i*i ies hi h he par i ular s h##l #uld e"(a(e i"+ 7" !#s s h##ls, e.a!i"a i#"s usually #!e up i hi"he las # ee;s #$ he er! #r se!es er a"d he sessi#"+ ?# e*er, hesepla"s, li;e a"y # her ype #$ pla""i"( are si!ply pr# e i#"s i" # he $u ure # bei!ple!e" ed i$ all hi"(s (# ell+ 7" #ur prese" edu a i#"al si ua i#", i is !#reusual $#r hi"(s # (# r#"( a"d disrup s h##l pla"s ha" $#r he s h##l pla" #pr# eed s!## hly+ Due # s ri;e a i#" by ea hers #r s ude" s dis urba" es,s h##ls ha*e bee" l#sed *ery #$ e" a"d pla"s ha*e had # be re@arra"(ed i hda es shi$ ed+ )#r i"s a" e, he U"i*ersi y #$ ll#ri" had # shi$ i s re e" ly heldse #"d se!es er e.a!i"a i#" da es i e =2001> due # s ri;es by he a ade!is a$$ hile he hird #"e as #"ly a*er ed by !a;i"( al er"a i*e arra"(e!e" s $#r


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ypi"( #$ Fues i#"s due # a s ri;e by he s a$$+Pla""i"( a" e.a!i"a i#" d#es "# e"d i h us $#re as i"( da es

a i*i ies+ 7 is als# "e essary # ide" i$y a"d lari$y be$#re ha"d h# !a"ys ude" s ill be si i"( $#r a par i ular #urse #r sub e , he halls #r lassr##!s# use a"d de er!i"e he her he spa e a"d $ur"i ure $#r si i"( are adeFua ea"d #"du i*e $#r #"du i"( a pr#per e.a!i"a i#"+ 7$ "# , i!pr#*e!e" !us be!ade #r al er"a i*e pla es pr#*ided+

Pla""i"( ill als# i" lude se uri"( su$$i ie" !a erials $#r pr#du i#" #$

e.a!i"a i#" Fues i#"s as ell as a"s er s rip s+ ls#, a leas # ee;s # hee.a!i"a i#", all dra$ Fues i#"s !us be sub!i ed # he ?ead #$ Depar !e" =?+O+ D+> h# sh#uld *e he! a"d super*ise he ypi"( a"d pr#du i#" #$ e"#u(h#pies+ 'here !us be i(h se uri y $#r he paper a e*ery s a(e par i ularly ahe ypi"(, dupli a i"( as ell as he pa ;a(i"( s a(es+ 'hey !us als# be (i*e"adeFua e se uri y i" he i" er*al # he e.a!i"a i#" da e+ 'he pra i e #$ lea*i"(Fues i#" papers i" he are #$ "#"@ ea hi"( s a$$ is r#"( si!ply be ausee.a!i"a i#"s are purely a ade!i s a$$ du ies+ 'hey did he ea hi"( a"d sh#uldhere$#re be abs#lu ely resp#"sible $#r e*alua i"( heir # " #r; i h#u a"yhi h+ 7 is a r#le ha hey sh#uld (uide eal#usly+ Prepari"( he e.a!i"a i#"i!e able is als# par #$ he pla""i"( pr# ess+8 O2 anisin - 'his i"*#l*es assi("i"( i"*i(ila #rs # *ari#us e.a!i"a i#"

halls i" su$$i ie" "u!ber a"d spe i$yi"( he #urses #r sub e s hey illi"*i(ila e as ell as he i!e $#r i"*i(ila i#"+ 'he "u!ber #$ s ude" s #$$eri"( hesub e s #r he #urse sh#uld (uide he e.a!i"a i#" #$$i er #r he sub@Dea" =i"he ase #$ u"i*ersi ies> i" b# h r##! a"d i"*i(ila #r all# a i#"+ ll hese #uldbe re$le ed #" he i!e able+3 C !-!2 ina1in - )#r s!## h #"du #$ e.a!i"a i#"s, here !us bee$$e i*e #@#rdi"a i#" espe ially # a*#id lashes be ee" # #r !#re papersru""i"( #" urre" ly $#r he sa!e se #$ s ude" s+ %#@#rdi"a i#" ill i"*#l*erea i"( a rallyi"( p#i" here all a i*i ies #""e ed i h he e.a!i"a i#"s aree" red+ 7 ill spe i$i ally #@#rdi"a e he a i*i ies #$ i"*i(ila #rs, lear #"$usi#"s #r pr#ble!s, dis ribu e Fues i#"s # he i"*i(ila #rs, re ei*e a"s er s rip s a he e"d #$ ea h paper a"d dis ribu e he! # he ea hers #" er"ed$#r !ar;i"( #r # he ?+O+D+ " e.a!i"a i#" #$$i er app#i" ed by he ?+ O+ D+ #r aSub@Dea" !ay per$#r! he $u" i#"+ Su h a #@#rdi"a #r !us (# r#u"d hee.a!i"a i#" halls # see ha he e.a!i"a i#" is (#i"( #" as pla""ed #r address


