Journal of Biogeography

SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Global and regional nested patterns of non-native invasive floras on tropical

islands

Anna Traveset, Christoph Kueffer and Curtis C. Daehler

Appendix S1 The home ranges of the plant invaders in the dataset. The numbers in the

origin column represent: (1) America; (2) Asia and/or tropical India; (2.5) Asia and

Africa, (3) Africa; (3.5) Asia, Africa and Australia; (4) Australia; (4.5) Australasia; (5)

Europe and/or north-western Asia; (5.5) Asia, Africa and Europe; (6) Northern

Hemisphere; (7) widespread, original range obscure; (8) pan-tropical; (9) small-island

endemics. Species with a range well outside the tropical region are indicated with an

asterisk (*) in the last column. Nomenclature follows the USDA Germplasm Resources

Information Network (GRIN) taxonomy database (http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-

bin/npgs/html/index.pl; accessed January 2009).

Species name Family Origin

Range extends beyond the

tropics

Acacia angustissima Fabaceae 1

Acacia auriculiformis Fabaceae 4.5

Acacia concinna Fabaceae 2

Acacia confusa Fabaceae 2

Acacia dealbata Fabaceae 4

Acacia farnesiana Fabaceae 1

Acacia longifolia Fabaceae 4

Acacia macracantha Fabaceae 1

Acacia mangium Fabaceae 4

Acacia mearnsii Fabaceae 4

Acacia melanoxylon Fabaceae 4

Acacia nilotica Fabaceae 2.5

Acanthocereus tetragonus Cactaceae 1

Achillea millefolium Asteraceae 6 *

Adenanthera pavonina Fabaceae 2

Agave sisalana Agavaceae 1

Agdestis clematidea Phytolaccaceae 1

Ageratina riparia Asteraceae 1

Ageratum conyzoides Asteraceae 1

Albizia chinensis Fabaceae 2

Albizia lebbeck Fabaceae 2

Albizia procera Fabaceae 2

Aleurites moluccanus Euphorbiaceae 7

Alocasia macrorrhizos Araceae 2

Alpinia zerumbet Zingiberaceae 2

Alstonia macrophylla Apocynaceae 2

Andropogon virginicus Poaceae 1 *

Anthoxanthum odoratum Poaceae 5 *

Antigonon leptopus Polygonaceae 1

Ardisia crenata Myrsinaceae 2

Ardisia elliptica Myrsinaceae 2

Argemone mexicana Papaveraceae 1

Aristolochia ringens Aristolochiaceae 1

Arundo donax Poaceae 2

Asystasia gangetica Acanthaceae 2

Atriplex semibaccata Chenopodiaceae 4

Austroeupatorium inulifolium Asteraceae 1

Azadirachta indica Meliaceae 2

Bambusa vulgaris Poaceae 2

Begonia hirtella Begoniaceae 1

Bocconia frutescens Papaveraceae 1

Boehmeria penduliflora Urticaceae 2 *

Brugmansia candida Solanaceae 1

Brugmansia suaveolens Solanaceae 1

Buddleja madagascariensis Scrophulariaceae 3

Caesalpinia decapetala Fabaceae 2

Caesalpinia violacea Fabaceae 1

Calliandra calothyrsus Fabaceae 1

Callisia fragrans Commelinaceae 1

Calotropis procera Apocynaceae 2.5

Camellia sinensis Theaceae 2

Canna indica Cannaceae 1

Cardiospermum grandiflorum Sapindaceae 1

Carica papaya Caricaceae 1

Carpobrotus edulis Aizoaceae 3

Cassytha filiformis Lauraceae 1

Castilla elastica Moraceae 1

Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarinaceae 4.5

Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae 3

Cecropia obtusifolia Urticaceae 1

Cecropia peltata Urticaceae 1

Cedrela odorata Meliaceae 1

Cenchrus echinatus Poaceae 1 *

Centella asiatica Apiaceae 4.5

Cestrum auriculatum Solanaceae 1

Cestrum laevigatum Solanaceae 1

Cestrum nocturnum Solanaceae 1

Chromolaena odorata Asteraceae 1

Chrysanthemoides monilifera Asteraceae 3

Chrysobalanus icaco Chrysobalanaceae 1

Chrysophyllum oliviforme Sapotaceae 1

Cinchona pubescens Rubiaceae 1

Cinnamomum burmannii Lauraceae 2

Cinnamomum camphora Lauraceae 2 *

Cinnamomum verum Lauraceae 2

Cirsium vulgare Asteraceae 5 *

Citharexlyum caudatum Verbenaceae 1

Citharexylum ellipticum Verbenaceae 1

Citharexylum gentryi Verbenaceae 1

Citrus aurantium Rutaceae 2

Citrus limon Rutaceae 2

Citrus medica Rutaceae 2

Citrus reticulata Rutaceae 2

Clerodendrum chinense Lamiaceae 2

Clerodendrum speciosissimum Lamiaceae 2

Clidemia hirta Melastomataceae 1

Coccinia grandis Cucurbitaceae 2.5

Cocculus orbiculatus Menispermaceae 2 *

Coffea arabica Rubiaceae 2

Colocasia esculenta Araceae 2

Commelina diffusa Commelinaceae 8

Conium maculatum Apiaceae 5 *

Conyza bonariensis Asteraceae 8

Cordia alliodora Boraginaceae 1

Cordia curassavica Boraginaceae 1

Cordia obliqua Boraginaceae 2

Cortaderia selloana Poaceae 1 *

Crocosmia crocosmiiflora Iridaceae 3

Croton argenteus Euphorbiaceae 1

Cryptostegia grandiflora Apocynaceae 3

Cryptostegia madagascariensis Apocynaceae 3

Cuphea ignea Lythraceae 1

Cynodon dactylon Poaceae 7

Cyperus alternifolius Cyperaceae 3

Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae 7

Datura stramonium Solanaceae 1 *

Delairea odorata Asteraceae 3

Delonix regia Fabaceae 3

Dichanthium annulatum Poaceae 2.5

Dichanthium caricosum Poaceae 2

Dichrostachys cinerea Fabaceae 3

Dieffenbachia seguine Araceae 1

Dillenia suffruticosa Dilleniaceae 2

Dioscorea alata Dioscoreaceae 2

Dioscorea bulbifera Dioscoreaceae 2.5

Diospyros digyna Ebenaceae 1

Diospyros pallens Ebenaceae 3

Dissotis rotundifolia Melastomataceae 2

Duchesnea indica Rosaceae 2

Dypsis madagascariensis Palmae 3

Echinochloa colona Poaceae 2

Echinochloa crus-galli Poaceae 2

Ehrharta erecta Poaceae 3

Eichhornia crassipes Pontederiaceae 1

Elaeagnus umbellata Elaeagnaceae 2 *

Elaeocarpus angustifolius Elaeocarpaceae 4

Elaeodendron croceum Celastraceae 3

Epipremnum aureum Araceae 2

Epipremnum pinnatum Araceae 2

Eragrostis cilianensis Poaceae 2.5 *

Erigeron karvinskianus Asteraceae 1

Eriobotrya japonica Rosaceae 2 *

Eucalyptus camaldulensis Myrtaceae 4

Eucalyptus citriodora Myrtaceae 4

Eugenia uniflora Myrtaceae 1

Falcataria moluccana Fabaceae 2

Ficus microcarpa Moraceae 4.5

Flacourtia indica Salicaceae 2.5 *

Flemingia strobilifera Fabaceae 2

Fraxinus floribunda Oleaceae 2

Fraxinus uhdei Oleaceae 1

Fuchsia boliviana Onagraceae 1

