Journal Entry
description
Transcript of Journal Entry
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Journal Entry
• Open books to P. 116-117 to analyze picture and answer questions– What is distinctive about this rock formation?– What does the shape of this rock formation
suggest about how it was formed. ( How do you think it was formed?
– Where do you think this is?
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Rocks
• What is a rock?– Rocks and Minerals are often confused. It is
important to understand the difference.– A rock is: ________________________
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3 types
• Igneous- from cooling magma inside earth or cooling lava on surface of earth
• Sedimentary- made of broken up bits of rocks (called sediment) which is eventually cemented together
• Metamorphic- deformed rock
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Rock cycle
Shows the interrelationships among the three rock types
Earth as a system: the rock cycle • Magma
• Crystallization
• Igneous rock • Weathering, transportation, and deposition
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Rock cycle
Earth as a system: the rock cycle • Full cycle does not always take place due to
"shortcuts" or interruptions • e.g., Sedimentary rock melts
• e.g., Igneous rock is metamorphosed
• e.g., Sedimentary rock is weathered
• e.g., Metamorphic rock weathers
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Rock cycle
Earth as a system: the rock cycle • Sediment
• Lithification
• Sedimentary rock • Metamorphism
• Metamorphic rock • Melting
• Magma
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The rock cycle
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Magma• Crystallization- What is it?
• Cooling magma creates Igneous rocks
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Check up Quiz
• Can an igneous rock become another igneous rock?
• How are the processes involved with the formation of Igneous and metamorphic rocks different?
• Is there a beginning or end to this cycle?
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Igneous Rock
Igneous rock exposed at earth’s surface is weathered, transported and deposited at a new location as sediment
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Sediment Lithification
• Sediment- What is it?
• Lithification- Sediment hardening creates Sedimentary rocks.
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Lithification
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Sedimentary Rock
• As Sediment continues to be deposited and as layers become thicker the rock becomes deformed
• Metamorphism- Solid state changes in sedimentary or igneous rocks.
• Metamorphism of rock creates new class of rock called….
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Metamorphic Rock
• As pressure and temperature increase, for various reasons (Subduction, Volcanism, Lithification), a rock may begin to melt
• Recreates Magma
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Magma
• Melting occurs and the whole process starts over.
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Link:
**Rock Cycle Animation**
**Rock Cycle Movie- (5 mins)**
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Igneous rocks
Form as magma cools and crystallizes • Rocks formed inside Earth are called plutonic
or intrusive rocks • Rocks formed on the surface
• Formed from lava (a material similar to magma, but without gas
• Called volcanic or extrusive rocks
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Igneous rocks
Crystallization of magma • Ions are arranged into orderly patterns • Crystal size is determined by the rate of cooling
• Slow rate forms large crystals
• Fast rate forms microscopic crystals
• Very fast rate forms glass
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Magma Crystallization
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Link:
• Rock Formation animation
Crystal Growth
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Igneous rocks
Classification is based on the rock's texture and mineral constituents • Texture
• Size and arrangement of crystals • Types
• Fine-grained – fast rate of cooling• Coarse-grained – slow rate of cooling • Porphyritic (two crystal sizes) – two rates of
cooling • Glassy – very fast rate of cooling
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Fine-grained igneous texture
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Course-grained igneous texture
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Porphyritic igneous texture
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Obsidian exhibits a glassy texture
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Igneous rocks
Classification is based on the rock's texture and mineral constituents • Mineral composition
• Explained by Bowen's reaction series which shows the order of mineral crystallization
• Influenced by crystal settling in the magma
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Igneous rocks
Naming igneous rocks • Granitic rocks
• Composed almost entirely of light-colored silicates - quartz and feldspar
• Also referred to as felsic: feldspar and silica (quartz)
• High silica content (about 70 percent)
• Common rock is granite
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Granite
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Igneous rocks
Naming igneous rocks • Basaltic rocks
• Contain substantial dark silicate minerals and calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar
• Also referred to as mafic: magnesium and ferrum (iron)
• Common rock is basalt
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Basalt
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Igneous rocks
Naming igneous rocks • Other compositional groups
• Andesitic (or intermediate)
• Ultramafic
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Classification of igneous rocks
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Rock Quiz
• Explain the Rock Cycle in your own words. Feel free to use an illustration
• What are PIN’s? List 2 characteristics
• What are VEX’s? List 2 characteristics
• Explain how rocks get their textures.