9/19


a"y pr#ble! rep#r ed # hi!4 Su %2:isin ;In:i ila1in - 7"*i(ila i"( is he pr# ess #$ #*erseei"( a"e.a!i"a i#" hile i" pr#(ress+ 7 s ar s i h he he ;i"(@i" #$ s ude" s a"d e"dshe" a"s er s rip s are #lle ed $r#! s ude" s a"d sub!i ed se urely # he#@#rdi"a #r #$ he e.a!i"a i#"+ 7 als# i"*#l*es seei"( # i ha he e.a!i"a i#"pr# eeds s!## hly i" he hall a"d hea i"( by a"y !ea"s d#es "# # ur+ 'hiss a(e is a s#re p#i" i" he e.a!i"a i#" pr# ess+ E.a!i"a i#" !alpra i e a;espla e !#s ly a his s a(e i h s ude" s e.pl#ri"( all s#r s #$ a i s i" ludi"(

(ira$$i"( , passi"( papers ar#u"d, i!pers#"a i#", lea*i"( papers #pe" $#r # hers# #py, e + =Olashei"de+ 1 C> #r e*e" dru((i"( heir ea hers # sleep duri"(i"*i(ila i#" ='he :uardia", 2000>+ 7"*i(ila #rs ha*e als# bee" au(h assis i"(s ude" s hile s#!e are (uil y #$ "e(li(e" e #$ du ies =e+(+ readi"( "e spapers#r "#*els, (#i"( #u #$ he e.a!i"a i#" hall i h#u a subs i u e, al;i"(, e +>+7"*i(ila i#" de!a"ds a l# #$ *i(ila" e a"d #!!i !e" + Vi(ila" e i" hesuper*isi#" #$ a" e.a! i"*#l*es/a> %he ;i"( are$ully s ude" s ide" i y ards a"d e.a!i"a i#" ards #as er ai" ha here is "# i!pers#"a i#"b> %he ;i"( h#r#u(hly s ude" s p# ;e s a"d $e!ales d#uble rappers #e"sure "# e. ra"e#us paper is a;e" i" # e.a!i"a i#" +hall/> E"suri"( ha ba(s a"d $ile a ;e , purses, e. b##;s, "# es, e + are "#

a;e" i"side+d> E"suri"( ha sea i"( arra"(e!e" is d#"e i" a ay ha here is e"#u(hspa e be ee" #"e s ude" a"d he # her # pre*e" I(ira$$i"(I ha is, peepi"(i" # s#!eb#dy else s paper+ 4he" s ude" s are (i*i"( he $reed#! # arra"(ehe!sel*es, he $raudule" #"es ill e.pl#i i # hea + 7deally, ea h sea is # bepre@"u!bered i h s ude" s e.a! #r !a ri ula i#" "u!bers s# ha ea h s ude"a" si!ply # upy his # " sea + 7"*i(ila #rs sh#uld !#*e r#u"d he hall a"d "## si i" #"e pla e hr#u(h#u +e> Ma;i"( sure ha #lle i#" #$ a"s er s rip s is d#"e i" a" #rderly !a""er # her ise s#!e s ude" s a" s ill hea a his s a(e/

7 is i!p#r a" ha *i(ila" e is !ai" ai"ed hr#u(h#u as $raudule"s ude" s bid heir i!e a"d ai $#r he bes #pp#r u"i y # arry #u heir pla"s+7"*#l*i"( "#"@ ea hi"( s a$$ #r # her s ude" s i" he super*isi#" #$ e.a!i"a i#"sis r#"(+


10/19


5 E:alua1i!n - 'he purp#se #$ a"y e*alua i#" is # de er!i"e ha hasbee" a hie*ed+ 7" his ase i i"*#l*es a ri i al assess!e" #$ he h#le pr# ess#$ he #"du #$ he e.a!i"a i#" i h a *ie # ide" i$yi"( s re"( hs a"dea;"esses+ 'he e.a!i"a i#" #$$i er #r he sub@dea" sh#uld prepare a rep#ra$ er ea h e.a!, hi h ill be prese" ed a he depar !e" al #r s h##l #r $a ul y!ee i"( $#r dis ussi#"+ Su h a rep#r sh#uld #" ai" s eps a;e" # #r(a"ise hee.a!i"a i#"s, pr#ble!s #r hi hes e" #u" ered #r rep#r ed as ell assu((es i#"s $#r i!pr#*e!e" + O her ea hers #uld raise heir #bser*a i#"s a"d