Fuchsia coccinea Onagraceae 1

Fuchsia exoniensis Onagraceae 1

Fuchsia magellanica Onagraceae 1 *

Funtumia elastica Apocynaceae 3

Furcraea foetida Agavaceae 1

Furcraea hexapetala Agavaceae 1

Gliricidia sepium Fabaceae 1

Gmelina arborea Lamiaceae 2

Grevillea robusta Proteaceae 4

Gynerium sagittatum Poaceae 1

Haematoxylum campechianum Fabaceae 1

Hedychium coccineum Zingiberaceae 2

Hedychium coronarium Zingiberaceae 2

Hedychium flavescens Zingiberaceae 2

Hedychium gardnerianum Zingiberaceae 2

Helenium quadridentatum Asteraceae 1 *

Heliotropium curassavicum Boraginaceae 1 *

Hemigraphis alternata Acanthaceae 2

Heteropogon contortus Poaceae 3.5

Hiptage benghalensis Malpighiaceae 2

Holcus lanatus Poaceae 5 *

Homalanthus populifolius Euphorbiaceae 4

Hydrangea macrophylla Hydrangeaceae 2 *

Hylocereus undatus Cactaceae 1

Hyparrhenia rufa Poaceae 3

Hypochaeris radicata Asteraceae 5 *

Impatiens flaccida Balsaminaceae 2

Impatiens walleriana Balsaminaceae 3

Imperata contracta Poaceae 1

Imperata cylindrica Poaceae 3.5

Inga punctata Fabaceae 1

Ipomoea alba Convolvulaceae 1

Ipomoea cairica Convolvulaceae 3

Ischaemum rugosum Poaceae 2

Jasminum fluminense Oleaceae 3

Jatropha curcas Euphorbiaceae 1

Juniperus bermudiana Cupressaceae 9

Justicia gendarussa Acanthaceae 2

Kalanchoe delagoensis Crassulaceae 3

Kalanchoe pinnata Crassulaceae 3

Kyllinga brevifolia Cyperaceae 1

Lantana camara Verbenaceae 1

Leptospermum scoparium Myrtaceae 4

Leucaena leucocephala Fabaceae 1

Leucanthemum vulgare Asteraceae 5 *

Ligustrum ovalifolium Oleaceae 2 *

Ligustrum robustum walkeri Oleaceae 2

Litsea glutinosa Lauraceae 2

Litsea monopetala Lauraceae 2

Livistona chinensis Palmae 2

Lolium perenne Poaceae 5 *

Lonicera confusa Caprifoliaceae 2

Lonicera japonica Caprifoliaceae 2 *

Macfadyena unguis-cati Bignoniaceae 1

Macrothelypteris torresiana Thelypteridaceae 2.5

Maesopsis eminii Rhamnaceae 3

Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae 2

Megathyrsus maximus Poaceae 3

Melaleuca quinquenervia Myrtaceae 4

Melastoma candidum Melastomataceae 2

Melia azedarach Meliaceae 4.5

Melinis minutiflora Poaceae 3

Melinis repens Poaceae 3

Merremia peltata Convolvulaceae 3.5

Merremia tuberosa Convolvulaceae 1

Miconia calvescens Melastomataceae 1

Microlaena stipoides Poaceae 4.5

Mikania micrantha Asteraceae 1

Mimosa invisa Fabaceae 1

Mimosa pigra Fabaceae 1

Mimusops coriacea Sapotaceae 3

Momordica charantia Cucurbitaceae 3

Montanoa hibiscifolia Asteraceae 1

Morella faya Myricaceae 9

Morinda citrifolia Rubiaceae 4.5

Muntingia calabura Muntingiaceae 1

Nassella neesiana Poaceae 1 *

Neomarica caerulea Iridaceae 1

Nephrolepis hirsutula Nephrolepidaceae 2

Nicotiana glauca Solanaceae 1

Ochroma pyramidale Malvaceae 1

Ocimum gratissimum Lamiaceae 3

Odontonema cuspidatum Acanthaceae 1

Oeceoclades maculata Orchidaceae 3

Olea africana Oleaceae 2.5 *

Opuntia ficus-indica Cactaceae 1