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Sedimentary rocks
Form from sediment (weathered products)About 75% of all rock outcrops on the
continentsUsed to reconstruct much of Earth's history
• Clues to past environments • Provide information about sediment transport • Rocks often contain fossils
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Sedimentary rocks Sedimentary rocks are produced through
lithification • Loose sediments are transformed into solid
rock • Lithification processes
• Compaction
• Cementation by
• Calcite
• Silica
• Iron Oxide
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Sedimentary rocks
Features of sedimentary rocks• Strata, or beds (most characteristic)• Bedding planes separate strata • Fossils
• Traces or remains of prehistoric life
• Are the most important inclusions
• Help determine past environments
• Used as time indicators
• Used for matching rocks from different places
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Sedimentary rocks
Economic importance • Coal• Petroleum and natural gas • Sources of iron and aluminum
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Sedimentary rocks
Classifying sedimentary rocks • Three groups based on the source of the
material • Detrital rocks (CLASTIC)
• Chemical
• Organic
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Detrital/Clastic Sed. Rocks
• Material is solid particles
• Classified by particle size
• Boulder, Gravel, Pebbles, Sand, Clay….
• Common rocks include• Shale (most abundant)
• Sandstone• Conglomerate
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Classification of sedimentary rocks
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Shale with plant fossils
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Sandstone
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Conglomerate
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Chemical Sedimentary rocks
• Many of these form when standing water evaporates, leaving dissolved minerals behind.
• Unlike most other sedimentary rocks, chemical rocks are not made of pieces of sediment. Instead, they have mineral crystals made from elements that are dissolved in water.
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Chemical Sedimentary rocks
• Chemical rocks • Common sedimentary rocks
• Limestone – the most abundant chemical rock
• Microcrystalline quartz (precipitated quartz) known as chert, flint, jasper, or agate
• Evaporites such as rock salt or gypsum
• Coal
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Formation
• 1) Water becomes supersaturated
• 2) Water dissolves which leaves less room for dissolved minerals
• 3) Crystals begin to form, like halite-
• Example: Salt Lake, UT
• 4) Large crystal deposits
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Fossiliferous limestone
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Rock salt
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Limestone Caves
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Rock Salt @ Great Salt Lake, UT
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Organic Sedimentary Rocks
• Made of dead plants and animals that are cemented together.
• The hard parts of animals, such as bones and shells, can become cemented together over time to make rock.
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Bituminous Coal
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Coquina
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Metamorphic rocks
"Changed form" rocks Produced from preexisting
• Igneous rocks• Sedimentary rocks• Other metamorphic rocks
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Metamorphic rocks
Metamorphism • Takes place where preexisting rock is subjected
to temperatures and pressures unlike those in which it formed
• Degrees of metamorphism• Exhibited by rock texture and mineralogy
• Low-grade (e.g., shale becomes slate)
• High-grade (obliteration of original features)
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Metamorphic rocks
Metamorphic settings • Contact, or thermal, metamorphism
• Occurs near a body of magma
• Changes are driven by a rise in temperature
• Regional metamorphism• Directed pressures and high temperatures during
mountain building
• Produces the greatest volume of metamorphic rock
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Metamorphic rocks
Metamorphic agents• Heat• Pressure (stress)
• From burial (confining pressure)
• From differential stress during mountain building
• Chemically active fluids • Mainly water and other volatiles
• Promote recrystallization by enhancing ion migration
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Origin of pressure in metamorphism
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Metamorphic rocks
Metamorphic textures • Foliated texture
• Minerals are in a parallel alignment
• Minerals are perpendicular to the compressional force
• Nonfoliated texture • Contain equidimensional crystals
• Resembles a coarse-grained igneous rock
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Development of foliation due to directed pressure
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Metamorphic rocks
Common metamorphic rocks • Foliated rocks
• Slate
• Fine-grained
• Splits easily
• Schist
• Strongly foliated
• "Platy" • Types based on composition (e.g., mica schist)
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Classification of metamorphic rocks
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Metamorphic rocks
Common metamorphic rocks • Foliated rocks
• Gneiss
• Strong segregation of silicate minerals
• "Banded" texture
• Nonfoliated rocks• Marble
• Parent rock is limestone • Large, interlocking calcite crystals
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Gneiss typically displays a banded appearance
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Metamorphic rocks
Common metamorphic rocks • Nonfoliated rocks
• Marble
• Used as a building stone
• Variety of colors
• Quartzite
• Parent rock – quartz sandstone• Quartz grains are fused
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Marble – a nonfoliated metamorphic rock
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Resources from rocks and minerals
Metallic mineral resources • Gold, silver, copper, mercury, lead, etc. • Concentrations of desirable materials are
produced by • Igneous processes
• Metamorphic processes
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Resources from rocks and minerals
Metallic mineral resources • Most important ore deposits are generated from
hydrothermal (hot-water) solutions • Hot• Contain metal-rich fluids• Associated with cooling magma bodies• Types of deposits include
• Vein deposits in fractures or bedding planes, and • Disseminated deposits which are distributed
throughout the rock
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Resources from rocks and minerals
Nonmetallic mineral resources • Make use of the material’s
• Nonmetallic elements
• Physical or chemical properties
• Two broad groups • Building materials (e.g., limestone, gypsum)
• Industrial minerals (e.g., fluorite, corundum, sylvite)
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End of Chapter 2
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