!a;e su((es i#"s as ell+ 7" hi(her i"s i u i#"s, e.a!i"a i#" rep#r s (# $ur her # he hi(her le*el #$ de isi#"@!a;i"( here he resul s are ra i$ied be$#re bei"(released # s ude" s, ha is, he Se"a e haired by he Vi e %ha" ell#r #r he

ade!i B#ard %haired by he Pr#*#s #r he Re #r i" %#lle(es #$ Edu a i#"a"d he P#ly e h"i , respe i*ely+ )ar rea hi"( de isi#"s a" be a;e" a hisle*el $#r i!pr#*e!e" i" $u ure e.a!i"a i#"s =e+(+ #"s ru i"( addi i#"allassr##!, a!#"( # hers>+ 4h# he" are e.a! !a"a(ers a"d ha r#le d# heyplay i"di*iduallyG

E amina1i!n Mana %2s an 1'%i2 ,!l% T'% *ni:%2si1y % am l%.'he pri!ary assi("!e" #$ a"y s h##l is # ea h a"d e.a!i"e+ "

e.a!i"er is s#!e#"e h# es s ;"# led(e #r abili y+ 'here$#re, all ea hers are

e.a!i"ers Bu !a"a(i"( a" e.a!i"a i#" is a br#ader r#le ha" e.a!i"i"( =i+e+se i"( Fues i#"s a"d !ar;i"(>+ Ma"a(i"( e.a!i"a i#"s as !e" i#"ed earlier,i"*#l*es pla""i"(, i!ple!e" a i#" a"d e*alua i#" #$ he h#le e.a!i"a i#"pr# ess+ " e.a!i"a i#" !a"a(er is s#!e#"e h# by *ir ue #$ his #$$i ialresp#"sibili y is #""e ed, i" #"e ay #r he # her, i h pla""i"( a"d e.e u i"(e.a!i"a i#"s $#r hi h he is a #u" able+ 'here$#re, all ea hers a"d s h##lheads are e.a!i"a i#" !a"a(ers, ea h playi"( spe i$i r#le a *ari#us s a(es #$ #"du i"( a" e.a!i"a i#"+

'he r#le #$ e.a!i"a i#" !a"a(ers is h# e*er a hea*ily dele(a ed #"e,=i" a d# " ard $l# #$ #!!u"i a i#"> i" hi h all he a ade!i s a$$ arei"*#l*ed i h *ari#us resp#"sibili ies+ )#r i"s a" e, i" he U"i*ersi ies,e.a!i"a i#" !a erials are "#r!ally pr#*ided by he Vi e %ha" ell#r =V%+> h#releases $u"ds $#r heir pur hase, passed #*er # he Dea" h# dis ribu es he!# he *ari#us ?eads #$ Depar !e" =?+O+D+> $#r heir # " le urers use

?# e*er, a #u" abili y $#r e.a!i"a i#"s $l# s up ard hr#u(h he sa!e


11/19


#$$i ers+ 'he spe i$i resp#"sibili ies #$ ea h e.a!i"a i#" !a"a(er i" Ni(eria"u"i*ersi ies are prese" ed bel# h#u(h here !ay be sli(h *aria i#"s $r#! #"eu"i*ersi y # a"# her+;a T'% i % C'an %ll!2 'he V% is he hie$ e.e u i*e he" e hea #u" i"( a"d rep#r i"( #$$i er #$ he U"i*ersi y+ ?e is he hair!a" #$ Se"a e,he hi(hes au h#ri y #" a ade!i !a ers+ ?e here$#re has #*erall resp#"sibili ya"d re!ai"s a #u" able $#r all ea hi"( a i*i ies i" ludi"( e.a!s hi h are hispri!ary assi("!e" as i"deed ha #$ a"y s h##l head =O(u"sa u, 1 C a"d

7 aiya, 1 1>+ ?is r#le i" ludes e"suri"( ha /i+ e.a!i"a i#" da es are $i.ed ell ahead #$ i!e by se"a eii+ !a erials are !ade a*ailable $#r he prepara i#" #$ Fues i#"s, !ar;i"(a"d re #rdi"( #$ (rades as ell as s rip siii+ all rules a"d re(ula i#"s (uidi"( e.a!i"a i#"s are ell d# u!e" ed a"dreleased # all le urers a"d s ude" s ahead #$ he e.a!i"a i#"i*+ e.a!i"a i#" halls a"d $ur"i ure are a*ailable a"d #"du i*e $#r e.a!i"a i#"s*+ le urers a"d s ude" s are ready $#r a hi h@$ree e.a!i"a i#"*i+ a"s er s rip s are !ar;ed #" i!e, resul s are prese" ed, dis ussed a"dappr#*ed by he Se"a e*ii+ E.a!i"a i#"s rep#r are prese" ed #" he $l##r #$ Se"a e a"d dis ussed