Opuntia monacantha Cactaceae 1

Opuntia stricta Cactaceae 1

Ossaea marginata Melastomataceae 1

Paederia foetida Rubiaceae 2 *

Panicum polygonatum Poaceae 1

Paraserianthes lophantha Fabaceae 4

Parthenium hysterophorus Asteraceae 1

Paspalum conjugatum Poaceae 1

Paspalum paniculatum Poaceae 1

Paspalum scrobiculatum Poaceae 3

Paspalum vaginatum Poaceae 1

Passiflora foetida Passifloraceae 1 *

Passiflora maliformis Passifloraceae 1

Passiflora rubra Passifloraceae 1

Passiflora suberosa Passifloraceae 1

Passiflora tripartita mollissima Passifloraceae 1

Pennisetum ciliare Poaceae 2.5

Pennisetum clandestinum Poaceae 3

Pennisetum polystachion Poaceae 3

Pennisetum purpureum Poaceae 3

Pennisetum setaceum Poaceae 3

Pentadesma butyracea Clusiaceae 3

Persea americana Lauraceae 1

Persicaria capitata Polygonaceae 2

Persicaria chinensis Polygonaceae 2

Phalaris arundinacea Poaceae 6

Philodendron lacerum Araceae 9

Phoenix reclinata Arecaceae 3

Phormium tenax Agavaceae 9

Pimenta racemosa racemosa Myrtaceae 1

Pinus caribaea Pinaceae 1

Pinus pinaster Pinaceae 5 *

Pinus radiata Pinaceae 1 *

Piper auritum Piperaceae 1

Pistia stratiotes Araceae 8

Pithecellobium dulce Fabaceae 1

Pittosporum undulatum Pittosporaceae 4

Pittosporum viridiflorum Pittosporaceae 3

Pluchea carolinensis Asteraceae 1

Pogonatherum paniceum Poaceae 2

Prosopis juliflora Fabaceae 1

Prunella vulgaris Lamiaceae 5 *

Psidium cattleianum Myrtaceae 1

Psidium guajava Myrtaceae 1

Pueraria phaseoloides Fabaceae 2

Quisqualis indica Combretaceae 2

Ravenala madagascariensis Strelitziaceae 3

Rhamnus napalensis Rhamnaceae 2

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Myrtaceae 2

Rhus longipes Anacardiaceae 3

Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae 3

Rotheca serrata Lamiaceae 2.5

Rottboellia cochinchinensis Poaceae 3.5

Rubus alceifolius Rosaceae 2

Rubus argutus Rosaceae 1 *

Rubus ellipticus Rosaceae 2

Rubus niveus Rosaceae 2

Rubus pinnatus Rosaceae 3

Rubus rosifolius Rosaceae 4

Rumex abyssinicus Polygonaceae 3

Rumex acetosella Polygonaceae 5 *

Rumex obtusifolius obtusifolius Polygonaceae 5 *

Rumex steudelii Polygonaceae 3

Sandoricum koetjape Meliaceae 2

Sansevieria hyacinthoides Agavaceae 3

Santalum album Santalaceae 4.5

Schefflera actinophylla Araliaceae 4

Schinus terebinthifolius Anacardiaceae 1

Schizachyrium condensatum Poaceae 1

Securigera varia Fabaceae 5.5

Senecio madagascariensis Asteraceae 3

Senna siamea Fabaceae 2

Senna spectabilis Fabaceae 1

Solanum erianthum Solanaceae 1

Solanum mauritianum Solanaceae 1

Solanum quitoense septentrionale Solanaceae 1

Solanum seaforthianum Solanaceae 1

Spathodea campanulata Bignoniaceae 3

Spathoglottis plicata Orchidaceae 2

Spermacoce verticillata Rubiaceae 1

Sphagneticola trilobata Asteraceae 1

Sporobolus indicus Poaceae 1 *

Stachytarpheta cayennensis Verbenaceae 1

Stenotaphrum secundatum Poaceae 8

Strobilanthes hamiltonianus Acanthaceae 2