$#r "e essary de isi#"s # be a;e" e+(+ ases #$ e.a!i"a i#" !alpra i e,pr#ble!s #$ sea i"( arra"(e!e" , a!#"( # hers+*iii+ De isi#"s a;e" by Se"a e are i!ple!e" ed+.i+ Re ei*es e.a!i"a i#" resul s #$ he $a ul ies #" he $l##r #$ Se"a e a"di h # her !e!bers, (i*es appr#*al # deser*i"( s ude" s+

?# e*er, s#!e #$ he r#les #$ he V+ %+ are dele(a ed d# " ard # heDea"s, ?+O+Ds+ a"d he i"*i(ila #rs h#u(h he re!ai"s a #u" able+;" T'% )%an 'he hie$ e.a!i"er #$ his )a ul y bei"( he a #u" i"( a"drep#r i"( #$$i er #$ he )a ul y+ ?e #r;s i h a"d hr#u(h he Sub@Dea" #e"sure a hi h@$ree e.a!i"a i#"+ 'he $a ul y arries #u i s # " pla""i"( a"d#r(a"ises he i"*i(ila #rs $#r he e.a!i"a i#"+ 'he Dea" re!ai"s a #u" able $#r e.a!i"a i#"s i" his # " )a ul y+'he r#le #$ he Dea" as $ar as e.a!i"a i#"s are #" er"ed is # e"sure ha /i+ 'he )a ul y !a;es adeFua e prepara i#" # !ee he da e se $#r hee.a!i"a i#" by Se"a e by prepari"( he e.a! i!e able a"d #lle i"( he!a erials released by he V+%+ $#r e.a!i"a i#" purp#ses


12/19


ii+ E.a!i"a i#" i!e able rea hes he s ude" s a"d le urers a leas #ee;s be$#re #!!e" e!e"iii+ E.a!i"a i#" !a erials are dis ribu ed # all depar !e" s early e"#u(h $#r prepara i#" #$ Fues i#" papersi*+ E.a!i"a i#" hal s are adeFua e i" "u!ber a"d #"du i*e $#r e.a!i"a i#"=e+(+ ell li(h ed, spa es be ee" e.a!i"ees, *e" ila ed, e +>*+ 'he $ur"i ure are e"#u(h # a #!!#da e he s ude" s #!$#r ably *i+

Ea h paper is ell i"*i(ila ed

*ii+ U"i*ersi y rules a"d re(ula i#"s (uidi"( he #"du #$ e.a!i"a i#"s ares ri ly #bser*ed*iii+ E*ery hi"( is u"der #" r#l by (#i"( r#u"d he e.a!i"a i#" halls# asi#"allyi.+ Mar;i"( is d#"e #" i!e, resul s are prepared a"d prese" ed # he)a ul y B#ard #$ E.a!i"ers hi h he hairs a"d appr#*ed $#r #" ardprese" a i#" # he Se"a eJ 'he Dea" als# prese" resul s #$ his )a ul y #" he $l##r #$ he Se"a ea"d see;s $i"al appr#*al.i+ Dire s ?+O+Ds+ # release resul s # he s ude" s.ii+ E*alua e he pr# ess #$ he e.a!i"a i#" by re ei*i"( he rep#r $r#! heSub@Dea", prese" i a he )a ul y !ee i"( $#r dis ussi#" a"d su((es i#"s $#r

i!pr#*e!e" ,.iii+ Se s up a pa"el # i"*es i(a e ases #$ e.a!i"a i#" !is #"du rep#r ed# hi! by he hie$ i"*i(ila #r+; T'% =%a ! )% a21m%n1 ;=.O.) ?e is als# a hie$ e.a!i"a i#"!a"a(er bei"( he a #u" i"( a"d rep#r i"( #$$i er #$ his depar !e" + 'he?+O+D+ #r;s i h a"d hr#u(h he e.a!i"a i#" #$$i er #$ his depar !e"=app#i" ed by hi!> # e"sure ha /i+ ?is depar !e" al e.a!i"a i#" i!e able is prepared a"d ir ula ed ellahead #$ he e.a!i"a i#"+ 7$ he i!e able is e" rally #" r#lled by he )a ul y,he e"sures ha all #urses h#u(h by his depar !e" are a #!!#da ed #" hei!e ableii+ Le urers prepared heir Fues i#"s a"d !ar;i"( s he!e a"d sub!i #hi! $#r *e i"(iii+ 'he Fues i#"s are yped a"d e"#u(h #pies pr#du ed a"d sa$ely par;ed,ready $#r he e.a!i"a i#"


13/19


i*+ deFua e se uri y is (i*e" # he Fues i#" papers be$#re he paper isri e"*+ E.a!i"a i#" halls are #"du i*e i" er!s #$ spa e, $ur"i ure a"d li(h*i+ 9ues i#" papers a"d a"s er s rip s $#r he depar !e" rea h he e.a!hall #" i!e*ii+ ll e.a!i"a i#" rules a"d re(ula i#"s are adhered #*iii+ Se uri y is pr#*ided $#r all a"s er s rip s a he e"d #$ ea h paperi.+ ?e alls a depar !e" al !ee i"( # #b ai" i"$#r!a i#" ab#u he #"du

#$ he e.a!i"a i#" as i a$$e s his depar !e" , s# as # !a;e ad us !e" s i$ "e essary $#r $u ure e.a!i"a i#"s.+ "s er s rip s are pr#!p ly !ar;ed, s #res #lla ed a"d prese" ed # hedepar !e" $#r appr#*al.i+ 'he ?+O+D+ he" prese" s he resul s a"d see;s appr#*al a he )a ul yB#ard #$ E.a!i"ers !ee i"(.ii+ Sub!i appr#*ed resul s # he Dea" $#r prese" a i#" a"d appr#*al by heSe"a e+; T'% In:i ila1!2s 'hese are als# e.a!i"a i#" !a"a(ers by *ir ue #$ heir i!p#r a" r#le i" he i!ple!e" a i#" #$ e.a!i"a i#"s+ Resear h $i"di"(ssh# ha s ude" s e!pl#y *ari#us ypes #$ !e h#ds #r s yles # hea i" hee.a!i"a i#" hall =Olasei"de, 1 C>+ 7 is hr#u(h he *i(ila" e #$ he i"*i(ila #rs

ha su h hea i"( a" be pre*e" ed+'he r#le #$ a" i"*i(ila #r be(i"s i h a pr#!p arri*al i" he e.a! hall a"di" ludes/i+ %arryi"( #u adeFua e he ;i"( #$ s ude" s be$#re ad!issi#" i" # hee.a!i"a i#" hall =i+e+ ide" i y ards>ii+ rra"(i"( s ude" s are$ully # pre*e" hea i"(iii+ E"suri"( ha all e.a!i"a i#" rules a"d re(ula i#"s (uidi"( s ude" sbeha*i#ur are #beyed =e+(+ s ude" s h# #!e # he e.a!i"a i#" hall hir y!i"u es a$ er i s ar ed sh#uld "# be all# ed i" e. ep by he appr#*al #$ hehie$ i"*i(ila #r>i*+ Displayi"( adeFua e *i(ila" e # $#res all a #$ hea i"(*+ E"suri"( ha all s ude" s si(" he a e"da" e re(is er be$#re lea*i"( hee.a!i"a i#" hall*i+ Dis ribu i"( Fues i#" papers a"d a"s er s rip s # s ude" s


14/19


*ii+ M#*i"( r#u"d he hall # e"sure ha "# s ude" is hea i"( a"d a e"di"(# s ude" s "eeds =e+(+ e. ra papers>*iii+ %#lle i"( a"d pa ;i"( all a"s er s rip s $#r sub!issi#" # hee.a!i"a i#" #@#rdi"a #r

7$ all e.a!i"a i#" !a"a(ers play heir r#les as e"u!era ed e.a!i"a i#"abuse is "# li;ely # # ur+ Bu he $a ha e.a!i"a i#" !alpra i e is "# a#!!#" $ea ure i" #ur edu a i#"al sys e! sh# s ha s#!e hi"( is r#"( i hhe !a"a(e!e" #$ #ur e.a!i"a i#"s+ re e" sur*ey by his ri er e.pl#red he

r#le #$ !a"a(e!e" i" he h#le sa(a #$ e.a!i"a i#" !alpra i e a"d he resulis prese" ed i" 'able 1+

!ssi"l% S1a %s ! E amina1i!n mal 2a 1i % 1'% ,%sul1 ! a ,% %n1 Su2:%y'he Fues i#""aire sur*ey as #"du ed i" he )a ul y #$ Edu a i#",

U"i*ersi y #$ N#r! i h he ai! #$ $i"di"( #u he s a(e i" he e.a!i"a i#"pr# ess a hi h e.a!i"a i#" !alpra i e is !#s ly perpe ra ed i" su h i" er"ale.a!i"a i#"s 'he sa!ple #"sis ed #$ 2 ra"d#!ly sele ed le urers a"d 220s ude" s+ 'he i"s ru!e" as a resear her@!ade Fues i#""aire, hi h #"sis ed#$ 10 sele ed s a(es hr#u(h hi h e.a!i"a i#" Fues i#"s pass, $r#! hele urers h# se he! # he $i"al s a(e #$ !ar;i"( 'he resp#"de" s erereFuired # ra"; he! based #" he #rder #$ i!p#r a" e $r#! =1K he !#s

p#ssible s a(e> # e" =10K he eas p#ssible s a(e>+ 'he e" sele ed i e!s#*ered *ari#us s a(es #$ he i!ple!e" a i#" #$ e.a!i"a i#"s 'hree le urers i"he )a ul y #$ Edu a i#" as er ai"ed he *alidi y #$ he Fues i#""aire a"d hereliabili y de er!i"ed by usi"( Pears#" !#!e" #rrela i#" #e$$i ie" $#r!ulayielded 0+ 1+ 'he da a as #lle ed duri"( he re e" ly held se #"d se!es er e.a!i"a i#" =2001>+ 'he resul is prese" ed i" 'able 1+