Swietenia macrophylla Meliaceae 1

Swietenia mahagoni Meliaceae 1

Syngonium podophyllum Araceae 1

Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae 2

Syzygium jambos Myrtaceae 2

Tabebuia heterophylla Bignoniaceae 1

Tabebuia pallida Bignoniaceae 1

Talipariti elatum Malvaceae 9

Tamarindus indica Fabaceae 3

Tecoma stans Bignoniaceae 1

Terminalia catappa Combretaceae 3.5

Themeda quadrivalvis Poaceae 2

Thespesia populnea Malvaceae 8

Tibouchina herbacea Melastomataceae 1

Tibouchina urvilleana Melastomataceae 1

Timonius timon Rubiaceae 4

Tithonia diversifolia Asteraceae 1

Toona ciliata Meliaceae 4.5

Tradescantia zebrina Commelinaceae 1

Trifolium repens Fabaceae 5 *

Trimezia steyermarkii Iridaceae 1

Triphasia trifolia Rutaceae 2

Triplaris weigeltiana Polygonaceae 1

Triumfetta rhomboidea Tiliaceae 8

Turbina corymbosa Convolvulaceae 1

Turnera ulmifolia Turneraceae 1

Ulex europaeus Fabaceae 5 *

Urena lobata Malvaceae 8

Urochloa mutica Poaceae 3

Verbascum thapsus Scrophulariaceae 5.5

Verbena litoralis Verbenaceae 1

Viguiera dentata Asteraceae 1

Vitex trifolia Lamiaceae 3.5

Waterhousea floribunda Myrtaceae 4

Wikstroemia indica Thymelaeaceae 2

Zantedeschia aethiopica Araceae 3

Appendix S2 Temperature (Temp.) and discrepancy metrics (BR; after Brualdi &

Sanderson, 1999) as estimates of nestedness considering both the complete dataset (all

of the islands) and just the data from the Pacific region. In each matrix, islands

(columns) were ordered with respect to different criteria: species richness, island area,

isolation, human population density and elevation. Species (rows) were always ordered

from the most widespread species to the rarest. P, probability that nestedness is different

from that predicted by either the fixed–fixed (FF) model or the proportional–

proportional (PP) model (see the Materials and Methods).

Temp. P BR P

Species richness

All islands

12.34 <0.001 449 0.011 (FF null model)

<0.001

0.495 (PP null model)

Pacific region

17.33 0.240 114 <0.001 0.141 0.129

Island area

All islands

20.11 0.026 449 0.011

0.017

0.476

Pacific region

24.95 <0.001 125 0.105

0.008 0.155

Isolation

All islands

23.54 <0.001 449 0.011

0.002

0.486

Pacific region

45.60 <0.001 128 0.227

0.003 0.265

Human population density

All islands

26.58 0.479 449 0.011

0.116

0.476

Pacific region

43.88 0.215 128 0.225 0.430 0.251

Elevation

All islands

19.12 0.123 449 0.011

0.030

0.499

Pacific region

20.84 0.031 125 0.104

0.084 0.225

Reference

Brualdi, R.A. & Sanderson, J.G. (1999) Nested species subsets, gaps, and discrepancy.

Oecologia, 119, 256–264.

Appendix S3 The matrix for the Pacific region, in which islands and invasive species

are arranged in columns (from the most to the least invaded) and in rows (from the most

to the least widespread), respectively; each black cell depicts the presence of a particular

species on each island.

Species name

Haw

ai’

i

So

cie

ty

New

Cale

do

nia

Ma

rqu

esas

Au

str

als

Gala

pa

go

s

Sam

oa

Gam

bie

r

Co

ok I

sla

nd

s

Pala

u

Wall

is F

utu

na

To

ng

a

Psidium guajava

Leucaena leucocephala

Falcataria moluccana

Lantana camara

Melinis minutiflora

Syzygium jambos

Kalanchoe pinnata

Ocimum gratissimum

Rubus rosifolius

Spathodea campanulata

Syzygium cumini

Coffea arabica

Adenanthera pavonina

Ardisia elliptica

Furcraea foetida

Megathyrsus maximus

Melinis repens

Pinus caribaea

Psidium cattleianum

Tecoma stans

Melia azedarach

Acacia farnesiana

Castilla elastica

Cestrum nocturnum

Cinchona pubescens

Clidemia hirta

Flemingia strobilifera

Hedychium coronarium

Miconia calvescens

Mikania micrantha

Schinus terebinthifolius

Sphagneticola trilobata

Passiflora maliformis

Caesalpinia decapetala

Cecropia obtusifolia

Chrysobalanus icaco

Clerodendrum chinense

Cordia alliodora

Dissotis rotundifolia

Eugenia uniflora

Hemigraphis alternata

Merremia peltata

Muntingia calabura

Odontonema cuspidatum

Paspalum conjugatum

Passiflora rubra

Passiflora suberosa

Pennisetum setaceum

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa

Schefflera actinophylla

Verbena litoralis

Canna indica

Cirsium vulgare

Pennisetum clandestinum

Acacia concinna

Acacia confusa

Acacia mearnsii

Acacia melanoxylon

Acacia nilotica

Acanthocereus tetragonus

Agave sisalana

Albizia chinensis

Aleurites moluccanus

Andropogon virginicus

Anthoxanthum odoratum

Arundo donax

Asystasia gangetica

Azadirachta indica

Bocconia frutescens

Buddleja madagascariensis

Cardiospermum grandiflorum

Casuarina equisetifolia

Catharanthus roseus

Cecropia peltata

Cedrela odorata

Cenchrus echinatus

Cestrum auriculatum

Chromolaena odorata

Chrysophyllum oliviforme

Cinnamomum burmannii

Cinnamomum camphora

Cinnamomum verum

Citharexlyum caudatum

Citharexylum gentryi

Citrus aurantium

Coccinia grandis

Cryptostegia madagascariensis

Delairea odorata

Dillenia suffruticosa

Dypsis madagascariensis

Elaeocarpus angustifolius

Erigeron karvinskianus

Fraxinus uhdei

Fuchsia magellanica

Funtumia elastica

Furcraea hexapetala

Grevillea robusta

Haematoxylum campechianum

Hedychium flavescens

Hedychium gardnerianum

Holcus lanatus

Hyparrhenia rufa

Imperata cylindrica

Ipomoea cairica

Leptospermum scoparium

Macfadyena unguis-cati

Melastoma candidum

Merremia tuberosa

Mimosa invisa

Montanoa hibiscifolia

Morella faya

Ochroma pyramidale

Opuntia ficus-indica

Paederia foetida

Panicum polygonatum

Paraserianthes lophantha

Paspalum vaginatum

Passiflora foetida

Passiflora tripartita mollissima

Pennisetum ciliare

Pennisetum polystachion

Pennisetum purpureum

Persea americana

Phormium tenax

Pinus radiata

Pluchea carolinensis

Ricinus communis

Rubus argutus

Rubus ellipticus

Rubus niveus

Santalum album

Schizachyrium condensatum

Senecio madagascariensis

Solanum mauritianum

Solanum seaforthianum

Stachytarpheta cayennensis

Thespesia populnea

Tibouchina herbacea

Timonius timon

Toona ciliata

Triplaris weigeltiana

Turnera ulmifolia

Ulex europaeus

Urochloa mutica

Waterhousea floribunda