11


15/19


'able 1/Ra"; #rder #rrela i#", usi"( Pears#" s r, #$ le urers a"d s ude" s #pi"i#"#" s a(es he" e.a! !alpra i e is !#s ly perpe ra ed+

N K 2 N K 2 07 e!s Le urers S ude" s d 2 d 2

J A

1+ Le urer s e"d =his able, a i#"s, u era" es> @1+ 2+22+ Duri"( ypi"( #$ Fues i#"s = ypis s e"d> 2+ 2 0+ 0+2

C+ Duri"( dupli a i"( #$ Fues i#" papers 2+ C @1 1+008+ 5eepi"( #$ Fues i#"s a$ er dupli a i#" C+ 1+ 2+2+ Si i"( arra"(e!e" i" he e.a!i"a i#" hall 1 1 0+0 0+06+ P##r i"*i(ila i#" due # i"adeFua e i"*i(ila #rs 6 3 @1 1+03+ La ; #$ *i(ila" e by i"*i(ila #rs 3 2 8+0+ S a(e #$ #lle i"( a"s er s rip s i" he hall 8 6 @2 8+0+ Duri"( !ar ;i"( #$ a"s er s r ip s 1 1+010+ 'a!peri"( i h (rades sub!i ed by le urers 10 + 0+ 0+2

6 d2 +

PK 1 "=" 2 @ 1>

6.2 6 +P K 1 28 .60028

1 C6 +P K @1@ 1880 36

P K 1 @ 0+001 K 0+0

'he resul prese" ed i" 'able 1 sh# s a hi(h #rrela i#" #$ 0+0 be ee"he #pi"i#" #$ le urers a"d s ude" s #" he !#s p#ssible s a(e duri"( hi he.a!i"a i#" !alpra i e is perpe ra ed+ #rdi"( # he!, si i"( arra"(e!e" , apurely !a"a(e!e" resp#"sibili y, ra";ed "u!ber #"e $#r e.a!i"a i#"!alpra i e+ 'his $i"di"( #"$ir!s Olasei"de s =1 C> $i"di"(s ha s ude" s use*ari#us ypes #$ hea i"( e h"iFues a his s a(e+ 7"adeFua e halls a"dlassr##!s, $ur"i ure a"d i"*i(ila #rs are !#s ly he $a #rs aidi"( s ude" se"de" y # hea + 7"adeFua e s h##l pla" a"d p##r !ai" e"a" e #$ e.is i"(


16/19


#"es are he ba"e #$ e$$e i*e ea hi"( a" $raud@$ree e.a!i"a i#" i" !a"yNi(eria" s h##ls+ 7"*i(ila i"( :e"eral S udies #urse #r Spe ial Ele i*es a"d)a ul y@based #re #urses is a har# i"( e.perie" e $#r le urers+ O"ei"*i(ila #r has # #*ersee a hall i h C00 s ude" s+ 7"adeFua e i"*i(ila #rs pre*e"he spreadi"( #$ s ude" s # lassr##! i" # her $a ul ies a$ er all spa es i" he)a ul y #$ Edu a i#" ha*e bee" $illed+

ls# ra";ed si("i$i a" =se #"d a"d hird pla es> as li;ely s a(es #$

e.a!i"a i#" !alpra i e are he ypi"( a"d dupli a i"( s a(es+ 'his is als# a!a"a(e!e" issue+ )raudule" ypis a" !e!#rise s#!e Fues i#"s #r ;ey#rds, s eal he arb#" #" he s e" ils #r a dupli a e #py #$ he Fues i#" paper are$ully #ssed i" # he dus bi" as a r#u(h paper a he dupli a i"( s a(e+ 'his$i"di"( i"di a es i"se uri y #$ he Fues i#" papers a"d a" i"di !e" #$ he ypisa"d e.a!i"a i#" #$$i er #r he ?+O+D here*er i # urs+ 'his is "# a "epr#ble! as s#!e hi(her i"s i u i#"s ha*e dis #*ered his #"dui $#r e.a!i"a i#"lea;a(e duri"( i"*es i(a i#" #$ e.a!i"a i#" !alpra i e i" he pas + O"e !e h#d"# ad#p ed by !a"y depar !e" s # $#res all !e!#risi"( #$ Fues i#" paper is# ype all Fues i#"s i" #"e day+ ?# e*er, ha !easure is "# $##lpr##$ as # her !ea"s #$ hea i"( a" s ill be ad#p ed+ 7 e! 6 a"d 3 #" he Fues i#""aire ha*e# d# i h he Fuali y #$ *i(ila" e by i"*i(ila #rs+ 'he ra";i"( #$ b# h i e!s = p##r

i"*i(ila i"( due # i"adeFua e i"*i(ila #rs a"d la ; #$ *i(ila" e by i"*i(ila #rs>, as6 a"d 3 a"d 3 a"d respe i*ely by b# h le urers a"d s ude" s a" be re(ardedas a*era(e+ 'his !ay appear #" radi #ry # he ra";i"( #$ sea i"( arra"(e!e"as he p#ssible s a(e #$ hea i"(, bu !ay als# su((es ha i"*i(ila #rs are ryi"(heir bes i hi" he li!i s all# ed by #*er@ r# ded e.a!i"a i#" halls+ 'hera";i"( #$ i e! su((es s ha i is s ill p#ssible $#r s ude" s # hea a he s a(e#$ #lle i"( heir a"s er s rip s+ 'his is usually p#ssible i" lar(e lasses hi hare s#!e i!es r# dy a"d he r# d al!#s i!p#ssible # #" r#l a i!es a hiss a(e+

'h#u(h he sur*ey ra";ed he le urers l# i" e.a!i"a i#" !alpra i e=ei(h by le urers a"d "i"e by s ude" s>, hey ere "# #!ple ely e.#"era ed+ $e resp#"de" s e*e" ra";ed he! "u!ber #"e+ Besides, he $a ha heprepara i#" #$ Fues i#"s is heir resp#"sibili y !ea"s ha hey are a #u" able i$ here is a lea;a(e a he ypi"( #r dupli a i#" s a(es+


17/19

1CConductin" #$aminations in Ni"%rian ni'%rsity

C!n lusi!ns an ,% !mm%n a1i!nsS# !u h a e" i#" has bee" #" e" ra ed #" e.a!i"a i#" !alpra i e i" Ni(eriai h li le #r "# a e" i#" #" h# # !a"a(e a su ess$ul $raud@$ree e.a!i"a i#"+E.a!i"a i#" is he resp#"sibili y #$ s h##l !a"a(e!e" us li;e ea hi"(+ 7 hasi!pli a i#" $#r s h##l pla" pla""i"( as ell as pers#""el !a"a(e!e" asdis ussed i" his paper+ 7" spi e #$ i s i!p#r a" e espe ially i" !a;i"( de isi#"sab#u !a"y aspe s #$ he edu a i#" sys e!, i has #*er he years bee" de"ieddue a e" i#" espe ially i" i!e all# a i#" a"d are$ul pla""i"( a"di!ple!e" a i#"+ 'his laisseH@$aire a i ude is als# !a"i$es ed i" i"adeFua e

pr#*isi#" #$ e.a!i"a i#" halls, p##r a"d i"su$$i ie" $ur"i ure as ell as p##r i"*i(ila i#"+ 'his is hy e.a!i"a i#" $raud is #" he i" rease+ E*e" u"i*ersi ies,hi h sh#uld se e.a!ples, are eFually (uil y+ 'hese #bser*a i#"s are supp#r edby he resul #$ he sur*ey prese" ed i" his ar i le a"d si!ilar $i"di"(s #$ earlier s udies+ 'his #"s i u es a" i"di !e" #$ le urers a"d u"i*ersi y !a"a(e!e"h# #lle i*ely are e.a!i"a i#" !a"a(ers a"d h#se du ies i is # !a;e

adeFua e pr#*isi#" #$ spa e, $ur"i ure, i"*i(ila #rs a"d se uri y $#r e*erye.a!i"a i#"+ 'he #" e" i#" #$ his paper is ha e.a!i"a i#" $raud i!plies p##r !a"a(e!e" + '# pre*e" e.a!i"a i#" $raud here$#re, e.a!i"a i#" !a"a(ers!us be held a #u" able+ 'he !a #r $a #rs !ili a i"( a(ai"s $raud@$reee.a!i"a i#" i" his #u" ry are he i"abili y #$ he (#*er"!e" # i!ple!e"rep#r s a"d re #!!e"da i#"s by s h##l i"spe #rs, resear hers a"d #" er"ed

publi ab#u he ur(e" y #$ adeFua ely $u"di"( he edu a i#" se #rs # a er $#r i!pr#*e!e" #$ s h##l pla" + 'he appare" la ; #$ a #u" abili y i" he #"du#$ e.a!i"a i#"s is a"# her ru ial $a #r+ )#r e$$e i*e !a"a(e!e" #$ e.a!i"a i#"s, he $#ll# i"( re #!!e"da i#"s are #r h #"sideri"(/1+ E.a!i"a i#" !a"a(ers a"d heir r#les !us be learly spe i$ied i" ri i"(a"d be !ade a #u" able $#r a"y lapses i" he #"du #$ a"ye.a!i"a i#",2+ O*er@ r# ded"ess i" e.a!i"a i#" halls !us be a ;led seri#usly bys h##l pr#prie #rs, :#*er"!e" #r pri*a e, hr#u(h # al #*erhaul #$ s h##lbuildi"(s a"d $ur"i ureC+ Sa" i#"s !us be i!p#sed #" a"y e.a!i"a i#" !a"a(er, $#u"d a" i"(i" he per$#r!a" e #$ his du ies, $#r i"s a" e, a" i"*i(ila #r8+ Rules a"d re(ula i#"s (uidi"( a"y e.a!i"a i#" !us be ri e" learlya"d ir ula ed # all s ude" s a"d le urers

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+ E.a!i"a i#" !us be pr#perly pla""ed i h e"#u(h i!e s# ha here illbe "# $ire bri(ade appr#a h6+ M#re le urers sh#uld be e!pl#yed # i!pr#*e he s a"dard #$ ea hi"(a"d i"*i(ila i#"3+ )i"ally, (##d s h##l !a"a(e!e" i!plies ha all s h##l pr#(ra!!es a"da i*i ies are ell pla""ed a"d e.e u ed+ E.a!i"a i#"s sh#uld "# be a"e.e!p i#"+ 'hey !us re ei*e he sa!e elab#ra e a e" i#" ha is (e"erally(i*i"( # ea hi"(+

,% %2%n % de#ye e, R+ + =1 8>+ (anagement of school physical facilities. 7bada"/

)#u" ai" Publi a i#"s deb#ye e, R+ + =1 8>+ pra i al appr#a h # e$$e i*e u ilisa i#" a"d

!ai" e"a" e #$ physi al $a ili ies i" se #"dary s h##ls+ 7" , Educational planning and administration inNigeria in the ") st century =pp+ @10C>+ 7bada"/ Daily :raphi s L d+

de;ale, + =1 C>+ 7" ide" e a"d ause #$ e.a!i"a i#" !alpra i e a!#"(s ude" s #$ u"i*ersi y #$ ll#ri"+ *ournal of Educational, 8 =1>, 1 @ 81+

desi"a, S+ =1 0>+ Educational management + E"u(u/ )#ur h Di!e"si#"Publishi"( %#+ L d+

(he" a, + Edu a i#"al pla""i"( i" he 21s e" ury+ 7" , Educational planning and administration inNigeria+ in the ") st century =pp+2 @ 1 >, 7bada"/ Daily :raphi s L d+

Dur#sar#, D+O+ =1 > S h##l pla" !a"a(e!e" pra i e i" Ni(eria/ re"ds,issues a"d pr#ble!s+ 7" + + Ola(b#ye & (anagement of Nigerian education+ ro-ect monitoring and school plant maintenance =pp+ C@6C>+ O"d#/ N7EP +

:r#"lu"d, E+ :+ =1 >+ (easurement and evaluation in teaching. Ne A#r;/Ma !illa" Publishi"( %#!pa"y+

7 aiya, A+ =1 >+ Eradi a i"( e.a!i"a i#" !alpra i e/ !a r#@ he#re i al$ra!e #r; #p i#"+ Nigerian *ournal of evelopment Issues+ /ocio,olitical and Economics evelopment, 2 =2>, 32@ +

O(u"sa u, S+ =1 C>+ Edu a i#"al super*isi#"/ Perspe i*es a"d pra i es i"Ni(eria, lle@l$e/ U"i*ersi y #$ 7$e press L d+

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O(u"sa u+ S+ =1 0>+ 0 guide to school effectiveness in Nigeria. 7bada"/ La*illePubli a i#"s+

Olasei"de, ) + + O+ =1 C>+ %hea i"( i" e.a!i"a i#"s i" he U"i*ersi y #$ ll#ri"/s yles, ause a"d re!edies+ Nigerian *ournal of Educational %oundations. 8=1>, 62 @ 3 +

Olu #la, + D+ =1 >+ Edu a i#"al $a ili ies a"d s ude" s per$#r!a" e i" 4es $ri a" s h##l er i$i a e e.a!i"a i#"+ International *ournal of Educational (anagement. 1=1>, 13@28+

O!# #la, +'he ?erald =2000, 4ed"esday, pril 26> Bayer# U"i*ersi y (e s C@days ul i!a u!

=pp+ 1@2>+

2! . ;M2s. N. Y. S. Ijaiya is in 1'% )% a21m%n1 ! E u a1i!nal Mana %m%n1>

*ni:%2si1y ! ll!2in.

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Journal of Curriculum and Instruction

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